月日B班长难句与英译汉.ppt

考研英语长难句与英译汉 主讲：董明毅 2009-7-5,翻译的初体验,真题透析,英译汉的关键点,关于英译汉,实战演练,版块1英译汉,“翻译就是理解和使人理解” 一、中英文的区别 二、考研英译汉概要 三、考研翻译解题中的常见问题 四、考研翻译解题的步骤、标准和 方法,中英文的区别,1. 英语重结构，汉语重语义 2. 英语多长句，汉语多短句 3. 英语多从句，汉语多分句 4. 英语多被动，汉语多主动 5. 英语多抽象，汉语多具体 6. 英语多变化，汉语多重复 7. 主语、宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词” 8. 英语多引申，汉语多推理 9. 英语多省略，汉语多补充 10.英语多前重心，汉语多后重心,英语重结构，汉语重语义,We here highly resolve that these dead should not die in vain-that this nation, under god, shall have new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the world. “We here highly resolve”是整个句子的主句 “that these dead should not die in vain”， “that this nation, under god, shall have new birth of freedom” “that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the world.”等三个从句 在最后一个从句之前还用了“and”这个连接词将几个从句连接起来。 译文：我们在此立志誓愿，不能让他们白白死去要使这个国家在上帝庇佑之下，得到新生的自由要使民有、民治、民享的政府不致从地球上消失。,英语重结构，汉语重语义,英语形合例子 I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed - we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression，will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.,英语重结构，汉语重语义,Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived. 译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。,英语多长句，汉语多短句,Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。,英语多从句，汉语多分句,On the whole /such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, /and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 译文：总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个小孩对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个小孩的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的小孩已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。,英语多被动，汉语多主动,一组常用被动句型的汉译： It must be pointed out that.必须指出 It must be admitted that.必须承认 It is imagined that.人们认为 It can not be denied that.不可否认 It will be seen from this that.由此可知 It should be realized that.必须认识到 It is (always) stressed that.人们(总是)强调 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that.可以毫不夸张地说,英语多被动，汉语多主动,被 动 结 构的翻译： 英语中的被动句一般翻译成主动句，可以做主宾颠倒的方式翻译，省略“被”字，或者直接转化，但有时候仍然可以用“被 、“受到” 、“得到” “加以” 、“得以”“为所” 、“由 来” 、“是 的”等结构来翻译 ，最后还可以找汉语中的其他词来代替“被”字。,英语多被动，汉语多主动,It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset; it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (97) 译文：这种说法从一开始把讨论引导向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像人类对待自己一样关心，要么一点也不关心。,英语多被动，汉语多主动,However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美系统一般而言是不能解决世界上更加引人入胜和令人欣喜的问题。,英语多被动，汉语多主动,Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. 译文：由于大众通信的显著发展，各地的人们正感受到新的需要并且正接受到新的习俗和观点，然而由于上述原因政府不得不采取更为进一步的革新措施。,英语多被动，汉语多主动,Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 译文：多年来，工具和技术本身作为基本创新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和科学哲学家所忽略。,英语多抽象，汉语多具体,英语的语言是抽象的 汉语的语言是具体的 disintegration 土崩瓦解. ardent （热心的；热情的）loyalty 赤胆忠心 total exhaustion 筋疲力尽 far-sightedness 远见卓识 careful consideration 深思熟虑 perfect harmony （和声；和睦）水乳交融 feed on fancies 画饼充饥 with great eagerness 如饥似渴 lack of perseverance 三天打鱼，两天晒网 make a little contribution （捐款；捐助）添砖加瓦 on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕,英语多引申，汉语多推理,You know a word by the company it keeps. Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 译文: 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践趋向一致，认为历史是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。,英语多省略，汉语多补充,Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. 野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。 Reading exercises ones eyes; Speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind. 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.,英语多省略，汉语多补充,Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or （to use）both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and （depends）upon such factors as cost and availability. 译文：因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。,中英文化差异,Mr. Brown is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him, he was in a brown study. I hope he'll soon be in the pink again. 布朗先生是一位忠实可靠的人。那天,他的脸色不好,近来他一直都感到闷闷不乐。我见到他的时候,他显得心事重重。我希望他早点振作起来。,中英文化差异,1、生存环境的差异 spend money like water 挥金如土；花钱如流水 all at sea 2、习俗差异 Every dog has his day. 3、宗教信仰方面 4、历史典故 “东施效颦” Aping a Beauty “世外桃源” Shangri-La Fairyland a Penelopes web a Pandoras box,考研英译汉概要,命题思想 命题方式 命题范围 命题特点(句子较长、结构复杂、内容抽象; 对画线部分句子的理解需借助上下文; 句子中的词汇一词多义的情况较多) 考试内容=考点(考察专有名词、词组和多义词的翻译; 考察一般性翻译技巧; 考察具体句型的翻译步骤和方法) 评分标准,一般性技巧,词义选择： A、分析词根 micro-ultrasonic prober 微型超声波探测器 micro- 微小 ultra- 超过、超出 -sonic 声音、声波 prob- 探测 -er 名词后缀， 器，东西。 B、分析上下文 C、根据汉语习惯搭配 D、寻找汉语同义词,一般性技巧,词义选择 However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美系统一般而言是不能解决世界上更加引人入胜和令人欣喜的问题。 词性转换 analysis of cultures past and present 分析过去和现在的文化,版块2 英译汉的关键点,一、专有名词、词组和多义词的翻译 二、一般性翻译技巧（词义选择、词序调整、词性转换和增词法等） 三、具体句型的翻译步骤和方法（定语从句、状语和状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、并列结构、比较结构、倒装结构、插入结构、被动结构、否定结构、it的用法和there be句型）,猜词法,1、Semiconscious insecticide bullfight 2、词在句中： 1）根据定义猜测词义 Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。 2）根据对比关系猜测词义 表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。 A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones. 3）根据比较关系猜测词义表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。 3、篇章关系,英语长句的分析思路,Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors/ in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner/ that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003) 译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，/它力求像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。,英语长句的分析思路,Until these issues are resolved, / a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. and with it possibly（状语） the only way to solve our problems.（主语，是一个省略句，补充完整后=the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it ） 如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的方法将继续受到排斥；随之，解决问题的唯一方法将可能继续受到排斥。,英语长句的分析思路,It applies equally to traditional historians/ who views history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians/ who equate their activity with specific techniques. 译文：这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派，/ 前者认为历史就是文学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。,英语长句的分析思路,Behaviorists suggest / that / the child /who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses /will experience greater intellectual development. 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。,英语长句的分析思路,For a family of four,/ for example,/ it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, /with almost unlimited entertainment available, /than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. 譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。(It is more +adj.+ to do sth. than to do sth.),拆分与组合(操作方法),1、拆分的法则：语法 拆出主句、分清分句 拆出主干、分清修饰 2、六个拆分点： 连词并列的：andbutor；从属连词：表因果关系的：becauseforassosince ;时间关系连词：whenwhileuntil；条件关系：if；让步关系：thoughalthough。 引导词thatwhichwho that 只有当引导词时才拆分，当代词时不能拆分 介词inonofwith 介词常常构成介词短语做定语或状语 分词现在分词ing过去分词-ed 分词常常构成分词短语作定语或状语 toto 当不定式的连接符号时，不定式构成不定式短语做定语或状语； 标点标点断开的常常是一个主干或修饰结构 3、组合的法则：汉语习惯,定语从句,As far as the third factor is concerned, / the history of science shows many instances / in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; / in some cases /centuries elapsed/ before this resistance was eventually broken down, /as happened in cosmology, /for example. 译文 :至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明,权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。,定语从句,Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,定语从句,President Kennedy wanted people /who raised questions, /who criticized, /on whose judgment he could rely,/ who presented an intelligent point of view, /regardless of their rank or viewpoint. 译文：肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。,分词短语做定语,Additional social tresses may also occur/because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements/ themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 译文：由于人口的急剧增加或人口的大量流动-现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易-也会给社会带来新的压力。 The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, /combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, /makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 译文：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化中采用的跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特而又非常重要的社会科学。,不定式短语作定语,Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first person / to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 不定式作定语 /to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. 不定式做状语 译文：伽利略最伟大的成就在于在 1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜来观察天空的人，以证明行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。,介词短语做定语,Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, /computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, /relaxation will be in front of smell-television, /and digital age will have arrived. 译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍，带有内置个性的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，数字时代就将要到来了。,介词短语做定语,Under modern conditions, / this requires varying measures of centralized control /and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 译文：在现代条件下，这需要不同的集中控制措施，进而又需要诸如经济学家，操作研究专家等专业科学家的帮助。,形容词短语作定语,There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or（refers) to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 译文：方法论到底是指在普通历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中适用于各个具体领域的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。,同位语,It is just as much a surprise for the Chinese as for the Westerners to realize that modern agriculture, modern shipping, the modern oil industry, modern astronomical observatories, modern music, decimal mathematics, paper money, umbrellas, fishing reels, wheelbarrows, multi-stage rockets, guns, underwater mines, poison gas, parachutes, hot-air balloons, manned flight, brandy, whisky, the game of chess, printing, and even the essential design of the steam engine, all came from China.,同位语,A bad liar usually gives himself away by looking too long at his victim, in the mistaken belief that to “look a man straight in the eye“ is a sign of honest dealing. 拙劣的撒谎者之所以暴露，常常是因为长时间盯着听他讲谎话的人，误以为直视一个人的眼睛是诚实的表现。,同位语从句与定语从句,We have to face the fact that he is looking for.（定） We have to face the fact that he is not here.（同） 同位语的翻译方法：加“：” 我们不得不面对这样的事实：他不在这里。,倒装句,Along with them goes social mobility, /ambition to rise in the urban world, (which is)a main factor / in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 译文：伴随他们而来的是社会的流动性, 人们强烈地希望在城市里发展,这是19世纪欧洲出生率下降的主要因素。,倒装句,Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies. 译文:只有大量调研提供出证据表明此类节目产生不良影响后,电视节目审查政策才有可能改变。 It has been possible to modify TV programming policies only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs.,倒装结构,倒装结构 还原倒装部分后直接翻译 常常出现如下几种情况： 1）表语前置引起倒装 2)否定词前置引起倒装 3）虚拟语气引起倒装 For example, /they do not compensate for gross social inequality, /and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 译文：例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现象，因此也不能说明如果这个贫困的年轻人在更加有利的条件下成长他将会多么的有能力。 补全并正常语序：if he had grown up,插入结构,一般可以直接翻译， Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” /like the concept of “set” in mathematics，/is an abstract concept /which (定从 )makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 因此,人类学中“文化”的概念，像数学中“集合”的概念一样，是一个抽象的概念，它使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能,插入结构,但是如果插入结构修饰整个句子，则放在句子最前面翻译 Science moves forward, /they say, /not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。 But that, /Pearson points out,/ is only the start of man-machine integration: /“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration/ that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human/ before the end of the next century.“ 但皮尔逊指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”,省略,The transcription needs a certain amount of editing, /as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right, /it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary（is able to ). 译文:译稿需要一定量的编辑工作,因为,即使计算机能够区别同音异义词,如 write和right,它仍不可能把这项工作做得像有思维能力的秘书那样好。,省略,As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, /the informal flow of information is cut off, /and with it /the confidence(is cut off) that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. 译文 随着家庭成员与他们稳定的社区、多年的老友和大家庭的亲属关系相分离,非正式的信息渠道被切断了,而那种在需要时就能得到真实可靠信息的信心也丢失了。,并列结构,最常见的连接词是 and , or , but ,还有并列结构：whetheror，eitheror，bothand，neithernor，not onlybut also最经常用到的并列结构的标点符号是：逗号（需要有连接词）、分号并列结构后有修饰的时候，常常修饰整个结构 They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, /and they are essential to practices/ in which a person is held resp