北师大版高中英语语法虚拟语气.pdf

第 1 页 虚拟语气 1. 语气的定义和种类 （1）语气的定义 语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 （2）语气的种类 A. 陈述语气 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。 We are not ready. Did it rain all day yesterday? What a fine day today ！ B. 祈使语气 表使说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。 Be careful. Don t forget to close the wi ndow. Open the door, please. C. 虚拟语气 表使动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 2. 虚拟语气 一. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句 与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中 的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如： If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。 Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。 虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主 句皆须用虚拟语气。 条件从句主句 与现在事实相违背过去式（动词是be 用 were） should / would/could/might + 动词原 形 与过去事实相违背had + 过去分词 should / would/could/might + have + 过去分词 与未来事实相违背 1) should + 动词原形 2) were + 动词不定式 3) 过去式 （动词是Be 也可以用were） should / would/could/might + 动词原 形 1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be 的过去式用 were), 主句的谓语用should （would, might ， could）+动词原形。 如： If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。 （事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。） If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。 （事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。） 2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用 should （ would, might ， could）+ have 过去分词。 如：She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 第 2 页 要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。 （事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。） If she hadn't called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。 （事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。） 3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be 的过去式用 were)； should动词原形；were to动词原形，主句用should （would, might ， could）+ 动词原形。 如：If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French. 明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。 （事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。） If it should fail, I would try again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。 （事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。） 虚拟过去式有时并不表示“ 不大可能实现的假设” ，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。 如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time. 假如我们赶上早班火车，到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望 ) If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station. 假如我们赶不上这班火车，我们就得在车站等一小时。（表不希望） 4. 混合型的条件句 当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句 的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去 完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。 He would pass the test if he had taken my advice 如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。 If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。 You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。 如条件从句用if I were. ，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。 如：If I were not busy, I would have come. 假如我不忙，我就会去了。(were 表过去 ) If I were you, I would go. 假如我是你，我会去的。(were 表现在 ) 二. 连词 if 的省略（倒装） 如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were， had和 should 时，可省略 if ， 把 were， had 和 should 放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。 Had you not helped me， I should have failed. 要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。 Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。 Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。 例： 1. _ he would have succeeded in the examination. A. Had he worked hard B. If he worked hard C. If he works hard D. If he has worked hard 第 3 页 2. _ it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. A. Should B. Be C. Were D. Will 3. _, he would teach us how to solve the problem. A. Were he here B. Was he here C. If he is D. Is he here 4. _, we should be glad. A. Were they to arrive tomorrow B. They were to arrive tomorrow C. They would arrive tomorrow D. They arrive tomorrow 5. _ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily. A .Were it not for B. If it had not been for C. If it were not D. Had it not been for 答案： 15 AAAAA 三. 含蓄条件句 虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中， 这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。 含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。 1) 条件暗含在短语中。 如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help) What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语 without you 中 ) It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。 (条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way 中) This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or) Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人， 他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone) 2) 条件暗含在上下文中。 如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to) We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying) Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含if you should accept it) 3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。 如：You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。 I would like to come. 我愿意来。 四. 不用 if 引导的条件从句 虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if 引外，还可用 when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。 如：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。 Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。 第 4 页 Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。 Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose 或 supposing =what if ） Supposing it were so？（ =Supposing it were so ，what would happen？） 要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？ He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。 In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。 Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。 与 if 一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。 虚拟语气补充讲解（第二课时） 虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表 语从句、定语从句等。 1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用 “ 常用在 It is (was)+ 形容词/ 过去分词 +that 引导的主语从句” 的句型中的主语从句要用 虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形 (或 should+have+过去分词 )或只用动词原形 (尤其是美国英语)。should 在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should 有时有 感情色彩。 It's important that we （should）work out a plan. （带有 “ 要求 ” 的含义） It's better that he go at once. （带有 “ 建议 ” 的意思） 用于本句型的形容词并不多，常见形容词有：necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable ，essential，reserved，urgent， 等。 It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once It's strange that he should say so. I was glad that he should go. It is important that we should speak politely. It is a pity that she should fare so badly. It's right that you should think that way. 用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如 suggested， settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised 等。 It is requested that Professor Liu （should）give us a lecture It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonight I m ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off 有人建议推迟会议。 It is settled that you leave us, then? 注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。 句型总结： It is necessary that It is important that It is natural that It is strange that It is surprising that It is impossible that 第 5 页 It is great pity that It will be better that It is suggested that It is ordered that. It is demanded that 2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用 1). 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或 只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为suggest，request， demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise， insist，require，order，command， maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire 等动词的宾语。 如： The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。 He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。 例： 1. The teacher insisted that every student _ every other line. A. writes B. write C. would write D. wrote 2. Jack s father insists _ in this hotel. A. not staying B not to stay C. that he not stay D. staying not 3. They insisted that you _ them a quick answer. A. should give B. gave C. must give D. would give 4. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody _ the rules. A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey 答案： 14 BCAB 注：1） 、suggest 为“ 建议去做 ; 命令 ” 从句用 should + do 为“ 说明；暗示 ”, 从句用过去时或过去完成时。 1. The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day. 2. The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold. 3. The expression on her face suggests that she knew the secret. 4. They suggested that these books _ at once. A. should take away B. would be taken away C. be taken away D. take away 5. I suggested a meeting _ to discuss the matter. A. will be held B. would be held C. should hold D. be held 6. His silence at the meeting suggested _ to your plan. A. didn t agreeB. hadn t agreed C. wouldn t agreeD. shouldn t agree 答案： 46 CDA 2） 、insist “坚持要去做 ，坚持应该去做” ，从句用 should + do 为“ 坚持表明，坚持说/解释 ” ， 从句用过去时或过去完成时。 1. She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him, but he didn t believe. 第 6 页 A. hadn t spokenB. shouldn t speak C. wouldn t speakD. not speak 2. He insisted that we _ the boy to hospital. A. take B. took C. would take D. will take 3. He insisted that he _ our car. A. should steal B. would steal C. hadn t stolenD. steal 4. The teacher commanded that all his students _ their homework after class. A. would hand in B. should hand in C. handed in D. might hand in 5. The workers requested that their working conditions _. A. must be improved B. be improved C. would be improved D. were improved 6. They required that the crops _ harvested at once. A. should be B. be C. are D. must be 答案： 16 BACBBA 2). wish 的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。 从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能 性不大，但仍有实现的可能。 I wish it were true 我但愿这是真的。 从句的谓语动词还可用“could （would，might ）+动词原形 ” 用来表示将来的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。 表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“ had + 过去分词 ” 或“ could （would ，might）+have+过去分词 ” I wish you had called yesterday 我希望你昨天来过电话。 We wish you had come to our New Years party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。 例： 7. I wish I _ you yesterday. A. saw B. did see C. had seen D. were to see 8. Have you visited the Science Museum? No, but I really wish I _. A. will B. have C. did D. had 9. I wish that the rain _ stop. A. will B. would C may D. can 答案： 79 CDB 3). would rather, would sooner 等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 用过去完成式 (had + 过去分词 )表示过去事实相反的含义 I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。 I d sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else. 我宁愿她把重活留给别人。 4). 有些动词，如think, expect, believe, 其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。 如： I never thought he should refuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。 She did not expect that you should come. 她没有预料你会来。 第 7 页 3. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用 名词 suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓 语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should +动词原形或省略should。 My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them. 我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。 My advice is that you (should) treat her well.我的忠告是你应该善待她。 He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once. 他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。 My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他。 Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。 注意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。 如：There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该 离队。 4. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用 常用在 It is time (that)句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式 It is time the children went to bed.孩子们早该上床睡觉了。（表示催促） It's high time that he began to think how to deal with money. 他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。 It is time we left. 我们该走了。 It is time we went to bed. 我们该去睡觉了。 5. 虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中，表愿望 Long live the Communist Party of China ！中国共产党万岁！ God bless you! 上帝保佑你。 God damn it! 该死的！ The devil take you! 见鬼去吧！ So be it then. 就那样吧。 6. 虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系：从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响。 1) 用于主语从句。试比较： It is important that he should know about this. 他必须知道此事。 It was important that he should know about this. 他必须知道此事。 2) 用于宾语从句。试比较： I suggest that we should go tomorrow. 我建议我们明天走。 I suggested that we should go the next day.我建议我们第二天走。 She said, “If I were a boy I would join the army.”她说， “ 我如是男孩，就参军。” She said that if she were a boy, she would join the army. 她说她如是男孩就参军。 但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则。试比较： “If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said. “ 假如我知道它是如何运行的话，我就会告诉你该怎么办，” 他说道。 He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do. 他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话，他就会告诉我该怎么办。 “If I knew the answer to all your questions I'd be a genius,” he said. “ 我如知道你所有问题的答案，我就是天才了。” 他说道。 He said that if he knew the answer to all my ques tions, hed be a genius. 第 8 页 他说他如知道我所有问题的答案，他就是天才了。 但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气，其后从句的时态则多受其影响，现在时态应随之而变为过 去时态。 如： I would think he was wrong. 我看他是错了。(须用 was,试比较： I think he is wrong) It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是对的。(须用 was,试比较： It seems that she is right) 专项训练： 1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made. A. have readB. had read C. should have readD. are reading 2.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him. A. come; would meetB. had come; would have met C. come; will meet D. had come; would meet 3.The two students talked as if they _ friends for years. A. should beB. would be C. have beenD. had been 4.It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately. A. speakB. spoke C. will speakD. to speak 5.He looked as if he _ ill for a long time. A. wasB. Were C. has beenD. had been 6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _. A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hours C. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours 7.I wish that I _ with you last night. A. wentB. could go C. have goneD. could have gone 8.Let s say you could go there again, how _ feel? A. will youB. should you C. would youD. do you 9.I can t stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything. A. knew B. knows C. has knownD. had known 10._ the fog, we should have reached our school. A. Because ofB. In spite of C. In case ofD. But for 11.If you had told me in advance, I _ him at the airport. A. would meetB. would had met C. would have metD. would have meet 12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_ me how. A. teaches B. will teach C. has taughtD. would teach 13.I would have told him the answer, had it been possible, but I _ so busy then. A. had beenB. were 第 9 页 C. wasD. would be 14.Hes working hard for fear that he _. A. should fall behindB. fell behind C. may fall behindD. would fallen behind 15.If it _ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off. A. had rainedB. would have rained C. have seenD. rained 16.He suggested that they _ use a trick instead of fighting. A. shouldB. would C. doD. had 17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _ there. A. not wentB. wont go C. not goD. not to go 18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _ time. A. had hadB. have had C. hadD. would have had 19.Would you rather I _ buying a new bike? A. decided againstB. will decide against C. have decidedD. shall decide against 20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you _. A. go to sleepB. went to sleep C. go to bedD. went to bed 21.Why didnt you buy a new car? I would have bought one if I _ enough money. A. hadB. have had C. would haveD. had had 22.If she could sew, _. A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirt C. she will make a shirtD. she would had made a coat 23._ today, he would get there by Friday. A. W