仁爱英语八年级上unit 2 topic 2知识点归纳-文档资料.docx

八年级上册Unit 2 topic 2要练说，得练看。看与说是统一的，看不准就难以说得好。练看，就是训练幼儿的观察能力，扩大幼儿的认知范围，让幼儿在观察事物、观察生活、观察自然的活动中，积累词汇、理解词义、发展语言。在运用观察法组织活动时，我着眼观察于观察对象的选择，着力于观察过程的指导，着重于幼儿观察能力和语言表达能力的提高。 I must ask him to give up smoking.要练说，先练胆。说话胆小是幼儿语言发展的障碍。不少幼儿当众说话时显得胆怯：有的结巴重复，面红耳赤；有的声音极低，自讲自听；有的低头不语，扯衣服，扭身子。总之，说话时外部表现不自然。我抓住练胆这个关键，面向全体，偏向差生。一是和幼儿建立和谐的语言交流关系。每当和幼儿讲话时，我总是笑脸相迎，声音亲切，动作亲昵，消除幼儿畏惧心理，让他能主动的、无拘无束地和我交谈。二是注重培养幼儿敢于当众说话的习惯。或在课堂教学中，改变过去老师讲学生听的传统的教学模式，取消了先举手后发言的约束，多采取自由讨论和谈话的形式，给每个幼儿较多的当众说话的机会，培养幼儿爱说话敢说话的兴趣，对一些说话有困难的幼儿，我总是认真地耐心地听，热情地帮助和鼓励他把话说完、说好，增强其说话的勇气和把话说好的信心。三是要提明确的说话要求，在说话训练中不断提高，我要求每个幼儿在说话时要仪态大方，口齿清楚，声音响亮，学会用眼神。对说得好的幼儿，即使是某一方面，我都抓住教育，提出表扬，并要其他幼儿模仿。长期坚持，不断训练，幼儿说话胆量也在不断提高。 Section A“教书先生”恐怕是市井百姓最为熟悉的一种称呼，从最初的门馆、私塾到晚清的学堂，“教书先生”那一行当怎么说也算是让国人景仰甚或敬畏的一种社会职业。只是更早的“先生”概念并非源于教书，最初出现的“先生”一词也并非有传授知识那般的含义。孟子中的“先生何为出此言也？”；论语中的“有酒食，先生馔”；国策中的“先生坐，何至于此？”等等，均指“先生”为父兄或有学问、有德行的长辈。其实国策中本身就有“先生长者，有德之称”的说法。可见“先生”之原意非真正的“教师”之意，倒是与当今“先生”的称呼更接近。看来，“先生”之本源含义在于礼貌和尊称，并非具学问者的专称。称“老师”为“先生”的记载，首见于礼记?曲礼，有“从于先生，不越礼而与人言”，其中之“先生”意为“年长、资深之传授知识者”，与教师、老师之意基本一致。重点短语集锦第 4 页1.look tired               看起来很累2.watch a soccer game on TV      在电视上观看一场足球赛           3.stay up (  late )               熬夜4.go to bed late 晚睡5.be bad/good for 对有害/益 6.do morning/eye exercises 做早操/眼保健操7.do exercise=do/play sports 做运动/锻炼8.Put into 投入 9.throw around 乱扔10.keep fingernails long 留长指甲11.play sports right 进行适当的体育锻炼12.go to school without breakfast 不吃早餐去上学重要知识点讲解1. Whats wrong? = Whats up？= Whats happening ? = Whats the matter/trouble? 怎么了？2. Staying up late is bad for your health. (1) stay up = sit up熬夜, 如：we stayed up until midnight to see the New Year coming. (2) 动词ing形式（动名词）可直接放句首作主语，谓语动词用单三形式。 3I am sorry to hear that听到这我感到很难过。这是表示同情的一种说法。当你听到别人不幸的事情时，应说此句用来表示你的同情。4on TVthe phone“(通过)电视电话”，或直接译成“在电视上电话上”。5I see我明白了。此句为口语，在这里see指“明白，理解”之意。 egHis younger brother didn't see the meaning of the story 6 going to school without breakfast 不吃早饭去上学。 without介词，没有。without sthdoing sth反义词是with 【例】I cant pass the exam_ your help Awith Bwithout Cdont have Dnot haveSection B重点短语集锦1.Read in the sun 在阳光下阅读 2.in the newspaper 在报纸上 3.help him relax帮助他放松 4.thats too bad太糟糕了 5.the article says 文章说 6.how terrible太可怕了7.give up 放弃 8.borrow your newspaper借你的报纸9. go for a walk 去散步； take a walk = have a walk 散步重要知识点讲解1relax放松。relax sboneself放松某人(某人自己)。egListening to music can relax yourelaxed可用作形容词，“使人感到放松的”。2I must ask him to give up smoking. give up doing sth. = stop doing sth. 放弃做某事 give up“放弃”，代词放在中间。eggive it up3.You must not read in the sun. in the sun 在阳光下(此处不能用under the sun )4. Dont throw litter around. throw around 到处扔，如：throw litter around = throw around litter (litter是名词，即可以放后也可以放中间，但代词只能放中间，如：throw it around ) litter作动词，意思与throw about相当。egDon't litter the ground with paper作不可数名词时，指“垃圾，废物”。egYou mustn't throw about litter5. Look, the article says smoking is bad for our lungs and it can even cause cancer. 看，文章上说抽烟对我们的肺有害，它甚至能导致癌症。（1）say 在此处指书面材料，文字记载上的“说”，表示文字材料或可见的东西提供信息、指示等均可用say 。 如：the guidebook say we should turn left. 旅游指南上说我们应向左拐。（2）cause 这个词有两种词性，在此处是动词。 v.导致，引起1）接名词：cause an accident/trouble/death/a fire/a serious illness/damage引起事故/惹麻烦/导致死亡/引起大火/导致重病/造成损害2）接双宾语：cause sb.pain/trouble/damage给某人带来痛苦/麻烦/损害3）接复合宾语：cuase sb. to do sth使某人做某事The sound caused me to jump back. 那声音吓得我向后退。作名词时，意为“原因”时是可数名词，意为“理由，缘由”时为不可数名词。如：You have no cause to cry. 你没理由哭。6.May I borrow your newspaper and show it to my father.我可以借下你的报纸给我爸爸看看吗？borrow和lend的区别. 首先，看看这个词： borrow, 向他人借东西，一般这样来用： borrow something from somebody: May I borrow your magazine for a while? 我能借你的杂志一会儿吗？. lend: vt. & vi.把借给(借出去) lend sth to sb.=lend sb sth. Can you lend me 10 dollars? 能借给我块钱吗？7. It will keep you active during the day. (1)keep + 宾语 + 补语 （补语可以是：动词ing 形式； 形容词； 介词短语 ） Im sorry to keep you waiting for such a long time. (keep sb. doing sth.使某人一直做某事 ) Keep the door open, please. (keep sb/sth+形容词表示某人/某事物保持怎样的状态) Once a cold keep the child in bed for three days (keep sb+介词短语表示某人呆在某地) (2) during the day = in the daytime 在白天8enough作形容词时修饰名词，置于名词的前后均可。如： Do you have enough money? 你有足够的钱吗？【链接】(1) enough作副词时，修饰形容词或副词，应置于所修饰的形容词或副词之后，如： She is not old enough to go to school. =She is too young to go to school. 她太小了，还不能上学。 (2) enough作代词，意为“足够的东西”，如： I have enough to do . 我要做的事够多了。【口诀】enough一词的位置，出“名”在前，幸福“（形”“副”）在后。 【例10】(10年南充中考) Does the child need any help? NoShe is_ to dress herself Aenough old Byoung enough Cold enough9It's+ adj(forof sb)to do sth(对某人来说)做某事是，用for指做这件事情是怎么样的，egIt's difficult for him to get to the bank用of时，前面的形容词是指这个人的性格特征。It's very nice of you to help meSection C重点短语集锦1. be careful (not) to do sth 小心（不）干 2.force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人干3.feel better 感觉好些了 4.be surprised to do sth. 惊奇于做.5. For example例如 6.take care of 照顾 7.a glass of milk 一杯牛奶 8.keep healthy保持健康 9.as soon as一就 10.make sb. do sth. 使某人干重要知识点讲解1. Mothers always tell their children what they should eat. 妈妈们总是告诉他们的孩子他们应该吃什 么。（1）tell sb to do sth 告诉某人去做某事 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事（2) what they should eat 为宾语从句 what 在宾语从句中做宾语2. Be careful not to eat too much salt or sugar. 当心，不要吃太多的盐或糖。 or连词，意为“或，或者，还是”，用于表示连接选择、替换的词、短语或从句。如： Are you coming or not? 你来还是不来？ Is it a boy or a girl? 是个男孩还是女孩？【扩展】(1) 意为“也不”，用于否定句，提出两种或多种事物的连接词。如： He cant read or write. 他不会写，也不会读。and意为“和，又，还”，表示并列关系，用于肯定句。如：We have black hair and black eyes.我们有黑头发还有黑眼睛。（2）意为“否则，不然”用于警告或忠告。如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school. 赶快，不然你上学就要迟到了。3. She said it might cause illness. 她说它可能引起疾病。Illness 名词，意为“疾病”。ill+ness组成illness. 例如：kindness, happiness.【辨析】disease 名词，意为“病，疾病”。常指比较严重，通常持续时间久的疾病，常影响特定的身体部位。illness 常指身体或精神上得疾病。He missed a lot of lessons because of his illness. 他因生病耽误了很多的功课。Headache is not a disease itself, bu it may show that something is wrong with your health. 头痛本身不是病，但它可能会显示出你的健康有问题了。4. Her mother always forced her to drink it. 他的妈妈总是强迫他喝牛奶。 force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事 Eg: 这老板常常强迫工人工作12小时。 This boss often forces the workers to work for 12 hours.5. She had to drink a glass of milk because her mother was always watching her. 她不得不喝杯牛奶，因为她的妈妈总是看着她。本句是一个主从复合句，从句是由从属连词because引导的表示“原因”的状语从句，它既可以至于主句之后，也可以至于其前。because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。6. As soon as Michael saw it, he got mad. Michael 一看见白菜在他的盘子里，他就很生气。 （1）as soon as 一 就 (引导时间状语从句） Eg: 我一到北京就打电话给你。 I will call you as soon as I get to Beijing.（2）mad adj 疯狂的，发疯；get mad 变得生气7. His mother made him taste it. make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 Eg: 妈妈总是让我学习英语。 My mother always makes me study English.8. He was surprised to find that it was delicious. be surprised to do sth. 对做某事很惊讶 Eg: 她很惊讶地发现她的新自行车不见了。 She was surprised to find that her new bike was lost.【扩展】（1） surprise 动词，意为“使惊讶，使诧异”。如：The news surprised me. 这个消息使我感到惊讶。（2）surprise 名词，意为“惊奇”“惊讶”. to ones surprise “使某人惊讶的是.”如： To my surprise, he is still alive. 使我惊讶的是，他还活着。 What a nice surprise! 真是让人惊喜！Section D重点短语集锦take showers洗澡 wash the hands洗手 keep the air fresh保持空气清新 drink sour milk喝变质牛奶 tidy our rooms整理房间 sweep the floor 扫地 spit in public在公共场合吐痰 help them relax帮助他们放松 In fact事实上 not onlybut also 不仅而且have higher risks有更高的风险 as soon as possible尽可能快地重要知识点讲解1. We should often open the window to keep the air fresh. 我们应该经常开窗保持空气清新。 keep 后接形容词。意为“保持（某种状态）”，keep作系动词，也可以用be替换。如： keep quite!=be quite! 请保持安静！【扩展】 keep sb./sth. 后接形容词/动名词表示“让某人/ 某物处于某种状态”。 如：Keep the windows open, please. 请把窗户打开。Dont keep him waiting. 不要让他一直等着。2. Smokers shouldnt use smoking to help them relax. 吸烟者不应该用吸烟来放松自己。 use sth to do sth. 意为“用.去做.”如： We often use the dictionary to look up the new words. 我们经常使用词典去查阅新单词。3.In fact, smoking is really unhealthy事实上，抽烟真的是不健康的。 In fact 事实上 In fact, I like playing computer games. 事实上，我喜欢玩电脑游戏。 In fact, I want to eat an ice cream. 事实上，我想吃一个冰激凌。4.They must give up smoking as soon as possible. 他们必须尽可能快的戒烟。give up sth/ doing sth 放弃做某事as soon as possible 尽可能快的 as much as possible 尽可能多的 as small as possible 尽可能小的As+形容词+as possible 可以与as.as one can 互换使用。如：Please write down your answer as fast as possible. =Please write down your answer as fast as you can. 请尽可能快的写下你的答案。4.The smoke from cigarettes harms not only smokers but also other people.来自香烟的烟雾不仅伤害吸烟者，而且对其他人也有危害。Not onlybut also 不仅而且 用于连接两个并列成分。