1、U5_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesGet Started_ mainGet StartedGet Started1.A General Introduction2.Focus InGet Started_1.1Get StartedGet Started_1.2Get StartedAfterthelastRomanemperorwasdethronedbytheGermanmercenarytroopsinthe5thcentury,EuropeenteredtheMiddleAges,whichlastedabout1000ye
2、arsorsoandwasdominatedbyGermanic people whom the Romans had called“the savage”.Consequently,the intellectual development of the Europeancivilizationwasretardedorevenregressedtosomeextentbecauseoftheseso-calledDarkAges.ItwasalsoaperiodofsomenegativeandrepressiveinfluencefromtheRomanCatholicChurch.Thi
3、speriodwascharacterizedbyfrequenteconomicandpoliticalcrisesand greatly affected by deep-seated social contradictions andconflicts,which were first demonstrated in the distress anddisasters of the ordinary people and then in the frequentlyoccurringrevoltsandclashesarisingfromthecrueltyoftyrannicalrul
4、ersandtheirunrestraineddemandsformorepowerandterritory.Get Started_1.3Get StartedHowever,the intellectual decline and retarded socialdevelopmentoftheMiddleAgesalsobroughtforwardsomenotablepersonalties,eventsandachievementsinculturalandsocialaffairs.Theymadeupforalongandtortuousintervalbeforethedawno
5、fthemodernage,whichwasmarkedbythearrivaloftheRenaissanceinthe14th-15thcenturies.Get Started_2.1Get StartedTogetabriefviewofthehistoryoftheperiodoftheMiddleAgesTogettoknowtheformationanddevelopmentofGermancultureandByzantinecultureTobefamiliarwithMedievalsocialideologyandliteraryandartisticachievemen
6、tsTounderstandthesignificanceandspecialfeaturesofMedievalcultureandpoliticsText Study_mainText StudyText StudyI.The Setting of the Middle AgesII.The Formation and Development of German CultureIII.Byzantine CultureIV.Medieval Social IdeologyV.Literature and ArtVI.The Significance and Special Features
7、 of Medieval Culture and PoliticsText Study_I_1.1Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasThe Middle Ages:aperiodinEuropeanhistoryfromthecollapseoftheRomanCivilizationinthe5thcenturyADtotheperiodoftheRenaissanceinthe14thcenturyText Study_I_1.2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasFormation stages:AttheendoftheRomanEmp
8、ire,somebarbaroustribesincludingCelts,GermansandSlavswereformed.Attheendofthe1stcenturyAD,theGermanswerestillinaprimitivesociety.Fromtheendofthe1stcenturytothe3rdcentury,Germansintroducedclassdivision,anduntiedtheirtribesintoalliancesandoftenharassedandstagedattacksontheRomanborders.Latertheymovedin
9、toRomanterritorytilltheendofthe6thcentury.AnumberofsmallkingdomswereestablishedinRomanterritories.Text Study_I_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasWiththeoverthrowoftheWesternRomanEmpire,aseriesofkingdomsweresetup.Amongthesekingdoms,thelargestwastheonefoundedin481ADbyCloviswhoconqueredGaulandinitiateda
10、cooperativelylargenationcalledtheMerovingianDynasty.GraduallyitbecamethemostpowerfulGermankingdom.In752,TheMerovingianDynastywastoppledandtheCarolingianDynastyfounded.In800,LeoIIIendowedthecrownwiththetitleofHolyRomanEmperortoCharlemagne,andtheFrankKingdombecametheCharlemagneEmpire.Text Study_I_1.3T
11、ext StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasDuring the reign of Charlemagne the Great,the conflictbetweenthefeudalistplantationownersandserfsdeepened.Andsocialdisintegrationoccurredaftertheexpansionoftheempire,especiallyafterthedeathofCharlemagne.AcivilwartookplaceamongthreegrandsonsofCharlemagnefrom817to843.Theyc
12、oncludedthecivilwarbysigningtheTreatyofVerdunanddividedtheempireintothreeparts:theEasternFrank Kingdom(later developed into Germany),the WestFrank Kingdom(later developed into France),and MiddleKingdom(latermadeupofItaly).TheborderlineofthethreemodernEuropeancountrieswerebeginningtotakeshape.Text St
13、udy_I_2.1Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsRoman Catholic Church 罗马天主罗马天主教教:thepartoftheChristianChurchwhichacceptstheauthorityofPope,indistinctiontotheOrthodoxEasternChurchseparatedfromitin1054andtotheProtestantChurchwhichbrokeawayinthe16thcenturyText Study_I
14、2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Termsserfdom 奴隶制奴隶制:asocialsystemofproductioninwhichlabourersareboundtoworkforanestate,ratherthanbeingownedbythelordofthatestateandcouldchoosetoworkelsewherethoughfewwoulddosoinrealityText Study_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of
15、 Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsTacitus,Publius Cornelius(55120AD)塔西佗塔西佗:ARomanhistorian.HisworksincludeDialogue on Orator,Germania andtwofragmentsoflongerworks:Historiesand Annals.Hisstyleisextremelyterseandpolished,whichearnedhimmuchreputationinthelatergenerations.Text Study_I_2.2Te
16、xt StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsCelt 凯尔特人凯尔特人:OneoftheancientpeoplesinEurope,originatedinthesouthwestofGermanyandthenspreadtothenorthofSpainandtheBritishisles.LaterontheywereconqueredandabsorbedbyRomansandbarbarians.Someofitsdescendentsandculturewerestillfound
17、inBritain,Ireland,SpainandFrance.Text Study_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsAttila 阿提拉阿提拉:kingofHuns,famousforhisbraveryandmilitancy,whichallowedhimtooverrunmuchoftheByzantineandWesternRomanempiresandwonmanyvictoriesuntilhediedofillnessbeforehisempireco
18、llapsedText Study_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsGaul 高尔人高尔人:TheRomanprovinceofGallia,dividedintotworegions:CisalpineGaulinNorthernItalyandTransalpineGaul.TheareanowcomprisingFrance,Switzerland,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.TheformerwasconqueredbytheRomansi
19、n222whilethelatterwasravagedbyVisigothsbeforeitwasfinallyconqueredbyClovisandmergedintotheFrankishkingdom.Text Study_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Termsmayor of the palace 宫相宫相:thechiefministeroftheFrankishkings,whoseizedmoreandmorepowerfromthekingsduringt
20、helateryearsoftheMerovingianKingdomuntiltheeventualusurpationofthethroneandtheestablishmentoftheCarolingianDynastyText Study _I_3.1Text StudyComprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.(1)AfterthelastRomanemperorwasoverthrownbytheGermanmercenarytroops,theEuropeancivilizationmovedinto_.A.themoderneraB.the
21、MiddleAgesC.thenewperiodD.theRenaissanceComprehension ExercisesA.FrenchB.ItaliansC.SlavsD.TartarsText Study _I_3.2Text StudyComprehension Exercises(2)ThebarbaroustribesincludedCelts,Germansand_.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A.theelderleaderB.themilitarychiefC.thewisemanD.thenoblemanText Stu
22、dy _I_3.3Text StudyComprehension Exercises(3)Thenortherntribesweremostlyruledby_.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A.seizingterritoriesB.stagingwarsC.collectingtreasuresD.inter-marriageText Study _I_3.4Text StudyComprehension Exercises(4)TheCarolingianDynastywasexpandedby_.Comprehension Exercis
23、esMultiple choice.A.ministersB.generalsC.generalassemblyD.deputiesText Study _I_3.5Text StudyComprehension Exercises(5)Charlemagneofferedhisreignthroughthecourtwhichworkedfortheemperorintheguiseofthepeopleassymbolizedby_.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.Text Study _I_4.1Text StudyThink and Dis
24、cussWhichpartoftheEuropeanhistoryiscalledtheMiddleAges?Andtellbrieflyabouttheformationoftheperiod.PleaseseeMainIdeasofPartI:TheSettingoftheMiddleAges.Think and DiscussText Study_I_pop1Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_I_pop2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_I_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasMa
25、in IdeasText Study_I_pop4Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study _2_1.1Text StudyMain IdeasTheCarolingianCultureTheCarolingianculture,developedundertheinfluenceoftheChristianChurch,wasmorebackwardthanitscontemporaryculturesofByzantium,Arabia,IndiaandChina.Apartfromtheless-developed economy and cult
26、ure of the Germans,years ofwars,politicalandsocialinstabilityalsocontributedtotheculturalinferiority.Onlypriestsandmonksreceivededucation.AndthelanguageusedinteachingwasLatinandthesevensubjects.Ancientmanuscriptsweregatheredandcopied,whichhavebeenkepttillthisday.Inarts,thebuildingofpalacesalsoencour
27、agedthedevelopmentofpaintingandcarvingandotherartforms.Inall,Main IdeasText Study _2_1.2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasCarolingianliterature,educationandcultureingeneraladvancedthroughborrowingfromlateRomanandcontemporaryByzantinemodelsandtechniques.TheMythsofScandinaviansandGermansTheancientGermanan
28、dNorsepeopleshadmadeasystematicrecordoftheirdivinitiesandreligious beliefs.The basis of their northernreligioncamefromabookcalledEdda,whichwas divided into Elder Edda and Younger Edda.Eddatellsastoryoftheformationoftheworldandlegendsofgodsandspirits.ModernEnglish names of the weekdays are mostlyderi
29、vedfromthenamesofnortherngods.Text Study _2_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study _2_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasName of GodCharacterOdinThe most importantgod among northern gods.He was not perfect,but he is devoted to thehappinessofman.FreyjaOdins wife who is fierce and inflexible bynatu
30、reinthemannerofHeraandherdutyistoprotectmarriageandfamiliesFlaireagoddessofloveandbeautyThorOdinsson,theThunderGodText Study _2_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasName of GodCharacterFrayThorsbrother,agodoffertility,inchargeofsunandrainTyrFraysson,theGodofWarBalderThemostrespectablegod,whosregardedver
31、ypowerfulinthatnodeadlyweaponsorspearscanhurthim.Yetheisvulnerabletomistletoe,withwhich he was attacked and killed by the FireGod.Text Study _2_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasTheCharlemagneLegendsOnepartofthelegendisabouthowCharlemagnesupportedtheactivitiesoftheChristianChurch,helpingPopeLeoIIItod
32、efeattheRomanaristocratsandrecoverthepapalsovereignty.AnotherpartisabouthowCharlemagnedefeatedonebranchofGerman-Saxonsaftertheirattack,thusconsolidatinghisruleandexpandinghisborders.Text Study _2_2.1Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsAachen 亚琛亚琛:Itwashistorical
33、lyaspatown,andafavouredresidenceofCharlemagne,andtheplaceofcoronationoftheKingsofGermany.Geographically,AachenisthewesternmosttownofGermany,locatedalongitsborderswithBelgiumandtheNetherlands.AachenCathedralwaserectedontheordersof Charlemagnein786AD andwasoncompletionthelargestcathedralnorthoftheAlps
34、OnhisdeathCharlemagnesremainswereinterredinthecathedralandcanbeseentheretothisday.Thecathedralwasextendedseveraltimesinlaterages,whichturneditintoacuriousanduniquemixtureofbuildingstyles.Text Study _2_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsRoland 罗罗 兰兰:It was a
35、 popularlegendary figure in medieval Europe.Overthenextseveralcenturies,Rolandbecame a“pop icon”in medievalminstrel culture.According to manylegends,hewasanephewofCharlemagne(whetherornotthiswastrue is unknown),and turned his lifeintoanepictaleofthenobleChristiankilled by Islamic forces,which formsp
36、artofthemedievalMatterofFrance.(1)CarolingianculturewasfeaturedwithChristianitybecauseofthelattersstronginfluenceonthebarbaroustribes.(2)EddaisacollectionofGermanicmythswhichprovidestheprototypesforlatertalesofEuropeannations.(3)AlltheEnglishnamesoftheweekdaysderivefromtheNortherngods.(4)Thelegendsi
37、nCharlemagneslifeanddeedswerefrequentlyreferencedbymanypoetsoftheRenaissanceandlaterperiods.(5)IntheGermanandNorsemythology,thegodsarenotperfect.TheyrepresentdifferentforcesoftheGod,strugglingagainsttheprimevalgiants.Text Study _2_3.1Text StudyComprehension ExercisesTrue or false questions.Comprehen
38、sion ExercisesF_F_T_T _T_Text Study _2_4.1Text StudyThink and Discuss(1)TellbrieflythemeasuresCharlemagnetheGreattooktoimprovetheculturalconditionsofhisempireandtheresultsofthesemeasures.ThemeasuresCharlemagnetookincludedcareforeducationandacademicstudiesbyaskingthechurchtorunschoolsandinvitingfamou
39、sscholarstolectureattheroyalcourt,thecollectionandrecoveringofclassicalbooksbycopyingbooksborrowedfromelsewhere,thereestablishmentofculturalcustomsandethicalnorms,andfoundingofmagnificentbuildingsbypullingdowntheoldbuildingsinRomeandotherhistoricalcitiesandtransportingtheirmaterialstotheemperorscapi
40、tal.Think and DiscussText Study _2_4.2Text StudyThink and DiscussThereforeliteracywasgreatlyimprovedandenhancedamongtheaverage,especiallyamongtheyoungerpeople,whowouldbechosentoservetheempire.Moreandmoreattentionwaspaidtoculturalaffairsandmoralvalueswiththeobvioussignsofsocialprogressandculturalpros
41、perity.ThecitiesbecamebeautifulwiththeincreasingnumbersofgrandbuildingsputupofRomantype.Inaway,culturalrevivaloftheempirewasbasicallylaunchedandmodeledonRomanorclassicalpatternandthusensuredcontinuityandconsistenceofWesterncultureandcivilizationinspiteofthechangeofpoliticalregimes.Think and DiscussT
42、ext Study_2_1.1_pop1Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasMain
43、IdeasText Study_3_1Main IdeasText Study(1)CulturalAchievementsByzantinecultureachievedremarkableprogressbycombiningtheculturalessenceofGreeceandRomewiththeEasterncultureinitsuniqueway.The foremost cultural accomplishment of the Eastern ChurchwasthefoundingoftheUniversityofConstantinoplewhosehead,Leo
44、andhissuccessorsturneditintoasuccessfulinstituteoflearninginliteraryandreligioussubjects.Main IdeasText Study_3_2Main IdeasText Study Literature:Epic of Digenes Akritas Philosophy:ThefoundingofNeo-Platonism,whichwasasyntheticresultofcombiningStoicism,Pythagoreanism,PlatonicandAristotelianphilosophy
45、withEasternmysticism.ItfocusedonthepowerofspiritandassertedmancouldjoinGodinHisactions.ItisaresultoflinkingGreekphilosophyandtheEasternmysticism.TheprincipalbooksofthisperiodincludedTours among the Oriental Countries,The History of the Justinian War,andThe Secret History.Main IdeasText Study_3_3Main
46、 IdeasText Study Architecture:characteristicofboththeclassicalagesandtheEasterncountries.TheSophiaCathedralinConstantinoplewasarepresentationoftheByzantinearchitecturalandartisticstyle.Main IdeasText Study_3_DVD_Sophia CathedralMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study_3_1DVD_Byzantine sculptureMain
47、IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study_3_4Main IdeasText Study(2)ChristianCultureAdministration:LegalcodesandadministrationpolicieswerefurtherimprovedandmademorepreciseintheByzantineEmpire.Itcouldbeseeninthemanagementofecclesiasticalaffairs,wheretheEmperorJustiniangaveorderstocontrolthesizeofchurchesan
48、dmonasteries.Inthe7thcentury,ByzantineEmpirebecameareligiouscommunityunderecclesiasticalleadership.Andthisperiodprovidedsteadyurbandevelopmentandculturalprosperity.Main IdeasText Study_3_5Main IdeasText Study Music:Hymns writtenbySt.RomanosMelodosmarkedthestrikingmusicaldevelopmentoftheliturgyduring
49、Justiniansreign.Main IdeasText Study_3_6Main IdeasText Study Literature:BiographybecamemarkedlyChristianandmarkedlypopular.Following thepatternusedinthe4thcenturybyAthanasiusinwritingthelifeofSt.Anthony,hagiographersrecordedthedeedsoftheseextraordinaryholymen,creatinginthesaintslifetimeaformoflitera
50、turethatwenttoflowerinthe6thand7thcenturies.Spirit:Theincreasingvenerationaccorded withtheicon,anabstractandsimplifiedimageofChrist,theVirgin,oroneofthesaints.Iconsappearedinbothprivateandpublicuseduringthelasthalfofthe6thcentury.Theyprovidedachannelofdivinityfortheindividualsandwerecarriedastalisma
