1、黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计附 录A 外文文献Manual transmissionManual transmission is the most basic of transmission of a type, its effect is changing, and provide the transmission reverse and neutral. Usually, the pilot on the clutch pedal through manipulation and in any HuanDangGan can choose between gear. There are a
2、 few manual transmission, such as motorcycles, cars, some transmission shift transmission allows only sequence, the transmission is called sequence shift transmission. In recent years, along with the electronic control components durability, computerized automatic switching clutch automatic shift of
3、 transmission in Europe since the start line are more and more popular, car Volkswagen and ford are sold in the city on the double clutch provide updated generation, transmission from the start with two clutches, every shift automatically switch to another group of clutch engagement, need not as qui
4、ck as traditional in manual have only one group separated again clutch engagement, shifting speed is faster, more small change gear vibration.Internal structure: shaftDecorate a form of transmission shaft type usually have two and three shaft type two kinds. Usually a rear wheel drive car will adopt
5、 three axis type, i.e. input shaft transmission, the output shaft and oart. Input shaft front associated with engine, borrow clutch output shaft back-end through the flange and universal transmission device connected.Input shaft and the output shaft in the same horizontal line, with their oart paral
6、lel arrangement. From the input shaft power through the gears to preach to the output shaft oart again. In many input and output shaft transmission shaft could engage in together, so to power, then the gear oart called directly. Direct files through uniaxial transmission, the ratio of 1:1, the highe
7、st transmission efficiency. Even in the transmission directly, cannot offer the input shaft, and the output shaft is decorated in a straight line to reduce work needed to inherit the torque transmission.Reversing deviceGenerally speaking, the reverse gear reducer than can alsosynchronizerIn synchron
8、ized meshing gears have type synchronizer Settings, can make two gear engagement in the first, before the speed reached synchronizer in all of this manual gear transmission of the car has been usedClutch,The clutch is can make two gear with a separate with mechanical parts, two gear transmission pow
9、er can be combined, but when to speed, so will depend on the first two gear clutch, change gear ratio, the two gear transmission power, continue againControl：GearIn simple terms, the high speed, low speed ShengDang when the time cameEvery car high speedCompared with automatic transmissionThis refers
10、 to the automatic transmission of traditional hydraulic transmission, namely through hydraulic torque converter and planetary gear transmission power automatic transmission.Advantages： transmission efficiency than automatic gearboxes for high, of course, theoretically can compare economical.maintena
11、nce will be cheaper than transmission.If you want to higher cost, can begin from both the row of convenience and high power附 录B外文文献的中文翻译手动变速器手动变速器是汽车变速器中最基本的一种类型，其作用是改变传动比，并提供倒档和空档。通常，驾驶员通过踩离合器踏板和操纵换挡杆可以在任何档位间进行选择。也有少数手动变速器，如摩托车变速器，某些赛车变速器，只允许顺序换挡，这些变速器被称为顺序换挡变速器。近年来随着电子控制元件耐用度的改善，由电脑控制自动切换离合器自动换档的自
12、动手排变速箱在欧洲车上也愈来愈普及，福斯汽车与福特汽车则在市售车上提供更新一代的双离合器自动手排，变速箱同时具有两组离合器，每次换档时自动切换到另一组未使用的离合器迅速啮合，不需如传统手排变速箱得等唯一一组离合器分开后再重新啮合，换档速度更快，换档震动也更小。内部结构传动轴传动轴的布置形式通常有两轴式和三轴式两种。通常后轮驱动的汽车会采用三轴式变速器，即输入轴，输出轴和中间轴。输入轴前端借离合器与发动机相联，输出轴后端通过凸缘与万向传动装置相联。输入轴与输出轴置于同一条水平线上，中间轴则与它们平行布置。动力通过齿轮从输入轴传至中间轴再传至输出轴。在许多变速器中输入轴和输出轴能接合在一起，因此动
13、力不必经过中间轴，这时的档位称为直接档。直接档通过单轴传动，传动比为1:1，具有最高的传动效率。即使在不能提供直接档的变速器中，把输入轴与输出轴布置在一条直线上也有利于降低工作时变速器所需承受的扭矩。倒档装置一般来说, 倒档的减速比都会比一档的还大同步器在同步啮合变速式中则有同步器的设置，可使两个齿轮在接合前速度先达到一致，此种同步器在所有的手动排档汽车的变速器中都已使用离合器离合器是可以使两个齿轮分开跟结合的一个机械部分, 两个齿轮结合的时候可以传输动力, 却没办法变速, 所以要靠离合器先把两个齿轮分开, 改换齿轮比, 再把两个齿轮结合, 再继续传输动力操纵机构档位选择简单来说, 转速过高的时候升档, 转速过低的时候降档转速高低每台车不一样 与自动变速器的比较此处的自动变速器是指传统的液力式自动变速器，即通过液力变矩器及行星齿轮传递动力的自动变速器。 优点传输效率比自动变速箱为高，当然理论上会比较省油维修保养上会比自动变速箱便宜如果愿意以较高成本使用自动手排，则可以兼顾自排的方便性及手排的高效率3
