《膨胀土开挖作业指导书word格式》.doc

南水北调中线一期工程总干渠陶岔渠首至沙河南干渠工程淅川段1标段 编号：001总干渠渠道膨胀土开挖施工作业指导书 单位： 编制： 审核： 批准： 2011年03月20日发布 2011年03月25日实施Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20* in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.15南水北调中线一期工程总干渠陶岔渠首至沙河南干渠工程淅川段1标段总干渠渠道膨胀土开挖施工作业指导书1适用范围 适用于南水北调中线一期工程总干渠陶岔渠首至沙河南干渠工程淅川1标段渠道膨胀土开挖施工。2作业准备2.1内业准备（1）技术依据a南水北调中线一期工程总干渠渠道膨胀土处理施工工法（NSBD-ZXJ-4-01）b南水北调中线一期工程总干渠渠道膨胀土处理施工技术要求(NSBD-ZXJ-2-01)c关于膨胀土开挖施工要求的通知、其它设计图纸和设计资料；d国家、验收标准及相关的质量、安全规范等。（2）作业指导书编制后，在正式开工前，组织技术人员认真学习实施性施工组织设计，阅读、审核施工图纸，澄清有关技术问题，熟悉规范和技术标准。制定施工安全保证措施、应急预案。对施工人员进行岗前技术培训，考核合格后持证上岗。2.2外业准备2.2.1施工测量在渠道开挖前测量队按照施工图纸，标识出开挖范围和位置。2.2.2机械设备准备施工前配备好施工所需的运输设备机具，所需设备机具详见表3设备机具配置表。2.2.3施工前的布置在正式施工前需要完成：根据施工地段的布置，做好施工作业面的排水设施。3技术要求3.1渠道膨胀等级划分依据渠道膨胀土开挖前主要根据自由膨胀率大小划分为弱、中、强三个等级，分辨出弱膨胀土与中强膨胀土，初步设计阶段渠道段膨胀土膨胀等级划分依据为：自由膨胀率大于90%为具有强膨胀潜势；自由膨胀率65%90%为具有中等膨胀潜势；自由膨胀率40%65%为具有弱膨胀潜势；自由膨胀率小于40%不具有膨胀潜势。（1）渠段有超过1/3土体试样的自由膨胀率大于90%时，该渠段定为强膨胀土渠段；（2）渠段有超过1/3土体试样的自由膨胀率大于65%时，该渠段定为中膨胀土渠段；（3）渠段有超过1/3土体试样的自由膨胀率大于40%时，该渠段定为弱膨胀土渠段。土体膨胀性与地层时代、地貌特征、岩性、颜色、钙质结核分布、裂隙特征等具有较好的相关性。3.2膨胀土等级现场判别在渠道开挖施工前，各施工段根据开挖面揭露的地层土情况进行地质编录，并对照判别标准，从地层岩性、地形地貌、土体颜色、钙质结核含量及分布部位、裂隙发育程度等5个方面对开挖面揭露的地层或土体进行判别。 膨胀土现场辨别标准 表-1裂隙密度条/m2弱中强小裂隙2731-494045大裂隙0.45-0.800.700.99-2.601.652.5长大裂隙0.0057-0.0350.0150.031-0.0750.0560.070时代土体颜色，裂隙、孔隙发育，结核分布特征Q3褐黄、褐色粉质粘土，粉质壤土孔隙发育，微裂隙发育，分布在河流二级阶地黄色、黑褐色粉质粘土、粘土，裂隙发育，裂隙充填灰白色粘土，含钙质结核、孔隙较发育。多分布在河间平原Q2黄褐色、棕褐色粉质壤土、粉质粘土，孔隙较发育，多分布在岗顶表层、岗坡洼地棕黄色、桔黄色、褐黄色粉质粘土、粘土，长大裂隙较发育，裂隙面光滑，裂隙面常充填青灰色粘土或黑色铁锰质薄膜，夹大小不一的钙质结核或富集层，多分布在岗顶下部棕黄色、灰白色粘土、粉质粘土，裂隙中充填较多灰白灰绿色粘土，长大裂隙发育Q1棕红黄色粉质壤土，裂隙、孔隙较发育棕红色粉质粘土、粘土，长大裂隙发育，充填灰白色粘土条带，夹钙质结核或成层分布紫红色粘土夹灰白色粘土，长大裂隙发育，含钙质结核Q坡积，灰褐色粉质粘土，多分布在岗坡洼地黄色粉质粘土。粘土，长大裂隙发育，充填灰白色粘土条带，多分布在岗顶低凹处3.3施工工法特点由于膨胀土的特殊性质，在开挖过程中必须采取覆盖、保护等有效措施减少大气环境的影响，分层、分段开挖并预留保护层，一次开挖的工作面不易过大。开挖过程中，在有上层滞水的地带需采取逐层设截流沟、逐层排水的方式，有效减少边坡失稳现象，对边坡的保护和设计断面的形成有成重要的作用。3.4 施工工艺原理在开挖过程中，采取逐层开挖排水沟排除滞水、渗水的开挖方式，并采取临时覆盖边坡、预留保护层和后续工序跟进，可有效隔绝阳光暴晒和雨雪冲刷或冻结，减少因土体失水干缩或遇水膨胀而引发的边坡失稳现象。3.5渠道开挖分层土方开挖前进行场地清理，首先进行测量放样，标识出开挖范围和位置，然后清理开挖区域内的有碍杂物，清理范围延伸至开挖线外侧2.0m的距离，然后进行主体工程开挖。开挖采用1.6m³液压反铲装20t自卸汽车按自上而下的顺序、分层开挖，控制深度每层34m。采用倒退法进行开挖施工。 开挖时先进行基坑两侧边坡坡脚处开挖，首先形成排水沟，排水沟距坡角3m（每层开挖前，排水沟都优先形成，且低于每层开挖底面11.5m），然后由两侧向中间进行，将中心线两侧每层土料倒至中心线附近，通过中线路运输至场外，当中线路顶面与开挖层面落差较大不利于反铲装料时，将中线路降低（挖除原有中线路，并利用推土机将晾晒土料收集并碾压形成新的中线路），开始循环开挖，直至挖至建基面，预留保护层3m，保护层开挖在下到工序开始时进行。分层开挖如下图所示。开挖区周边截流沟开挖桥面验收及铺板前评估测量放样底座板边线面验收及铺板前评估4施工工艺流程自上而下分层开挖在有地下水或层间滞水地段逐层开挖排水沟并排水坡面临时防护保护层开挖图-1 膨胀土开挖施工工艺流程图5. 施工要求5.1施工方法5.1.1周边截流沟开挖及处理正式开挖之前，在开口线外侧开挖临时截流沟，防止地表水流入开挖作业面，减少对开挖边坡的冲刷和侵蚀。临时截流沟的布置尽量与渠道永久截流沟结合，并结合现场地形汇水条件布置向渠外排水的通道。排水通道之间的截流沟底坡应平顺，当地形条件复杂时可采取一定的挖填措施处理。为保证截流沟的汇水作用，渠道开挖线与截流沟之间的坡顶可做成倾向截流沟一侧的缓坡，以免坡顶积水。5.1.2表层土清除采用推土机将地表附属物和表层有机耕作层清楚拢堆、装载机装车、自卸车运至指定地点堆放。5.1.3土方开挖采用反铲挖掘机开挖、自卸汽车运输，推土机在指定的堆放区推平。土方开挖按照从上到下分层分段依次进行，一次工作面开展不宜过大，分段长度150m200m左右，开挖层一次不宜超过3m。对同一个断面、同一开挖层来说，由中间同时向左右两岸开挖，以利于层间排水。同一区段内开挖面宜平行下降，不能平行下挖时，则两者高差不宜大于一个开挖梯段。可利用的开挖土料，根据土方平衡方案分区堆放，不同性质的土料不得混杂。开挖过程中预留保护层，保护层的厚度根据后续工程安排和土质情况而定，一般情况下，弱膨胀土渠段预留保护层厚度不小于30cm（垂直基面厚度），中、强膨胀土渠段预留保护层厚度不小于50cm（垂直基面厚度）。对于过水断面以上的渠道开挖，当自上而下开挖至一级马道后，必须停止开挖，进行保护层开挖及边坡的工程防护措施施工，比如换填、砌石联拱植草或其他护坡结构、永久排水设施施工等。在完成工程防护措施后，再进行下一级马道间开挖或过水断面的开挖施工。5.1.4排水土方分层开挖过程中，在存在上层滞水渗流的区域逐层开挖临时排水沟，底部开挖临时导渗沟，及时排除渗水或雨水。开挖时的排水系统采用明挖临时排水沟、导渗沟结合集水井的排水方式。首先在距离开挖断面两侧不小于3.0m的距离平行于渠道轴线开挖临时排水沟，用于汇集边坡层间滞水和雨水；在靠近渠道轴线的位置开挖临时导渗沟，其底部高程低于临时排水沟底，用于汇集地下水和边坡层间滞水；临时排水沟与导渗沟之间通过开挖支沟联通，在导渗沟适当的位置开挖集水井，井内布置水泵，当施工期降雨形成地面径流或出现层间滞水、渗水时，水流通过临时排水水沟、支沟汇集到导渗沟的集水井内，用水泵抽排至附近自然沟渠。随着开挖的进行，排水沟和导渗沟应不断加深，并灵活布置排水沟、导渗沟、集水井的位置，使沟底始终低于开挖底面，确保开挖面无明水。5.1.5临时防护由于膨胀土的特殊性质，在开挖过程中尽量减少大气环境的影响时间。临时防护主要有预留保护层和覆盖两种。在开挖过程中，为减少大气环境对渠道设计基面的影响，在开挖时不是采用一次挖到设计断面的方式，而是在建基面上预留一定厚度的土层作为保护层。这样即使保护层受到影响，但在一定时段内可以对建基面起到保护作用。除预留保护层外，在降雨期、高边坡地带或保护层开挖完成后进行换填施工之前，还必须进行坡面的覆盖防护。覆盖防护主要采取防雨布、塑料布等覆盖。覆盖时，采取上部膜压下部膜的方法，相邻块的搭接不小于1.0m，用土袋压盖，要做到全面覆盖不留死角，以减少大气环境影响。坡顶的防护范围较坡脚的防护范围适当加大，坡顶尽量覆盖至周边截流沟边。5.1.6保护层开挖保护层是为了保护建基面不受大气环境的影响而临时预留的土层。在进行基面的下步施工前，需要开挖保护层至设计建基面。保护层开挖采用人工配合挖掘机进行。在测量人员的指挥下，用挖掘机在坡面上每隔10m开挖出样槽。由有经验的挖掘机操作人员按样槽进行保护层开挖，挖掘机开挖方向垂直于渠道轴线，由上至下顺坡进行开挖。土料拢集于坡下后，装车运至指定地点。开挖时距离设计建基面还需要预留510cm的薄土层，目的是为了避免产生超挖。预留的薄土层开挖前，将挖掘机斗齿前焊接一块厚约20mm的钢板作为“刮板”，长度同挖掘机斗宽，宽度约为15cm，前缘与斗齿齐平，开挖方向垂直于渠道轴线，沿坡长自上而下将预留的薄土层刮除，人工用平头铁锹将坡面遗留的松土清除并拢堆。在坡面上钉木桩，每5m作为一个断面，按坡度放样，在桩位上固定尼龙线，人工对坡面进行适当整理，直至坡面坡度符合规范要求。每一段保护层开挖后，下道工序施工前，坡面要进行覆盖。5.2冬季施工措施根据招标文件要求及总进度计划安排，我部今年冬季进行开挖施工及混凝土浇筑，但由于冬季施工费用高且效率低，我部将采取以下对应措施。在冬季施工时，在冻结前将表层土翻耕耙松，其翻耕深度为50cm。基坑开挖时在基底标高以上预留100cm厚的保温土层，保证建基面不受冻伤害。此外，运输对土方开挖施工进度影响较大。过低的温度将影响车辆、设备的正常使用，降低设备的工作效率，必须采取特殊措施，以保证冬季施工正常进行。施工道路也是影响运输的主要因素，冬季施工必须对施工道路加强维护，并采取相应的措施，以保证施工道路的通畅。具体措施如下：（1）搭设保温棚对装载机、自卸汽车、反铲等施工机械进行保温。（2）施工机械使用低温季节的燃油、润滑油以及防冻液等。（3）使用带有车箱加热装置的自卸汽车，对装载机派专人管理和火炉加热法，以去除铲斗冻粘问题。（4）为确保冬季施工车辆正常运行，采取对自卸汽车等运输车辆挂防滑链、对施工道路除冰等防护措施；室外停放的车辆应经常发动、预热保温。（5）所有施工道路坡度不超过10%，道路内侧设置具有一定深度、顺畅的排水沟，有效排除路面面层中的含水量，减少冻结程度。（6）路面结冰、积雪时，用推土机清理道路或在路面铺垫煤渣防滑。5.3雨季施工措施5.3.1渠道经常性排水渠道开挖的同时进行渠道侧截流沟施工，防止地表水及雨水冲刷坡面、流入基坑。具体施工方案为：渠道经常性排水采用排水沟与集水井相结合的方法。渠道每层开挖之前，在渠道底部两侧先行各开挖一条排水沟，排水沟宽度为1.5m，深度为1m；渠道底部两侧每隔200m设置一个集水井，集水井井口尺寸为2.5×2.5，深度为2m。排水沟中的水汇流到集水井中，集水井内配置可方便移动的2污水泵，积水经沉淀后排入附近的河沟内。施工期间及时排出集水井内的积水，保证渠道内无积水。5.3.2建筑物基坑经常性排水建筑物基坑经常性排水采用排水沟与集水井相结合的方法。开挖施工前，在开挖边线外设置截水沟，防止水流冲刷坡面及流入基坑。建筑物基坑每层开挖之前，在基坑底部四周先行各开挖一条排水沟，排水沟宽度为1.5m，深度为1m；在基坑两侧的中间位置各设置一个集水井，集水井井口尺寸为2.5×2.5，深度为2m。排水沟中的水汇流到集水井中，集水井内配置可方便移动的2污水泵，积水经沉淀后排入附近的河沟内。施工期间及时排出集水井内的积水，确保基坑内无积水。6劳动力配置（1）劳动力组织方式：成立土方开挖的专业施工队伍。（2）根据总体施组要求，结合渠道开挖的工序搭配，确定合理的劳动力资源，配置的劳动力见下表。根据施工强度和机械设备配置，土石方明挖高峰期单班劳动力组合见表-2。 劳动力组合表 表-2工种司机电工电焊工修理工其他合计人员数量955620501767设备机具配置设备配置模式：实行机械化专业施工队伍。根据总体施组要求，结合渠道开挖段的工序搭配，确定合理的设备资源，机械设备配置详见表-3。 主要施工设备配置表 表-3序号设备名称型号及规格数量单位备注1液压反铲1.6m³30台2装载机3.0 m³6台3推土机D858台4自卸汽车20t66台5污水泵80WQ65-25-7.530台8质量评定验收 8.1削坡（1）衬砌施工放羊应按设计要求进行。渠口（底）边线的允许偏差:直线段土20mm、曲线段土±50mm。（2）对具有湿陷性的黄土渠段、膨胀土渠段和其它不良地质渠段，应按照设计要求特殊处理。（3）雨淋沟和坍坡应进行补坡，补坡前将坡面清理成锯齿形，补坡厚度应高出设计断面，并按设计要求压实。（4）压实后的渠坡宜采用削坡机削坡整平。削坡后的平整度不大于1cm2cm，当上覆为砂砾料垫层时削坡后的平整度应不大于2cm2cm。8.2 渠道开挖施工过程中及完成后质量要求和验收(1)施工过程中随时检查周围排水设施的有效性，边坡两侧截渗沟不得积水。(2)在土方开挖过程中，要随开挖进度及时测量校正开挖平面的尺寸和标高，按施工图要求检查开挖边坡的坡度。(3)施工过程中，需要随着开挖层面的下降布置排水沟和集水井，及时将上层滞水和渗水抽至渠顶临时截流沟内；要及时收集天气情报，预备塑料布或防雨布，及时覆盖坡面、路口及开挖区路腿等部位，防止雨雪侵蚀产生滑坡等地质灾害。为保持坡面稳定，在渠道土方开挖时必须预留保护层。保护层开挖尽量避免超挖，要由经验丰富的挖掘机操作人员进行，不得欠挖。如果不慎超挖，不得擅自进行补坡、人工拍坡处理，要视情况决定是否进行处理。在进行坡面整理时，要按照坡度进行钉桩挂线；挂线时将线拉紧，防止拉线下垂造成超挖。施工中，膨胀土渠坡若不慎雨淋、泡水、失水干裂，应将其挖除，不得欠挖，不得补坡或人工拍坡。土方开挖工程完成后，进行以下各项的质量检查和验收：1)按施工图纸要求检查开挖面尺寸、标高；2)边坡的坡度复测检查；3)坡顶临时截流沟底的坡度检查；4)坡面进行检查清理后，应保证无积水或渗水，基面土壤无扰动。8.3单元工程质量验收标准（1）土方开挖宜按施