城市景观规划设计外文文献翻译.doc

城市景观规划设计外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处： Brooker L. Ecological planning in the urban landscape designJ. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2013, 6(4):15-26.英文原文 Ecological planning in the urban landscape designBrooker L1 City and The Landscape1.1 Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a peoples thinking activity, performed as an art activity. Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms, in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of humans reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature. it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implication is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.1.2 The Relationship between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. And in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishing harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.2 The city landscape planning and design2.1 city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape. Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization, and create an orderly space form.2.2 The urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society. To improve the urban environment is a common voice. The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. And blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it. Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal. In landscape planning of city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure; fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban. Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.3 Ecological planning and urban landscape 3.1 The relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. Its with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.The dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment.3.2 landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Anns requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size, density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment Mindanao and to promote green space system construction.3.3 The urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each otherIt is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.3.4 The city landscape ecological planning the humanized design"it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the districts hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.Human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand: physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make peoples psychology and physiology feels comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet peoples complex activities demand.Club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three. to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.4 The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. Natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.中文译文城市景观设计中的生态规划Brooker L1城市和景观1.1景观设计概述景观设计首先是一种人们的思维活动，作为一种艺术活动来进行。多元化的思想形成了复杂多样的景观艺术风格。当代景观设计显然看到的是景观形式的多样性，其实质是保持自然秩序体系的结束，体现了对人类的更多尊重，更深入地了解人类现实和需要的本质，不要试图征服大自然。它甚至不模仿自然，但产生一种归属感。不仅是一种现象，而且是人类的视觉场景。所以最早的景观影响实际上是城市景观。景观设计和创作实际上是建设城市。1.2景观与城市的关系城市是人类社会，经济和文化发展的产物，也是最复杂的类型。它容易受到人为和自然环境的干扰。近几十年来，随着世界城市化进程的加快，城市人口密集，交通繁忙，资源短缺，环境污染和生态恶化等问题成为人类社会关注的焦点。在我国目前的环境条件下，问题非常严重。而在一些城市地区，污染有相当的实力，制约着城市的可持续发展。景观是人与人，人与自然的关系。事实上，这是一种人类的生活过程。生活过程实际上是与自然的力量和互动过程，以获得和谐的过程。景观是人类为了生存和适应自然的结果。同时，生活过程也是建立和谐共处的过程。一旦作为殖民地景观，它就是人与自然关系的耻辱。2城市景观规划设计2.1城市景观元素城市景观要素包括自然景观和人造景观。其中，自然景观主要指大小山，古树名木，石，河，湖，海等自然景观。人工景观是主要文物，文化遗址，植物园造林，艺术素描，交易会，建筑结构，广场等。这些景观元素必须提供大量的例子来创造高质量的城市空间环境。但对于独特的城市景观，您必须在系统组织中放置各种景观元素，并创建有序的空间形式。2.2规划中的城市景观城市是一个由物质，经济，文化和社会组成的有机整体。改善城市环境是一个共同的话语。城市景观设计的关键在于加强城市设计理念，加强城市设计工作。将城市设计思想融入城市规划阶段。城市景观规划中的城市总体规划并不是放弃传统园林，绿地规划，而是对其进行扩展和发展。两者不存在冲突，也不可能平等。在城市规划的景观规划中，首先要分析城市景观资源结构，充分发掘可反映城市特色的景观要素。认真研究城市景观系统的形成。3生态规划和城市景观3.1城市景观与生态规划的关系景观生态学是一门新兴的交叉学科，主要研究空间格局与生态过程的相互作用，其主题是叉地理学与生态学。它以整个景观为对象，通过物质流，能量流和信息流经地球表面，传递和交换价值，通过生物与生物之间的相互作用以及人与变化之间的相互作用，生态系统的原理与系统的景观结构和功能研究方法。景观动态变化具有交互机制，景观格局研究，结构优化，美化合理利用和保护，具有很强的实用性。城市生态系统是一个自然的，经济的和社会的复合人工生态系统，它包括生命系统，环境系统，具有复杂的多层次结构，可以在不同的人类活动方式和城市与影响之间的相互关系。城市环境规划作为宏观部门利益的指导和协调，优化城市土地资源配置，合理城市空间环境组织的重要战略部署，必须具有生态观念。只有有了生态观，才能指导未来城市建设成为生态城市的目标，才能建立和谐的生活环境。3.2景观在生态环境中的生态效应景观作为一个单位，通过不同的地理实体的视觉特征镶嵌，具有经济，生态和美学价值，多重价值判断是景观规划和管理的基础。景观规划和设计总是以创造宜人的景观为中心。适当的人性可以了解更适合人类生存的景观，反映生态文明的生活环境，包括景观，建筑经济，审慎性生态稳定性，环境清洁度，空间拥挤指数，景观美化程度等内容，目前多处为住宅区的绿色，静态，美丽，安的要求是流行的表达。景观还特别关注空间关系景观要素，如形状和大小，密度和能力，环节，分区，位置和顺序，作为其质量和自然资源的重要内容。由于城市景观规划要注重安排城市空间格局，开放空间的相对集中，建筑空间与密度交替;在人造环境中呈现出自然;增加视觉景观多样性;保护闽南绿色环境，促进绿色空间体系建设。3.3城市景观与生态规划设计相互融合它伴随着工业化和工业时代的到来而日益明朗。自然和文化，环境和生活环境的设计，美丽的形式和生态功能的真正全面融合，景观不再是一个单一的城市的具体土地，而是让消融，成千上万;它会让大自然参与设计;按照日常生活与每一个人进行自然过程;让人们感知，体验和关心自然过程和自然设计。3.4城市景观生态规划的人性化设计“以人为本”的设计思想同时满足目的的当代景观，更加深入地观察现实与需求的人性。首先表现为民用设计方向，应用天然有机材料和弹性曲线形成丰富的人类生活空间。接下来是无障碍设计，即没有障碍，没有危险的东西，没有操纵障碍的设计。从社会倾向来看，现在出现了老年人，残疾人，无障碍设计思想开始普及，同时对于弱势群体进行设计也是以人性化设计来全面深入指导发展趋势。 “以人为本”的服务思想还特别关注亮色植物，闻好植物，注重佐剂质地和光的强度。关心体贴的更多表达的细节处理，比如唯一的购物步骤往往会造成视觉上的忽视并导致交错，为了避免这种情况的发生，现代景观网站不能分三步走;而作为一些居民区和广场布置的拖把池，方便了该区的卫生和废水回用水。 “它是以人为导向”多方面的服务思想表现出来的，标准的尺度就是人的爱。人文景观设计理念是人文景观设计是指在景观设计活动中，注重人的需求，针对用户对景观环境的需要进行传播设计，从而满足了用户“生理心理，身心“的多层次需求，体现了”以人为本“的设计思想。城市公共空间人文景观设计，从以下四个方面来理解：物理层面的关怀。人性化景观设计以功能性和设计合理性为前提条件，注重物理空间的合理布局和功能的有效利用。公共空间设计不仅要使人们的心理和生理感觉舒适，还要配置设施以满足人们复杂的活动需求。俱乐部将会保健。强调关注人类生存环境，在城市生态总体规划设计背景下的区域设计，使资源，能源合理有效利用，达到三个一体的自然，社会和经济效益。到一群细分密切关怀。倡导无障碍设计，并尽量满足不同人群使用的需求，并确保群体之间相互影响的活动，让小孩，老人，残疾人士尽情享受户外公共生活的乐趣。4可持续发展的设计可持续发展的原则，就是生态学的观点，以城市系统分析为基础，以最少的资源消耗满足人的要求，保持人与自然环境的和谐，保证城市的几个构成系统 - 保护开放空间系统的自然演化过程和城市发展系统平衡。人们对景观的理解，对当代景观设计和功能的反思，已经完全摆脱了传统园林活动，景观艺术价值观的无意识和生态价值，功能价值，文化价值发生关系，景观艺术范畴比以前更加指出人与人的各方面息息相关，变得更加深刻和科学。当代景观也积极采用新技术来提高生态价值。如利用太阳能为花园，照明和音箱设备供电;地表水“循环”设计理念，为灌溉和水景收集雨水提供了主要资源;使用人行道的建设原则，环保水平的浮标亲吻和有趣。自然变化“景观人性化的水景设计，避免了人工水景是后期管理的难点，而在净水自净，净化环境，促进生物多样性等方面发挥巨大作用，因此，体验景观必将是包含在自然界和传统之中，与人类的相容性。