[英语学习]English Literature.doc

English Literature table of ContentsEnglish literature 。Introduction。The Old English period (450-1066)PoetryAlliterative verseThe major manuscriptsProblems of datingReligious verseElegiac and heroic verseProseEarly translations into EnglishLate 10th- and 11th-century prose。The Early Middle English period (1066-mid-14th)PoetryInfluence of French poetryDidactic poetryVerse romanceThe lyricProse。The later Middle English and early Renaissance periods (mid-14th1550)Later Middle English poetryThe revival of alliterative poetryCourtly poetryChaucer and GowerPoetry after Chaucer and GowerCourtly poetryPopular and secular versePolitical verseLater Middle English proseReligious proseSecular proseMiddle English dramaThe transition from medieval to Renaissance。The Renaissance period: （15501660）Literature and the ageSocial conditionsIntellectual and religious revolutionThe race for cultural developmentElizabethan poetry and proseDevelopment of the English languageSidney and SpenserElizabethan lyricThe sonnet sequenceOther poetic stylesProse stylesElizabethan and early Stuart dramaTheatre and societyTheatres in London and the provincesProfessional playwrightsChristopher MarloweShakespeare's worksThe early historiesThe early comediesThe tragediesShakespeare's later worksPlaywrights after ShakespeareBen JonsonMarston and MiddletonEarly Stuart dramaEarly Stuart poetry and proseThe Metaphysical poetsJohn DonneDonne's influenceJonson and the Cavalier poetsContinued influence of SpenserEffect of religion and science on early Stuart proseProse stylesJohn Milton's view of the poet's role。The Restoration（1660-1689）Literary reactions to the political climateThe defeated republicansWritings of the NonconformistsWritings of the RoyalistsMajor genres and major authors of the periodChroniclersDiaristsThe court witsDrydenDrama by Dryden and othersLocke。The 18th century （1689-1798）Publication of political literaturePolitical journalismMajor political writersAlexander PopeThomson, Prior, and GaySwiftShaftesbury and othersThe novelThe major novelistsDaniel DefoeRichardsonFieldingSmollettSterneMinor novelistsPoets and poetry after PopeBurnsGoldsmithJohnson's poetry and prose。The Romantic period（1798-1832）The nature of RomanticismPoetryBlake, William Wordsworth, and ColeridgeOther poets of the early Romantic periodThe later Romantics: Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, and ByronMinor poets of the later periodThe novel: Jane Austen, Scott, and othersMiscellaneous proseDrama。The Post-Romantic and Victorian eras （1836-1901）Early Victorian literature: the age of the novelCharles DickensThackeray, Gaskell, and othersThe Bront?s Sisters (Emily Bronte)Early Victorian verseTennysonRobert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett BrowningArnold and CloughEarly Victorian nonfictional proseLate Victorian literatureThe novelist (Thomas Hardy)VerseThe Victorian theatreVictorian literary comedy。“Modern” English literature: the 20th century（ From 1900 to 1945）The EdwardiansThe modernist revolutionAnglo-American modernism: Pound, Lewis, D.H.Lawrence, and T.S.EliotCeltic modernism: William Butler Yeats, Joyce, Jones, and MacDiarmidThe literature of World War I and the interwar periodThe 1930sThe literature of World War II (193945)Literature after 1945FictionPoetryDrama。Additional readingGeneral worksThe Old English and early Middle English periodsThe later Middle English and early Renaissance periodsThe Renaissance period, 15501660Elizabethan poetry and proseElizabethan and early Stuart dramaEarly Stuart poetry and proseThe Restoration and the 18th centuryThe Romantic periodThe Post-Romantic and Victorian eras“Modern” English literature: the 20th centuryFrom 1900 to 1945Literature after 19451. 古代文学简介/Old English Literature1 时间界定：Old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066.2 古代文学中诗歌分类：宗教诗和世俗诗：The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the religious group and the secular one.3 主要代表作品：贝尔武夫A.性质：Beowulf, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.B.主题：The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage under a wise heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.、中世纪文学：1、 时间界定：From 1066 up to the mid-14th century.2、 文学分类：民间通俗文学 骑士浪漫诗A. Popular folk literature also occupies an important place in this period.B. Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3、 代表作家与作品：Chaucer and the Canterbury talesAThe father of English poetry.（Chaucer）BThe English Homer. （Chaucer）CIn Canterbury tales, Chaucer presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life .DIn Troilus and Criseyde, he gave the world what is virtually the first modern novel.2. 中世纪文学简介 /Medieval Literature introduction1、 时间界定：From 1066 up to the mid-14th century.2、 文学分类：民间通俗文学 骑士浪漫诗A. Popular folk literature also occupies an important place in this period.B. Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3、 代表作家与作品：Chaucer and the Canterbury talesAThe father of English poetry.（Chaucer）BThe English Homer. （Chaucer）CIn Canterbury tales, Chaucer presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life .DIn Troilus and Criseyde, he gave the world what is virtually the first modern novel.3. 文艺复兴时期简介 /Renaissance period introduction1. Renaissance :between 14th and mid-17th century. 2. Renaissance means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. 3. the Renaissance, therefore in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and Scholars made attempt to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the purity of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic church. 4. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance (1) Capable of individual development in the direction of perfection. (2) They inhabited was theirs not to despise by to question, explore and enjoy. (3) By emphasizing the dignity of human being and the Importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life (4) Tomas More, Christopher Marlow and William Shakespeare are the best representative of the English humanist. 5 Metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical is characterized by passionate thought succession of concentrated image, exercise of elaborate ingenuity and “wit”, John Done was the famous of the Metaphysical poet. The Metaphysical Poets were men of learning and to show their learning was their endeavour.中英文双语讲解:1 时间界定：It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.2 文艺复兴的理论基础：人文主义兴起。A 核心：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors.B 基础：It was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.3 文艺复兴的文化背景：A 场所：English schools and universities were established in place of the old monasteries.B 印刷术的引进：William Caxton introduced printing into England .C 翻译的时代的出现。With the introduction of printing, an age of translation came into being.4 文学形式：A.诗歌：A). 早期特点：The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.B). 代表作家及作品:a. Spensers The Shepheardes Calender showed the pastoral conventionb. In “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,” Marlowe spoke that it would be very difficult for us to connect it with the voice in his tragedies.c. Poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and carried on by Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.B.戏剧: A). 特点: The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English RenaissanceB). 作家: The most famous dramatists are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Johnson.5. 本章主要作家及作品:斯宾塞及其代表作仙后/Edmund Spenser and The Faerie Queene Edmund Spencer Masterpiece: The Faerie Queene (allegory) A.创作意图:The principal intention is to present through a “historical poem” the example of a perfect gentlemanB.整体线索:The recurring appearances of Arthur serve as a unifying element for the poem as a whole.C.寓意:The Redcrosse Knight in Book I stands for St. George, he also represents Holiness,D.主题:The theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic“Fierce wares and faithfull loves.”E.作者文学地位:His exquisite melody that make him known as “the poets poet.”马洛代表作和艺术风格及成就/Christopher Marlowe's writing and literature archivement Christopher MarloweUniversity witsImportant plays: Tambulaine, Dr.Faustus, The Jewof Meta Edmund IIMarlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance of infinite powers and authority (1) Perfected the blank verse.(2) Creation of the Renaissance hero to English drama ,it embodies Marlowes ideal of human dignity and capacity. Dr.Faustus: aspiring for knowledge, the plays dominant moral is human rather than religious, it celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness , it also reveals mans frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order and the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of mans condition. A.作者创作分类:a. The plays: (6 plays)Among them the most important are :Tamburlaine, Parts I&II , Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.b. The non-dramatic poetry:Hero and Leander, “the Passionate Shepherd to His Love”c. The verse translation:Ovids Amores.B.代表作品:a. Tamburlaine: Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.b. Dr. Faustus: It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness.C.文学艺术成就:a.文体与风格Marlowe perfected the blank verse and brought vitality and grandeur into the blank verse with his “mighty lines.” Hyperbole is his major figure of speechb.人物塑造 Marlowes second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition,莎士比亚作品及艺术成就/William Shakespeare and his achievement William Shakespeare 1. Works: 154 sonnets, 38 plays, 2 long poemsComedy :Merchant of Venice. 2. 4 great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth Each portrays some noble hero, who face the injustice of human fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation, each hero has his weakness of nature. Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind: Othellos inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer, from treachery and infidelity; Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crime. 3 Merchant of Venice In this play, Shakespeare has created tension: ambiguity, a self conscious and self-delighting artifice that is at once intellectually existing and emotionally engaging . The sophistication derives in part from the play between high, outstanding romance and dark faces of negating and hate the traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty , wit and loyalty, and to explore insuitable greed and brutality of the Jew. 4 Hamlet. The play has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life of life and death, the timeless appeal of his mighty drama lies in its combination of injustice, emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy. Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world , to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of the constant role-playing examining the nature of acting only to deny its possibility. For such a figure, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologue posses surpassing power and insight. By revealing the power-seeking, the jostling for place , the hidden motives, the courteous superficialities that veil lust and guilty, Shakespeare condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general religious corrupting at the royal count. A. 创作生涯及作品a. Apprenticeship period. b. Highly individualized period. c. Greatest tragedies and dark comedies period. d. Romantic tragicomedies period.B. 作品主题a. Shakespeares history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.b. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play .c. The tragedies: The play, though a tragedy, is permeated with optimistic spirit.C. 四大悲剧(常考)A). The common features:Shakespeares greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.B). The realistic spirits .Along with the portrayal of the weakness or bias of the hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense.D. 艺术成就A). The characters:a. Shakespeares major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones.b. By applying a psycho-analytical approach, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner mind.c. Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.B). Construction:a. Shakespeares plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play.C). Language and style:a. Irony is a good means of dramatic pres