[英语学习]建筑专业英语.doc

建筑类专业英语班级：建筑0752 姓名：魏雪梅 学号：08号 指导教师：孟光伟 Roof GardenA vast part of the earths surface, in a town, consists of roofs. Couple this with the fact that the total area of a town which can be exposed to the sun is finite, and you will realized that it is natural, and indeed essential, to make roofs which take advantage of the sun and the air. However, we know that the flat shape is quite unnatural for roofs from psychological, structural, and climatic point of view. It is therefore sensible to use a flat roof only where the roof will actually become a garden or an outdoor room; to make as many of these “useful” roofs as possible; but to make all other roofs, which cannot be used, the sloping, vaulted, shell-like structures specified by sheltering roof and roof vault.Here is a rule of thumb: if possible, make at least one small roof garden in every building, more if you are sure people will actually use them. Make the remaining roofs steep roofs. The roof gardens which work are almost always at the same level as some indoor rooms. This means that at least some part of the buildings roofs will always be steep. We shall expect, then, that this pattern will generate roof gardens and steep roofs are mixed in almost every building.We now consider the flat roof, briefly, on its own terms. Flat roof gardens have always been prevalent in dry, warm climates, where they can be made into livable environments. In the dense parts of towns in Mediterranean climates, nearly every roof is habitable: they are full of green, private screens, with lovely views, places to cook out and eat and sleep. And even in temperate climates they are beautiful. They can be designed as rooms without ceiling, places that are protected from the wind, but open to the sky.However, the flat roofs that have become architectural fads during the last 40 years are quite another matter. Gray grave covered asphalt structures, these flat roofs are very rarely useful places; they are not gardens. And taken as a whole, they do not meet the psychological requirements. To make the flat parts of roofs truly useful, and compatible with the need for sloping roofs, it seems necessary to build flat roof gardens off the indoor parts of the buildings. In other words, do not make them the highest parts of the roof slope; and make it possible to walk out to the roof garden from an interior room, without climbing special stairs. We have found that roof gardens that have this relationship are used far more intensely than those rooftops which must be reached by climbing stairs. The explanation is obvious: it is far more comfortable to walk straight out onto a roof and feel the comfort of the building behind and to one side of you, than it is to climb up to a place you cannot see.It is, therefore, suggested to make parts of almost every roof system usable as roof gardens. Make these parts flat; perhaps terraced for planting, with places to sit and sleep, private places. Place the roof gardens at various stories, and always make it possible to walk directly out onto the garden from some lived-in part of the building.文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第68-69页。Early Housing In ancient times, housing developed largely without any central planning or control .Many towns and cities were encircled by fortified walls for military protection. Urban dwelling, even including the houses of the rich, tended to be closely crowded together within the walls. In the countryside the typical community was the village, often a long row of small huts or cottages in which peasant farmers lived. Landowning nobles often held country estates. In the Middle Ages some of the greater nobility lived in the large fortified castles with courtyards in which the peasants could find protection in case of attack. .As the countryside became more orderly; the wealthy built handsome unfortified houses surrounded by extensive parks. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution the cities expanded rapidly to accommodate the influx of many factory workers. Much new housing was built by speculators who saw a chance for a quick profit. In the absence of zoning or building restrictions, they often built poorly planned cheap housing that quickly deteriorated into slums. In the United States vast slum areas developed in the larger cities, especially in Chicago and New York .Somewhat more substantial housing was built by industrial companies for their employees. Textile towns and mining towns were company housing communities. As a rule, row house mad up the streets of the company towns. The houses were drearily identical, ill lighted and often unsanitary. In Great Britain some steps to improve housing conditions were taken by humanitarian and charitable groups, such as the Society for Improving the Dwellings of the Laboring Classes, This was formed in 1845. Government entered the field in 1851 with the passage in Britain of the Shaftesbury Act, legislation that set minimum standards for lower-class housing. In the United States the dangerous and unsanitary conditions of slum living gave rise to the first tenement-house regulation which were passed in the New York City in 1867 and revised and strengthened in 1879 and again in 1901. These laws set minimum standards in such mater as light, ventilation, fire protection, and sanitation. Laws patterned on the New York City code sprang up in many other parts of the country, With the Great Depression of the 1930s came a shift in emphasis in housing laws from merely regulating the conditions of housing to providing government aid for the building of low-cost homes. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was established in 1934 to administer a program of government insurance of loans for building house, was empowered to lend up 90 percent of the cost of approved projects to clearly slums and built low-income family housing. In 1947 the functions of a number of housing agencies were absorbed by the Housing and home Finance Agency (HHFA), which was replaced in 1965 by the Department of Housing and Urban Development.文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第15-16页。 The language of Architecture()Window is another word in the architects vocabulary. Much of what has been said about doors applies also to windows; both are affective elements in architectural design-strongly affective, since they evoke associations with human acts. Looking at a door, however, makes you think of going through it, while looking at a window does not (unless you are a burglar or a desperate stockbroker) ; rather it suggests the act of seeing, which in many respects has a more profound emotional connotation than Apparently we think more of our eyes than of our feet. Note, for example, the reflection of this feeling in our verbal language. “The eyes are the windows of the soul.” (Pretty poetic, what? But wait.) “Her eyes met could be rather uncomfortable if taken literally.) “The window looked out over a broad valley.” “My bedroom windows faced courtyard.” The use of the word faced in this eyes that their position gives a face to the building-a façade, to use the architectural term.The supposed existence of a face or façade implies also its opposite, rear and sides. All of this is imaginary; it goes with saying, since a building is a neutral whole, having no face, rear, or sides except in our concepts. To a dog seeking a corner appropriate to his purpose these concepts do not exist; he makes his choices on entirely different grounds. Still, since architect designs for humans he can make use of the anthropo morphism which we inevitably apply to everything in our environment, and by the skillful placing of doors and windows give us images of structure “facing” this way or that, welcoming us or rejecting us, impressing us or making us feel important, and so on .Incidentally, speaking of importance, it should not be overlooked that a large window doses much the same thing as dose a large door: It lends importance to user. A large window means a large room, with a grand view; hence the occupant must be a person of greater stature and dignity than, say, the one who has just a humble casement to peer through. To give an extreme example, consider the dictator, president, general, or rock-and-roll star who appears on a balcony, framed by a great arched or regimented window. Even at the outermost fringes of the cheering crowed he presents an image of mystical greatness. It is the window that does it of course. The architects who work for celebrities know what they are doing. So do the celebrities who engage them.What about a strip of equally large windows 40 yards long and repeated upward for 110 stories? Here again, as with the strip of doors at the entrance to an office building, neither the view nor the individual person is of any importance whatsoever, so that once more we have the same feeling of impersonality about the architecture; it cares nothing about us, and we return the sentiment.On occasion unexpected smallness can be used instead of large size to express importance. Thus, for example, a tiny show window in which a single piece of jewelry is exhibited may make the jewelry seen more valuable than if it were displayed in a large window, in which its uniqueness would be diminished. Or a small, diamond-paned window in a country inn, which might give an impression of snugness and warmth with, may be very much preferable to a large window behind which one feels oneself too easily seen eating or scratching. In short, the architect who designs large plate glass windows for Miss Katherines Cozy Kitchen is just as wrong as the one puts cute little bottle-glass ones on the façade of a Bickfords Cafeteria.Much the same sort of expressive functions are performed by the other architectural elements-columns, roofs, steps, railings, and so on. To explain each would be both redundant and self-indulgent; suffice it to say that, no matter how skillfully the architect uses his “word,” it is the quality of the total thought he expresses that matters. If what he has to say is worth saying, the language will be adequate.文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第27-28页。译文：屋顶花园在城镇，地球表面的大部分都由屋顶组成。城市中能够暴露在阳光中的总面积非常有限，把这个事实与上述现象联想起来，你就会认识到修建可以充分利用阳光、空气的屋顶是十分自然而重要的了。然而，我们知道对于屋顶来说在心理、结构、气候方面我们认为平面形状是非常不自然的。因此，使用平屋顶是非常敏感的，仅仅是在屋顶实际上变成花园或是室外空间使用，尽可能的充分利用屋顶；将所有的其他不能利用的屋顶修筑成符合遮蔽形屋顶，穹顶规格的坡式、拱式和壳式结构。这有个规定：假如可能的话，在每栋楼的屋顶上至少建设一个屋顶花园，建设更多的屋顶花园以确保人们将会利用它们。保留陡的屋面。这意味着楼顶的至少一小部分将总是陡峭的。然后，我将会期望这种形式将会形成一个屋顶景观，这样屋顶花园和陡峭的屋顶将被结合在一栋楼中。根据平屋顶的自身条件，我们来简单地研究一下这种屋顶。平屋顶花园总是普遍适应干燥温和的气候，在这种气候里，它们能被建成可居住的环境。在地中海气候的城镇的密集地区，几乎每个屋顶都是适合居住的：它们是充满绿色的，有独立的银幕似地视野，能够煮饭、吃饭、睡觉的地方。甚至在这种温度的气候中。它们是美丽的，它们能被设计成没有雨蓬的房间，它们是防风的，但是也可以敞开面向天空。然而，以往40年间形成的建筑风尚的那种平屋顶则是另外一码事。灰色的砂砾覆盖着沥青结构，这些平屋顶很少利用，它们上没建花园。整体来说，它们是不能满足人们的心理需求的。为了使屋面的平的地方充分利用，为了与斜屋面相结合，看起来非常必要在室外修建平屋顶花园。另一方面，不使它们成为屋顶最高的部分；让最高的部分倾斜，尽可能地能从内部房间直接走进屋顶花园，不用爬特殊的楼梯。我们已经发现屋顶花园与这些直接爬楼梯上屋顶有着紧密的联系。原因很清楚；直接从室内走到屋顶平台上，领受建筑在你身后和耳旁所提供的逸乐总比爬上一处在下边看不着的地方舒服的多。因此，尝试在每个屋顶建部分屋顶花园，使这些平屋面尽可能地成阶梯行种植，有睡觉和休息的私人场所。屋顶花园有各种各样的故事，总是尽可能的从楼的居住空间直接走上屋顶花园。文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第68-69页。早起住房在古代，住房没有任何重要的计划和控制的很快的发展。许多城镇和城市因为军事防护被一些有设防的城墙包围着。城市的房屋甚至包括一些富有的公寓，都有趋向于被精密的包围在城墙里。在乡村典型的社区就是村庄，经常是住着农民的长排的小茅屋和村舍。拥有土地的贵族经常掌握国家的庄园。在中世纪，更多的贵族居住在拥有庭院的大的有设防的城堡里，在这里能够受到保护以防外来袭击。随着农村治安状况变得越来越好，有钱人就修建了不设防的四周只是名贵花园的漂亮房子。随着工业革命的到来，城市迅速扩展，以便容纳涌入工厂当工人的人们。许多新的住房由一些看见有机会赚钱的投资商建设。由于缺乏限制建设或区域管理因素，他们经常建设一些廉价的住房以至于很快就退化成贫民窟。在美国，广阔的贫民窟区域发展成了更大的城市，尤其是在芝加哥和纽约。一些高级住房由工业公司的雇员建设纺织品城镇和小的城镇是住房的社团单位。通常，排式平房构成排列着公司商号的城镇街道，这些住房是同样的破旧不堪，没有照明，很不卫生。在英国，提高住房条件的一些措施被慈善家和慈善机构采纳，像提高房屋物质条件的社团，形成于1845年。1851年，英国通过了沙佛拉伯法，该法令确定了下层社会的最低住房标准，这样使得政府也介入了这个领域。在美国危险的不卫生条件的贫民住房产生了廉价房屋的法令，这在1867年纽约城市通行，并且在1879年修正和巩固并且在1901年又一次修正。这些法令在照明、通风、防火、公共卫生方面规定了最低的标准。以纽约城市法规为模式的法令在全国其他地方也兴起来了。随着20世纪30年代经济大萧条出现了一个策略，强调住房的法令来自于改善住房条件在关于房屋建设最低标准方面给政府提供了帮助。联邦政府在1934年成立了管理政府关于房屋的贷款保险的问题。被授权在1947年，许多住宅机构房屋管理部门和房屋财政机构吸纳这在1965年由住房部门和城市发展替代。文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第15-16页。建筑语言（)窗在建筑词汇中式另外一种语言。上述许多对门的描述对窗也适用；这两样在建筑设计中都是重要的元素-非常重要，因为他们与人们的行为习惯密切相关。看见一扇门，使你联想到要穿过它，当看见一扇窗将不会这样想（除非你是一个夜贼或者是一个不顾一切的股票经纪人）；这表明通过看表现出的这种行为在许多注意的方面已经比走路具有更深的情感涵义。显然我们用眼睛看到而想到的比我们感觉到的要多。注释，举个例子来说，这种感觉引起的反应是在我们口头的语言中。“眼睛是窗的灵魂。”（非常具有诗意，什么？但是等等。）“她的眼睛看到我的眼睛.”（假如精确地说让人感觉是非常不舒服的。）“通过窗能看到广阔的河谷。”“我卧室的窗面向院子。”在这一点上，“面对”这个词的使用是很有意思的，因为人们把窗户比作眼睛，用建筑术语说，窗户的位置就决定了建筑物的“正面”。设想中的正立面的存在意味着还有与其相应的背立面和侧立面的存在。无需说，这些都是想象而已，因为建筑是个中性整体，在我们的意念之外部分前、后、左、右。对于一只狗正确的寻找一个拐角的目的这些概念都不存在；它在完全不同的地面上作出了它的选择。此外，由于建筑设计是以人为本的，建筑师可以用我们在环境中随处不可避免地会用到的拟人手法，并通过巧妙地安排门窗的位置，给我们创造出建筑物“面对”这边或那边，欢迎我们或拒绝我们，给我们留下深刻印象或是抬高我们的身份，如此等等的形象。顺便说一下，一扇的窗户和一扇门的相同作用是不应该被忽视的：它给使用者带来身份和地位。一扇大的窗户意味着大的房间，有个广阔的视野；因此占有者一定是有很高身份和地位的人，说，这个人凝视着窗扉。举个更极端的例子，想象一个独裁者，总统，将军，或是明星看见一个阳台有个大的或是拱形窗户的框架。甚至在边缘他表现v出谜一样伟大的想象。当然是窗户的作用。建筑师为了名声而工作并且知道他们在做什么。鼓励他们的人也是这样。40码长的窗户和重复110遍地故事怎么样呢？入口门处到办公处的距离，既看不到又没有专门的人认为它的重要性，因此，我们又一次感到建筑缺乏人情味，它根本不考虑我们，同样，我们也不关注这些建筑。一个意想不到的小尺寸的场合能被使用而代替一个大尺寸空间是很重要的。举个例子说，一个珠宝陈列在一个微小的窗户里边比陈列在一扇大的窗户里边显得更有价值，在大的窗子里看起来的价值可能变小。一个小的钻石玻璃在一个国家，可能充满阳光和温暖，可能更适合在一扇的窗户的背后，在这里人们感觉到自己太容易被看见吃和抓。简而言之，建筑师设计大玻璃的窗户给凯瑟小姐家舒适的厨房是不适合的就像放一个漂亮的小玻璃瓶子在自助餐馆的正立面上。许多表达功能的相同元素是由其他的建筑元素表达-柱子，屋顶，台阶，栏杆等等。每个都解释是多余的；这就足够能说明，不论多有技能的建筑师用他的“词汇，”他所表达的整体思想的质量才是重要的。假如他所说的是值得说的，语言将会是恰当的。文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第27-28页。【关键词】Structural结构的 vaulted拱顶的 shell-like structure壳体结构 roof 屋顶 ceiling雨篷 asphalt stairs楼梯 housing住房 dwelling房屋 row house 排式住房 Legislation规范 lower-class housing最低住房标准light照明 ventilation通风 fire protection防火 window窗户 door门 column柱子 step台阶 railing栏杆文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第68-69页 第15-16页 第27-28页11