翻译汉译英课件翻译文本Translationoftexts.ppt

Translation of Texts,Teaching Plan,Teaching Contents: 1. An introduction to the characteristics of Chinese text and English text 2. Structural Comparison of C-paragraphs and E-paragraphs 3. Cohesion techniques in one paragraph: replacement and repetition, omission, transition methods, logic relationship, time relationship, space Relationship 4. Cohesion techniques in one text: replacement and repetition, omission, transition methods, logic relationship, time relationship, space Relationship,Teaching Plan,Teaching Aims: To make students get the general idea about the characteristics of Chinese text and English text To make students know how to choose right cohesion techniques in one paragraph or in one text in translation Teaching Focus: The cohesion techniques in a paragraph The cohesion techniques in a text Teaching Methods: teacher-oriented lecturing Discussion (group work, then class work) Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:,I. Chinese Text vs. English Text,English text： 开门见山，直奔主题 章法：introduction body conclusion,Chinese text： 迂回曲折，委婉含蓄。 章法：起承转合,What is TEXT?,篇章（text）是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈宏薇） 篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。（王治奎）,语篇指不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整意义的自然语言。它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而是一些意义相联系的句子为达到一定交际亩的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。因此语篇衔接手段自然成为篇章研究的重要对象之一。 衔接性和连贯性是篇章最重要的特征。衔接和连贯是当前篇章语言学（textual linguistics）和话语分析(discourse analysis)研究的重点和热点。,II. Structural Comparison of C-paragraphs and E-paragraphs,E-paragraphs,例证方式展开,Many examples of a connection between “right” and “straight” can be found. In Mexican Spanish you indicate straight (ahead) by saying “right right”; in Black American English, “right on” is an expression of approval, often for a sentiment eloquently or deftly phrased. “Straight” meaning conventional, “correct” or “proper” is a commonplace in colloquial English today. In Russian, right is “prava”, a cognate of “pravda”, which means “true”. And in many languages “true” has the additional meaning of “straight” or “accurate”, as in “his aim was true”.,Structural Comparison of C-paragraphs and E-paragraphs,C-paragraphs 主题句不明显 段尾可引出新主题,英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似时，一般可以采用“临摹”的办法，按照源语的发展思路，在译语种复制或基本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法称作“逻辑顺组” （logic copying）。 由于汉英在语言结构，语篇衔接模式，逻辑层次等方面存在广泛的差异，汉译互译时往往需要进行 “逻辑重组” (logic reshuffling),现在的写作已不再是一些专门家的事情，而是越来越社会化、生活化，这当然很好。“作家”如今更多地被赋予职业的意义，它标明的仅仅是一个职业而已。只要是写了一点作品、或者有这个努力和爱好的，都被他视和自视为“作家”。与其他行当和职业不同，如从来没有把股长或科长厅长说成是政治家，也没有把一个在部队干的人叫成军事家。作家在职业的意义上被如此轻浮地界定，事出有因。所以现在，妓女、商人、政客、主持人、艺人、杀人犯、道德家，无论各行各业的人都可以因为自己的理由去写作，并产生卖点，成为“名作家”。从商品社会里看，这很正常。美国一个杀人犯，出来后把杀人的过程写出来，畅销并已致富。原来此刻一切都是为了卖，能卖即是成功。 张炜：精神的背景消费时代的写作和出版 年月在烟台出版咨询年会上的发言,II. Structural Comparison of C-text and E-text,E-text 主题-段落 （层层递进；直线展开）,C-text： 不同层面，同一论点， （螺旋形上升）,English Text,Intercultural communication is an interdisciplinary field of study which incorporates research from disciplines such as social psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, socio-linguistics, and, of course, communication. One of the most important areas of research addressed by intercultural scholars is how misunderstandings can be minimized when people communicate with others from different cultures.,First, context is very important to understanding intercultural communication. There are two ways individuals use context in communication: one is low-context and the other is high-context.,Low-context communication is like a computer program; everything must be specified in the coded message or the computer program will not run. In a low-context culture like the United States, individuals must express themselves as explicitly as possible for effective communication to occur. high-context communication, in contrast, is like communication between twins who were raised together. Twins intuitively understand each other and use shortened sentences and words when they talk.,Chinese version,不同文化之间的交流是一门跨学科的研究科目，它综合研究社会心理学、社会学、人文人类学、社会语言学以及传播学等学科。研究不同文化之间交流的学问，最重要的研究课题之一就是不同文化背景的人交往的时候，如何尽可能减少误解。 首先，了解背景情况对不同文化之间的交流非常重要。人与人之间的交往有两种情况：一种是外向的，另一种是含蓄的。,Chinese version,外向的就象是计算机的程序，一切都按照编好的程序进行，否则就运转不了。美国的文化是外向型的，美国人表达自己思想的时候尽可能简单明了，以有利于传播或交流。与此相反的是同含蓄的人交流，这种交流就象是在一起的孪生兄弟姐妹之间的交往。因为他们心领神会，谈话时只需简短的句子和言词。,Chinese text,近二十年来，随着世界的窗口日益打开，各种熏风长驱直入。成长在五四之后的几代人没有国学根柢，在激烈的吹摇下很容易连根拔脱。整整几代人进入了精神游移期，他们已没有方位感，没有立足点。如果说五四以后接受了一些西方文化，那也仅是只鳞片爪，更谈不上什么根基。我们知道西方的基督教文化是同样丰厚的、西方文明的资源也是同样复杂的。就是说，五四以后，在文化上我们两头都不着边际，无论是西方的还是中国传统的，整整一代或两代人都所知甚少。这里真正是割裂的一代、断开的一代。,Chinese text,我们既无力判断自己漫长的历史，也无力判断这短短的二十年。因为我们没有自己的文化标准，只能怀疑一切，否定一切，同时又向往一切。盲从将是不可避免的。在这几十年里，精神的发展和演变缺乏一个循序渐进的过程，这是在其他民族其他时期很难找到的一个现象。特别是这二十年来，我们有过多少莽撞的否定、没有根据的怀疑，以及莫名其妙的向往。我们完全没有建立起自己的传统和标准，没有一个前进的轨迹，更没有一个过程。最起码有两代人，好像一下子就给推到荒漠里去了，精神的自我生存能力和更新能力都很差。 所以我们只能彷徨。既然没有基础、没有方位、没有立场，那么我们还能到哪里去？ -张炜,III. Cohesion and coherence (衔接与连贯) in one paragraph,衔接是篇章的有形网络 连贯是篇章的无形网络。 Cohesive ties 衔接手段 Cohesion markers 连贯标记 Halliday & Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类： 照应 reference 替代 substitution 省略 ellipsis 连接 conjunction 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion,另一种分类法：陈宏薇,I. 指称衔接（照应） co-reference anaphora II. 结构衔接 structural cohesion III. 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion IV. 语音衔接 phonetic cohesion,I. 指称衔接,按指称范围分： 1. 语外照应（外指）exophoric reference 2. 语内照应 (内指）endophoric reference 1)前照应（回指）anaphoric reference 2)后照应（下指）cataphoric reference,Examples,张明是我的朋友。(外指，张明存在于客观世界之中) 张明是我的一个朋友。他是西安人。（内指，“他”回指“张明”） 他在那边！张明。（内指，“他”下指“张明”） （言者手指一件教具）那是你做的吗？ 这件事我不清楚，我不知道他是否参加了那次会议。（内指） 他参加了那次会议？ 这我不清楚。 （内指）,按指称手段分： 1. 人称照应 2. 指示照应 3. 比较照应,人称照应,人称照应是通过人称代词(如 they, she, him 等）、所属限定词（如his, your, its 等）,和所属代词（hers, theirs， mine 等）来实现。 英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。,孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。（孔乙己） Kong was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing. He was a big man, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face. He had a large unkept beard, streaked with white. Although he wore a long gown, it was dirty and tattered, and looked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang),每年农历十二月二十以后，海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家户户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。,Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spring Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. After that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of the month, households start their “New Year Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors.,那年冬天， 祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说：“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路！” （朱自清 背影） In that winter, my grandma died and my father lost his job. I left for Xuzhou to join him in hastening home to attend my grandmas funeral. When I met him in Xuzhou, the sight of disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought to my grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. He said, “Now that things have come to such a mess, its no use crying. Fortunately, heaven always leaves one a way out.” (张培基 译),指示照应,指示照应指说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指对象。 王治奎（270页）：“汉语的这和那以及英语中的this和that 都常用于指示照应粘连，在语义上基本相同，但指称功能却大不一样。汉语的这往往起一种化远为近的作用，其功能负荷量大于那，因此使用频率也高于那。而在英语中却恰恰相反。”,“这倒难以说定。可是你只要看看这儿的小客厅，就得了解答。这里面有一个金融界的大亨，又有一位工业界的巨头；这小客厅就是中国社会的缩影。” （子夜） “Its a tall order, your question. But you can find an answer in the next room. There you have a successful financier and a captain of industry. That little drawing room is Chinese society in miniature.” (Tr. Sidney Shapiro),这幅画是一部用思考和修养完成的杰作，它既有历史感又有现代艺术语言的独特性。（袁运甫 我所认识的吴冠中及其绘画） The painting is a masterpiece reflecting deep insight and artistic attainment; it expresses a sense of history by using specific modern artistic vocabulary.,稍稍能安慰我们的，是在那石上有一个不大不小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛满了水。（贾平凹 丑石） The only thing that had interested us in the ugly stone was a little pit on top of it, which is filled with water on rainy days. 这种力， 是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现 (夏衍野草） It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself.,比较照应,比较照应指通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其它一些有比较意义的词语（如same, so, as, such, differently, other, otherwise 等）表示的照应关系。 比较照应在语篇中起上下承接的作用。 因为任何比较至少要涉及两个实体或事态，语篇中如果有表达比较意义的词语出现，会话参与者或读者便会在上下文中寻找与其构成比较关系的其它词语。 比较照应的语篇衔接功能就是这样发挥作用的。,例1： Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket money, and Bob receives a similar amount. 例2： 天空中积满了灰色的云块，呆滞滞的不动。 他脸上的气色和天空差不多。,那蹲着的黑影一面抱怨这天气：“真冷呀，先生，你说是不是？”看见他并不是个讨厌的老头子，便高兴地说道：“乡下怕更要冷些吧？” （艾芜 冬夜） “Its really cold here, “ he complained. “what do you think, sir?” Seeing that he was not too nasty an old man, I readily responded: “It must be colder in the country, Im afraid.”,零式指称（zero anaphora),零式指称的基本概念是在语篇中本该出现的指称词被省略了。 汉语使用零式指称远比英语多；汉语的零式指称不受句法限制。（Li & Thompson, 1979) (李那 和 汤普森) 一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一会儿觉，就到了北京。 We ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap and soon arrived in Beijing.,汉语没有定冠词， 英语则可以用定冠词来照应。,他拿起作文念起来，“我们学校最美的地方，不是教室，不是操场，也不是校门口那个带喷水的小花坛，而是食堂。瞧，玻璃干净得叫你看不见它的存在- “洋教师念到这儿 (冯骥才：西式幽默) He picked up the composition and began to read, “ The most beautiful spot on campus is not the classroom building, nor the sports-ground, nor the lawn with the fountain at the gate; the most beautiful spot on campus is our cafeteria. Look! The window panes are so clean that you scarcely notice there is glass in the ” He paused, (刘士聪 Western Humor),1. 语境意识,还是从火车上说起吧！ 大约在我四岁多的时候，我坐过火车。当时带我坐火车的人，是我的舅舅，叫张全斌。 Lets begin with the train. Lets start from the train. Lets begin from the time when I was on the train. 应该译为：Let me begin with my trip on the train.,2.文化意识,我现在对我原来的父母还有个模糊不清的印象关于我个人的历史情况，我就知道这一些，再多一点都记不起来了。(My parents ) (This is what I know about my childhood and beyond that I do not remember much else.) 杭州六合塔和西安大雁塔 (Six Harmonies Pagoda; Big Wild Goose Pagoda) 北海公园白塔是藏式佛塔，即喇嘛塔 （White Pagoba),II. 结构衔接,结构衔接指信息结构之间的衔接，可通过主位述位结构或替代、省略、对偶、排比、对照、顶针、回环、层递、反复等修辞格实现。,替代,替代指用替代形式（pro-form）去替代上下文出现的词语。它的语义要从所替代的成分去索引。Halliday 和 Hasan把替代分成三类， 即名词性替代，动词性替代和从句性替代。,名词替代,我能看看那条围巾吗？ 可以。哪一条？红的还是黑的？ May I have a look at that scarf? Yes. Which one? The red or the black one？ 瞧那晚霞，我没见过比这更红的了。 Look at the sunset glow. I have never seen a redder one than that.,那声声燃放的鞭炮是辞旧迎新的欢呼。新世纪的新年，就在这欢跃的气氛中，一下子走近了。 The exploding firecrackers bid farewell to the passing year and cheered for the coming of a new one. The centennial New Year is just around the corner clothed in the delightful mood.,动词替代,She sings better than she did last year. John drinks a lot. Does his brother do so? 谁原意和我们一起打篮球？ 我不干。 Whod like to play basketball with us? No, I wont.,关于汉语的动词性替代，王力认为“这么着”具有替代功能，赵元任这认为汉语中最常见的替代动词为“来”。 黛玉便说道：“你既这么说，为什么我去了你不叫丫头开门呢？” 宝玉诧异道：“这话从哪里说起？我要是这么着立刻就死了。” “你画的不像，等我来。”,子句替代,他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟。你怎么也这样呢？ Theyve always made a mess of the room. Why have you, too?,省略,我想买一套家具。 买大连出的（家具）吧！ I want to buy a set of furniture. Buy one (set of furniture ) made in Dalian. 我们到那儿去春游？ （我们）到云台山（去春游） Where shall we go for a spring outing? (Well go to) Yuntai Mountain ( for a spring outing) 你决定了毕业后去西藏工作吗？ 当然！（我决定了毕业后去西藏工作。） Have you made up your mind to work in Tibet after graduation? Sure! (I have made up your mind to work in Tibet after graduation.),工业园区土地使用权转让的成本价目前为每亩16万人民币，年内，对符合国家产业导向，规模大、科技含量高的外商投资项目，按照每100万美元用10亩土地的比例，给予特殊价格优惠，其中注册资本在100万美元到300万美元的，每亩地价为8万元人民币；300万美元到500万美元的，每亩地价为7万元人民币；500万到1000万美元的，每亩地价为6万元人民币；1000万美元以上的每亩地价为5万元人民币。,Currently the cost of land use transfer in the Zone is charged at the ratio of 160 thousand yuan per Chinese mu, whereas before the end of the year, the price will be lowered down to 1 million US dollars every 10 mu for those large and technology-intensive foreign projects that are run in compliance with the industrial orientation of the country.,As regards those conglomerates with a registered capital ranging from 1 million () to 3 million US dollars, the price is 80 thousand yuan per mu, () 70 thousand yuan for those with that from 3 million () to 5 million (), 60 thousand () for those from 5 to 10 million () and 50 thousand () for those over 10 million().,以往过年都是打发小孩一点钱，现在可不这样了。 In the past, they would dismiss the kids with some money as a gift for the lunar New Year, but not () nowadays. 外商在开发区的投资越来越多，进出口贸易也随之增加。 Foreign investment are on the rise in the Empowerment Zone, so are imports and exports. 去年有50个社区获“文明社区” 称号，今年又将有20个社区获此殊荣。 Last year 50 communities were named as “civilized community”; this year, 20 more () will be given the title.,修辞手段,虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。（对偶） Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？ (排比） Swallows fly away, yet return; willows wither, yet burgeon again; peach-blossom fades, yet blooms afresh. But tell me, you who are wise, why do our days depart never to return?,大红花一朵朵全被拉长了，这时是泼刺奔进的红锦带。带织入狗中，狗织入白云中。白云织入村女中 (顶针） Each of the great crimson flowers stretched out now into rippling red silk belts. The belts interwove with the dogs, the dogs with the white clouds, and the white clouds with the country girls. 鲁迅好的故事,回环（palindrome),回环又称回文，“是利用相同的词汇，造成词序回环往复的语句，表现两种事物或情理的相互依存或相互排斥的辨证关系。” 我为人人，人人为我。 人不犯我，我不犯人。 常相知才能不相疑，不相疑才能常相知。 路人行上行人路，居士隐留隐士居。 雾锁山头山锁雾， 天连水尾水连天。 雁飞平顶山，山顶平飞雁；僧游云隐寺，寺隐云游僧。,No X in Nixon. You can cage a swallow, cant you? But you cant swallow a cage, can you? Wont lovers revolt now? Poor Dan is in a droop. Niagara, O roar again! Live not on evil! Step on no pets. Name no one man. Nurses run. Able was I ere I saw Elba. Ma is as selfless as I am.,层递（climax) 、反复（repetition),一年，两年，三年， 你的望眼将穿， 一年，两年，三年，我的归心似箭。 Year in year out youve been looking forward with eager expectation to my home-coming; year in year out Ive been looking forward with great anxiety to returning home. 蒋光慈 写给母亲 李定坤译,登鹳雀楼 白日依山尽, 黄河入海流。 欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。 Mounting the Stork Tower The white sun sets behind the mountains, The Yellow River flows into the sea. Go further up one flight of stairs, And youll widen your view a thousand li.,连接关系,“Conjunctive elements are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly, by virtue of their specific meanings; they are not primarily devices for reaching out into the proceeding (or following) text, but they express certain meanings which presupposes the presence of other elements in the discourse.” (Halliday & Hasan, 1976: 226),连接成分本身就具有明确含义，通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词语，“人们可以了解子句之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。（胡壮麟，1994：92）,廖秋忠（1992：86-87）的分类,表示添加信息：and, also, too, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more 表示因果关系：because, for. For this reason. Since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, consequently, of course, accordingly 表示文章意义的转折或对比：although, however, on the contrary, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact, on the other hand, as a matter of fact,表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：first, second, third after this/that, meanwhile, suddenly, and so on, then, before, next, formerly, later, finally in the end, at last 表示列举：firstly, secondly, for one thing, for another; first of all, to