最新高中化学方程式汇总(Highschoolchemistryequationsummary)优秀名师资料.doc

高中化学方程式汇总(Highschoolchemistryequationsummary)高中化学方程式汇总(High school chemistry equation summary) Methane combustion CH4+2O2 - CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting) Methane is isolated from air by high temperature decomposition The decomposition of methane is very complex, and the following is the final decomposition. CH4 - C+2H2 (condition of high temperature, high pressure, catalyst) Methane and chlorine undergo substitution reactions CH4+Cl2 to CH3Cl+HCl CH3Cl+Cl2 to CH2Cl2+HCl CH2Cl2+Cl2 to CHCl3+HCl CHCl3+Cl2 = CCl4+HCl (conditions are light) Laboratory methane production CH3COONa+NaOH - Na2CO3+CH4 (condition CaO heating) Ethylene combustion CH2=CH2+3O2 - 2CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting) Ethylene and bromine CH2=CH2+Br2 to CH2Br-CH2Br Ethylene and water CH2=CH2+H20 - CH3CH2OH (condition as catalyst) Ethylene and hydrogen chloride CH2=CH2+HCl to CH3-CH2Cl Ethylene and hydrogen CH2=CH2+H2 - CH3-CH3 (condition as catalyst) Ethylene polymerization NCH2=CH2 - -CH2-CH2-n- (condition as catalyst) Vinyl chloride polymerization NCH2=CHCl - -CH2-CHCl-n- (condition as catalyst) Laboratory production of ethylene CH3CH2OH, CH2=CH2 = +H2O (conditions for heating, concentrated H2SO4) Acetylene combustion C2H2+3O2 - 2CO2+H2O (condition for lighting) Acetylene and bromine C2H2+2Br2 to C2H2Br4 Acetylene and hydrogen chloride Two step reaction: C2H2+HCl = C2H3Cl-C2H3Cl+HCl = C2H4Cl2 Acetylene and hydrogen Two step reaction: C2H2+H2 to C2H4 = C2H2+2H2 to C2H6 (condition as catalyst) 实验室制乙炔 cac2 + 2h2o?ca (oh) 2 + c2h2? 以食盐、水、石灰石、焦炭为原料合成聚乙烯的方程式. caco3 = = = cao + co2 2cao + 50 = = = 2cac2 + co2 cac2 + 2h2o?c2h2 + ca (oh) 2 c + + h2o = = = co + h2 - 高温 c2h2 + h2?c2h4 - - - - 乙炔加成生成乙烯 c2h4可聚合 苯燃烧 2c6h6 + 15o2?12co2 + 6h2o (条件为点燃) 苯和液溴的取代 c6h6 + br2?c6h5br + hbr 苯和浓硫酸浓硝酸 c6h6 + hno3?c6h5no2 + h2o (条件为浓硫酸) 苯和氢气 c6h6 + 3h2?c6h12 (条件为催化剂) 乙醇完全燃烧的方程式 c2h5oh + 3o2?2co2 + 3h2o (条件为点燃) 乙醇的催化氧化的方程式 2ch3ch2oh + o2?2ch3cho + 2h2o (条件为催化剂) (这是总方程式) 乙醇发生消去反应的方程式 ch3ch2oh?ch2 = ch2 + h2o (条件为浓硫酸 170摄氏度) 两分子乙醇发生分子间脱水 2ch3ch2oh?ch3ch2och2ch3 + h2o (条件为催化剂浓硫酸 140摄氏度) 乙醇和乙酸发生酯化反应的方程式 ch3cooh + c2h5oh?ch3cooc2h5 + h2o 乙酸和镁 mg + 2ch3cooh? (ch3coo) 2mg + h2 乙酸和氧化钙 2ch3 cooh + cao? (ch3ch2) 2ch + h2o 乙酸和氢氧化钠 ch3cooch2ch3 + naoh?ch3coona + ch3ch2oh 乙酸和碳酸钠 Na2CO3+2CH3COOH and 2CH3COONa+H2O+CO2 increase Formaldehyde and new copper hydroxide HCHO+4Cu (OH) 2, 2Cu2O+CO2 = +5H2O The new system of acetaldehyde and copper hydroxide CH3CHO+2Cu to Cu2O (precipitation) +CH3COOH+2H2O Acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetic acid 2CH3CHO+O2 - 2CH3COOH (condition for catalyst or heating) O2 - CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting) Ethylene combustion CH2=CH2+3O2 - 2CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting) Acetylene combustion C2H2+3O2 - 2CO2+H2O (condition for lighting) Benzene combustion 2C6H6+15O2 - 12CO2+6H2O (condition for lighting) Equation for complete combustion of ethanol C2H5OH+3O2 - 2CO2+3H2O (condition for lighting) An equation for the catalytic oxidation of ethanol 2CH3CH2OH+O2 - 2CH3CHO+2H2O (condition as catalyst) Catalytic oxidation of acetaldehyde: CH3CHO+O2 - 2CH3COOH (heating with catalyst) Substitution reaction: the substitution of some atoms or groups of atoms in an organic molecule by other atoms or groups of atoms. Methane and chlorine undergo substitution reactions CH4+Cl2 to CH3Cl+HCl CH3Cl+Cl2 to CH2Cl2+HCl CH2Cl2+Cl2 to CHCl3+HCl CHCl3+Cl2 to CCl4+HCl (all conditions are light.) Concentrated nitric acid C6H6+HNO3 - C6H5NO2+H2O (condition is concentrated sulfuric acid) The substitution of benzene and benzene with halogen elements, concentrated nitric acid and so on. Such as: The concentration of bromine and substituted phenols. Such as: Substitution of alkanes and halogen elements in light. Such as: Esterification reaction. The reaction between an acid and an alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to produce ester and water, in essence, is the reaction of carboxyl groups with hydroxyl groups to produce ester groups and water. Such as: Hydrolysis reaction. The substitution of -OH or -H in water molecules for the reaction of atoms or clusters in organic compounds is called hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of hydrogen halides to form alcohol. Such as: Hydrolysis of esters yields carboxylic acids (carboxylic acids) and alcohols. Such as: Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate: CH3COOC2H5+H2O to CH3COOH+C2H5OH (the condition is inorganic acid base) Addition reaction. The reaction of unsaturated carbon atoms united with other atoms or atoms into other organic matter. Ethylene and bromine CH2=CH2+Br2 to CH2Br-CH2Br Ethylene and water CH2=CH2+H20 - CH3CH2OH (condition as catalyst) Ethylene and hydrogen chloride CH2=H2+HCl to CH3-CH2Cl Ethylene and hydrogen CH2=CH2+H2 - CH3-CH3 (condition as catalyst) Acetylene and bromine C2H2+2Br2 to C2H2Br4 Acetylene and hydrogen chloride Two step reaction: C2H2+HCl = C2H3Cl-C2H3Cl+HCl = C2H4Cl2 Acetylene and hydrogen Two step reaction: C2H2+H2 to C2H4-C2H2+2H2 = C2H6 (condition as catalyst) Benzene and hydrogen C6H6+3H2 - C6H12 (condition as catalyst) Elimination reaction. Organic molecules off a small molecule (water, hydrogen halide, etc.) and produce unsaturated (double bond of carbon or carbon carbon triple) compounds. An equation for the elimination reaction of ethanol CH3CH2OH to CH2=CH2+H2O (condition is concentrated sulfuric acid 170 degrees Celsius) Intermolecular dehydration of ethanol occurs in two molecules 2CH3CH2OH - CH3CH2OCH2CH3+H2O (condition is catalyst, concentrated sulfuric acid 140 degrees Celsius) Olefins are hydrocarbons containing C=C bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. The molecular formula of olefins is CnH2n, nonpolar molecules, insoluble or slightly soluble in water. Prone to addition, polymerization, oxidation, etc. Physical properties of ethylene Usually, a colorless slightly smell gas, the density is smaller than the air, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride. 1) oxidation reaction: It is easy to be oxidized by oxidant at room temperature. If ethylene is passed into the acidic KMnO4 solution, the purple of the solution is removed, thus identifying the ethylene. Easy to burn and give off heat. When burning, the flame is bright and black smoke is produced. 2) addition reaction of double bond in organic compounds (or triple) at both ends of the carbon atoms with other atoms or groups of atoms to form new compounds with direct reaction. 3) polymerization: Laboratory method for the production of ethylene 2. (1): CH3CH2OH=CH2=CH2 = +H2O (the principle of reaction conditions for heating, concentrated H2SO4) (2) generating device: a reaction device using liquid and liquid heating to produce gas. (3) collection method: drainage gas collection method. (4) matters needing attention: The volume ratio of ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid in reaction liquid is 1 to 3. In the round bottom flask with a small amount of broken tiles, the purpose is to prevent bumping when heated in the reaction mixture. The thermometer mercury bulb should be inserted under the liquid surface to accurately measure the temperature of the reaction liquid. When heating, the temperature should be rapidly increased to 170 degrees to reduce the chance of ether formation. In the production of ethylene in the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst, but not water absorbent is oxidant in the reaction process to ethanol oxidation, CO2, CO, the last generation C (so the tube liquid black), while the sulfate itself is reduced to SO2. SO2 can make water or KMnO4 solution. Therefore, before the experiment on the properties of ethylene, SO2 can be removed by washing the gas through the NaOH solution to obtain pure ethylene. Acetylene, also known as calcium carbide gas. The structure of simple type HC = CH, is the most simple alkynes. Chemical formula C2H2 Molecular structure: non-polar molecules with linear molecules. Colorless, odorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, acetone and other organic solvents. The chemical property is very active, it can react with addition, oxidation, polymerization and metal substitution. The Potassium Permanganate solution faded purple. Method: CaC2+2H2O laboratory acetylene - Ca (OH) = 2+C2H2 Chemical property: (1) oxidation reaction: A. flammability: 2C2H2+5O2 to 4CO2+2H2O Phenomenon: bright and thick smoke. B. oxidation by KMnO4: to make Potassium Permanganate purple acid solution. (2) add Reaction: it can react with Br2, H2, HX and many other substances. Phenomenon: CCl4 solution or Br2 fade fade bromine Plus H2 CH = CH+H2, CH2 = CH2 Plus H2 Two step reaction: C2H2+H2 to C2H4 C2H2+2H2 - C2H6 (condition as catalyst) Vinyl chloride; used in making polyvinyl chloride c2h2 + hcl?c2h3cl nch2 = chcl? = - (- ch2 - chcl - n - (条件为催化剂) (3) 由于乙炔与乙烯都是不饱和烃, 所以化学性质基本相似.金属取代反应: 将乙炔通入溶有金属钠的液氨里有氢气放出.乙炔与银氨溶液反应, 产生白色乙炔银沉淀. 1、 卤化烃: 官能团, 卤原子 在碱的溶液中发生 "水解反应", 生成醇 在碱的醇溶液中发生 "消去反应", 得到不饱和烃 2、 醇: 官能团, 醇羟基 能与钠反应, 产生氢气 能发生消去得到不饱和烃 (与羟基相连的碳直接相连的碳原子上如果没有氢原子, 不能发生消去) 能与羧酸发生酯化反应 能被催化氧化成醛 (伯醇氧化成醛, 仲醇氧化成酮, 叔醇不能被催化氧化) 3、 醛: 官能团, 醛基 能与银氨溶液发生银镜反应 能与新制的氢氧化铜溶液反应生成红色沉淀 能被氧化成羧酸 能被加氢还原成醇 4、 酚, 官能团, 酚羟基 具有酸性 能钠反应得到氢气 酚羟基使苯环性质更活泼, 苯环上易发生取代, 酚羟基在苯环上是邻对位定位基 能与羧酸发生酯化 5、 羧酸, 官能团, 羧基 具有酸性 (一般酸性强于碳酸) 能与钠反应得到氢气 不能被还原成醛 (注意是 "不能") 能与醇发生酯化反应 6、 酯, 官能团, 酯基 Hydrolysis occurs to produce acids and alcohols Material extraction: Laboratory methane production CH3COONa+NaOH - Na2CO3+CH4 (condition CaO heating) Laboratory production of ethylene CH3CH2OH, CH2=CH2 = +H2O (conditions for heating, concentrated H2SO4) Laboratory acetylene CaC2+2H2O, Ca (OH) = 2+C2H2 Industrial ethanol production: C2H4+H20 - CH3CH2OH (condition as catalyst) Preparation of acetaldehyde Acetylene hydration process: C2H2+H2O to C2H4O (condition is catalyst, heating, pressurizing) Ethylene oxidation process: 2 CH2=CH2+O2 to 2CH3CHO (heating with catalyst) Ethanol oxidation method: 2CH3CH2OH+O2 to 2CH3CHO+2H2O (as catalyst, heating) Preparation of acetic acid Acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetic acid: 2CH3CHO+O2 to 2CH3COOH (as catalyst and heating) Addition polymerization: Ethylene polymerization NCH2=CH2 - -CH2-CH2-n- (condition as catalyst) Vinyl chloride polymerization NCH2=CHCl - -CH2-CHCl-n- (condition as catalyst) Oxidation reaction: Methane combustion CH4+2 O2 - CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting) Ethylene combustion CH2=CH2+3O2 - 2CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting) d=r <=> 直线L和O相切.Acetylene combustion 6.方向角：指北或指南方向线与目标方向线所成的小于90°的水平角，叫做方向角。如图4，OA、OB、OC、OD的方向角分别是；北偏东30°，南偏东45°(东南方向)、南偏西为60°，北偏西60°。C2H2+3O2 - 2CO2+H2O (condition for lighting) 3、观察身边的简单物体，初步体会从不同角度观察物体所看到的形状可能是不同的，学生将经历从立体图形到平面图形的过程,认识长方形、正方形、三角形、圆等平面图形，初步体会面在体上，进一步发展空间观念。Benzene combustion 八、教学进度表2C6H6+15O2 - 12CO2+6H2O (condition for lighting) Equation for complete combustion of ethanol C2H5OH+3O2 - 2CO2+3H2O (condition for lighting) An equation for the catalytic oxidation of ethanol 三三角函数的计算2CH3CH2OH+O2 - 2CH3CHO+2H2O (condition as catalyst) CH2=CH2+H2 - CH3-CH3 (condition as catalyst) Acetylene and bromine C2H2+2Br2 to C2H2Br4 Acetylene and hydrogen chloride Two step reaction: C2H2+HCl = C2H3Cl-C2H3Cl+HCl = C2H4Cl2 186.257.1期末总复习及考试Acetylene and hydrogen tanA是一个完整的符号，它表示A的正切，记号里习惯省去角的符号“”；Two step reaction: C2H2+H2 to C2H4-C2H2+2H2 = C2H6 (condition as catalyst) 如果圆的半径为r，点到圆心的距离为d，则Benzene and hydrogen C6H6+3H2 - C6H12 (condition as catalyst) Elimination reaction. Organic molecules off a small molecule (water, hydrogen halide, etc.) and produce unsaturated (double bond of carbon or carbon carbon triple) compounds. 一、指导思想：An equation for the elimination reaction of ethanol CH3CH2OH to CH2=CH2+H2O (condition is concentrated sulfuric acid 170 degrees Celsius) Intermolecular dehydration of ethanol occurs in two molecules 1.正切：2CH3CH2OH - CH3CH2OCH2CH3+H2O (condition is catalyst, concentrated sulfuric acid 140 degrees Celsius)