英语语法Englishgrammar卓越课程中心3英语语法英语语法卓越课程中心.ppt

英语语法(English grammar),Lecture One,1. 什么是语法：语法不是语言的法则而是的规律。 2. 为何要学语法: 学语法的最终目的是为了抛弃语法。既然语法是语言的规律，掌握了语言的规律就等于掌握了学习语言的捷径。因此学习语法很重要。,3. 句子(sentence) = 主语(subject) + 谓语(predicate) + （表(predicative)、宾(object)、定(attributive)、状(adverbial)、同位(appositive)、独立成分(independent element) 句中可有可无）。 主语：是句子主体，表示谓语陈述和说明的是谁、是什么的成分。即是谓语动词的执行者。可用代词、名词、数词、名词短语、不定时短语动名词短语、主语从句、形式主语it等表示（举例）。,I opened the door. (代主) 我把门打开了。 The window blew open. （名主）窗子吹开了。 Five of them are Party members. （数主）他们当中有五人是党员。 This suggestion of yours is of great value. （名短主）你的这个建议很有价值。 To study English well is very important. （不定短主）学好英语很重要。,Taking a walk after supper is his habit. （动名短主）晚饭后散步是他的习惯。 Whether he will come or not remains to be seen. （主从）他是否来还要等等看。 It is true that he went there. （it = that-从句）他去了那里是真的。 It is wrong to tell a lie. （it = 不定式）撒谎是错误的。 It is not worth while your going there. （it = 动名短）你到那里去值不得。,谓语：表示主语做什么、是什么的成分。用谓语动词（普通动词和联系动词） 简单谓语和复合谓语 表示 ：受到主语人称和时态限制的动词（举例）。 Young boys study English very hard. （普动简谓）男同学们努力地学英语。 Her mother is very beautiful. （系动谓）她母亲很漂亮。 He has finished his homework. （普动复谓）他已经做完了功课。,表语：由联系动词引导的、说明主语身份、性质、状态的成分。用名、代、数、形、名短、代短、形短、不定短、介短、表从等表示（举例）。 He is a writer. （名表）他是作家。 He appears a most plain man. （名短表）他看起来是一个很普通的人。 This is mine. （代表）这是我的。 The task is one of great importance. （代短表）这是一项很重要的任务。,Im forty. （数表）我四十岁。 It is very hot today. （形表）今天很热。 To see is to believe. （不定短表）眼见为实。 Our greatest happiness is serving the people. （动名短表）我们最大的幸福是为人民服务。 He is at rest now. （介短表）他现在在休息。 My idea is that we should do it at once. （表从）我的意思是我们马上干。,宾语：及物动词和介词所涉及的对象，分双宾语（ = 间宾（indirect object） + 直宾 (direct object) ）和复合宾语（= 宾语(object) + 宾补 (objective complement)）两种。可用名、代（宾格）、数、名短、不定短、动名短、分词等表示（举例说明）。 I want you to help me with work. （to不定短宾补）我想让你帮我做这项工作。 I felt somebody touch men on the shoulder. （不带to不定短宾补）我感到有人触到我的肩。 I heard my name called. （过分宾补）我听到有人叫我的名字。,I smell something burning. （现分宾补）我问到什么东西烧起来了。 They made him the chairman. （名宾补）他们选他当主席。 He painted the door blue. （形宾补）他把门漆成蓝色了。 He took these words as evidence. （介短宾补）他把这些话当作证据。 Bring him in. （副宾补）把他带进来。,定语：修饰名词和代词的成分。用形、名、数、副、形短、名短、不定短、现分短、过分短、介短、定从等表示（举例） He is a brave man. （形定）他是一个勇敢的人。 They are chemistry teachers. （名定）他们是化学老师。 There are seven or eight books on the desk. （数定）桌上有7、8本书。 The man downstairs is Professor Smith. （副定）楼下那个人是史密斯教授。,I have no ticket to spare. （不定短定）我没有多余的票。 The train has three sleeping cars. （动名定）这辆火车有三节卧铺车厢。 The sleeping baby is his son. （现分定）那个熟睡的婴儿是他的儿子。 This is a story about Lei Feng. （介短定）这是一个关于雷锋的故事。 He is a returned student. （过分定）他是一个归国留学生。 Do you know the man who made the report? （定从）你认识那个做报告的人吗？,状语：修饰动、形、副、数、名（quite/only）、各类短语、整句(certainly/perhaps/)的成分。用副、形（He died young.）、副短、介短、不定短、现分短、过分短、名短（every morning, this afternoon）、各类状从来表示时间、地点、方位、原因、理由、目的、结果、程度、频度、方式、伴随、条件、让步、比较、范围等状语（举例）。 Only Li Ming can do it. （副作强调状）只有李明能做这件事。 We have lived in Shanghai for 10 years. （介短作地状）我们在上海住了十年。 Not having received an answer, I wrote again. （分短作原因状）没有收到回信，我又写了一封。,He went there to see his friend. （不定短作目状）他到那里去看他的朋友。 He spoke slowly and clearly. （副作方状）他说的慢而清楚。 Now and again, we heard shots in the distance. （副短作频状）我们不时听到远处的枪声。 Any one can be an expert if he studies hard. （条状从）只要努力学习，人人都可以成为专家。 Tired and hungry, he dragged along. （形表示主语特征）他又累又饿，吃力地走着。 Perhaps he will be there. （句子副词）他可能在那里。,同位语：补充说明或进一步解释句中某个词或短语，而且和被说明部分充当同样成分的成分。可用名、代、数、不定短、动名短、连（or）、插入语（that is (to say), in other word, namely, for example, such as, say等）来表示（举例）。 She is better, very much better, than he is. （形作同位）她比他好很多。 He always wrote so clearly and neatly. （副作同位）他总是那样写既清楚又整齐。 I myself found it. （代作同位）我自己找到的。 We three went together. （数作同位）我们三个一起去的。,We Chinese people are brave and diligent. （名作同位）我们中国人民既勤劳又勇敢。 The fact that he is ill is true. （同从）他病的事是真的。 We have a common desire to build socialism in China. （不定短同位）我们都有一个共同的愿望在中国建成社会主义。 Thats her job, raising pigs. （动名同位）那就是她的工作养猪。 He knows four languages, namely (that is, that is, that is to say) Chinese, Japanese, English and French. 他懂四种语言，汉语、日语、英语和法语。,独立成分：句中与其他成分无语法联系的成分。常见的独立成分有三种：感叹词、呼语和插入语。作插入语用的有副词（namely, especially, surely, etc.）、形短（sure enough, strange to say, etc.）、介短（as a matter of fact, as a rule, in a word, of course, for example, on the whole, in general, etc.）、不定短（to be sure, to be frank, to tell the truth, to sum up, to begin with, etc.）、分短（generally speaking, strictly speaking, judging from, etc.）、短句（I think, I mean, Im afraid, I suppose, as it were, as I know, as we know it, as it turned out, etc.）等。（举例）,Oh, wouldnt it be fun! （感独）啊！那真好玩！ May I ask you a question, sir? （呼独）先生，我可以问一个问题吗？ It might rain tonight, I am afraid. （短句插独）恐怕今晚要下雨。 To sum up, success results from hard work. （短语插独）总而言之，成功是辛勤劳动的结果。,4从句或分句（clause）：由主从连词引导的、在主句中仅充当一个成分的句子形式（主+谓结构）。含有从句的句子叫主从复合句。常见的从句有： 1）主从(subject clause)：常由that, whether, who, which, what, when, how, where, why, whose等主从连词引导。 有时因主语太长而用it作形式主语，主从放句后（举例）。 Whether he will come or not remains to be seen. （主从）他是否来还要等等看。 2）表从（predicative clause）：常由that, whether, who, which, what, when, how, where, why, as if, as though等表从连词引导。 My idea is that we should do it at once. （表从）我的意思是我们马上干。,3）宾从(object clause)：常由that, whether, if, who, which, what, when, how, where, why, 等宾从连词引导。 I wonder whether he is ill or not. （宾从）我不知道他是否病了。 4）定从(attributive clause)：常由that, which, who等关系代词、whose等关系形容词、when, where, why, how等关系副词引导。 This is the place where he was born. （定从）这就是他出生的地方。 5）同从（appositive clause）：常由that, whether, as if, when, where, why, how 等主从词引导。 He expressed his hope that he would visit China again. (同从) 他表示了他将再访中国的愿望。,6）状从（adverbial clause）： 时间状语从句（clause of time adverbial ）：常由when, whenever, while, as, before, after, till, until, since, ever since, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly when, once, the minute 等主从连词引导。 While he is reading, he always makes notes. （时状从）他经常一面看书一面做笔记。 地点状语从句（clause of place adverbial ）：常由where, wherever等主从连词引导。 There is a tree where he lives. （地状从）在他住的地方有棵树。,6）状从（adverbial clause）： 时间状语从句（clause of time adverbial ）：常由when, whenever, while, as, before, after, till, until, since, ever since, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly when, once, the minute 等主从连词引导。 While he is reading, he always makes notes. （时状从）他经常一面看书一面做笔记。 地点状语从句（clause of place adverbial ）：常由where, wherever等主从连词引导。,原因状语从句（clause of reason adverbial ）：常由because, since, as, that, now that, in that, not that but that等主从连词引导。 There is nothing to do because tomorrow is holiday. （原状从）没有什么事要做，因为明天放假。 目的状语从句（clause of purpose adverbial ）：常由that, so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that 等主从连词引导。 He shouted at the top of his voice, in order that he might be heard. （目状从）他尽力大声叫喊，以便别人能听见。,结果状语从句（clause of result adverbial ）：常由so that, that, such that, with the result that 等主从连词引导。 He worried so that he couldnt go to sleep. （结状从）他着急的睡不着觉。 条件状语从句（clause of condition adverbial ）：常由if, unless, as long as, provided, providing, on condition that, supposing that, in case等主从连词引导。 If you ask him, he will help you. （条状从）如果你请求他，他会帮助你。,让步状语从句（clause of concession adverbial ）：常由though, although, even if, even though, as(部分倒装), whoever, whenever, whatever, however, wherever, no matter wh-等主从连词引导。 Though it was very late, he went on working. （让状从）虽然很晚了，他还要继续工作。 方式状语从句（clause of time adverbial ）：常由as, as if, as though, like等主从连词引导。 Lets study as Lenin studied. （方状从）让我们想列宁那样学习吧。,比较状语从句（clause of comparison adverbial ）：常由as as, not so as, than, the the等主从连词引导。 This book is more instructive than that one. （比状从）这本书比那本书更有教育意义。 I can walk as quickly as he can. （比状从）我能走的和他一样快。,5. 短语或词组（phrase）：有一个以上的词构成的语法单位。常见的短语有： 1) 名词短语：John and Mary, the suggestion of yours, the doctors, etc. 2) 数词短语：two of us, three times three, the first of October, etc. 3) 动词不定时短语： 4）动词-ing短语(动名词短语或现在分词短语): 5）介词短语： 6）过去分词短语： 7）副词短语：out of the window, south of Beijing, etc. 8) 形容词短语：long and tedious, worthy of careful consideration, indicative of, etc.,6词（word）：是语言里能够使用的最小单位。词可以根据其语法意义、形式特征和句法功能分为十大词类/词性（part of speech）。 1）名词 (noun)：表示人、事物等名称，或指称行为、状态、品质等抽象概念的词。 2）代词（pronoun）：用来代替名词或其名词作用，指称人、事物、时间、地点、或抽象概念的词。 3）冠词（article）：用于名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人或物的词。英语仅有两个冠词。 4）数词（numeral）：表示抽象的数目、具体的数量或数目顺序的词。 5）形容词（adjective）：修饰名词或代词，表明人或事物等特征的词。,6）动词（verb）：表示行为、动作或状态等的词。 7）副词（adverb）：修饰动词、形容词、副词及其他短语或整个句子，表示行为、状态的特征、程度或时间、地点都能的词。 8）介词（preposition）：和名词或相当于名词的其他词、短语等用在一起，表示它与别的词或短语之间关系的词。 9）连词（conjunction）：用来连接词、短语、子句或句子的词。 10）感叹词（interjection）：表示说话人感情的词。,7句子分类： 1）陈述句（declarative sentence）：陈述一个事实或说明说话人的看法、态度等的句子，它分肯定局（affirmative sentence）和否定句（negative sentence）两种。 The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 中华人民共和国成立于1949年。 We have not been abroad. 我们没有出过国。,2）疑问句（interrogative sentence）：用来提出问题的句子。它分为以下四种： 一般疑问句（general question） Is this book yours? 这本书是你的吗？ 特殊疑问句（special question） Who is your teacher? 选择疑问句（alternative question） Are you a Chinese or a Japanese? 附加疑问句（tag question） You are a student, arent you? 你是个学生，对吗？,3) 祈使句（imperative sentence）：用来表示请求、命令、建议、祝愿的句子。 Be quiet. 安静。 Dont stand there. 别站在那里。 4）感叹句（exclamatory sentence）：用来表示说话人强烈感情如喜悦、赞叹愤怒、惊奇、厌恶、痛苦、犹豫、焦急、懊恼等的句子。句尾用感叹号。 What a wonderful time we had last night! 昨晚我们玩得真痛快！ How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力啊!,