r高频焊接型钢作钢结构建筑屋面檩条的等独特优势.doc

高频焊接薄壁H型钢作钢结构建筑屋面檩条的独特优势一、 高频焊接H型钢在国内外应用概述具有节能、可持续循环利用的高频焊接薄壁H型钢，是一种符合科学发展观的高校经济和用途广泛工程建材。从国外引进先进的生产线和生产技术，经过一段时间的市场开发，已经在工业厂房，公共建筑、机场展馆、钢结构住宅、农业大棚等领域应用。近年来，高频焊接薄壁H型钢在日本、美国以及欧洲国家应用的比较普及，特别是在建筑屋面樑及柃条上占了很大的比例。由于全球热轧型钢的产量达到2000万吨以上，而主要消耗在建筑的柱和主梁上，为降低用钢量，国内外工程迫切需要一种互补性的建材，高频焊接H型钢的独特优势突现出来，市场需求量迅速增长。据统计，日本生产的高频焊接薄壁H型钢为20万吨/年，绝大部分是日本柱友金属生产，大部分应用在民用住宅，房屋建筑达到150200万栋。美国45%、欧洲60%、瑞典90%的工业建筑屋面柃条较大比例采用高频焊接H型钢。同时，巴特勒、ABC、USA、BHP等20多家跨国公司进入中国后，大量选用高频焊接H型钢作屋面柃条，为国内外推广应用高频焊接薄壁H型钢起了示范作用。二、 高频焊接H型钢作屋面檩条的技术独特优势高频焊接薄壁H型钢之所以截面性能优越，是工艺上的先进性。由于采用高频焊接技术，焊头在腹板与翼缘之间直接供应高频电流进行加热，再通过压焊辊焊接成型，电力集中在焊缝部，由焊接产生的热影响少，所以它是在冷状态下进行焊接加工的。这就避免了翼、腹板厚度不均的问题，所以制成的型钢翼缘内外平整、精度高，外形美观；另外，高频焊接可不经过酸洗清除过程，但仍能保证无杂质夹杂。高频焊接H型钢与传统型钢单位重量相同时，规格经济化，其断面力矩、断面系数、耐压力、承荷重等技术指标均远高于热轧型钢。而且还可方便地生产出异型H型钢（上、下翼缘不等宽，上下翼缘不等厚），因此，截面形式可以按用户指定的截面尺寸定做，方便设计选用，减少浪费。H型钢由于其截面独特的优越性，被设计单位经常采用工业房屋及民用建筑的屋面檩条上。高频焊接H型钢规格经济化，能生产腹板厚度2.38mm、翼缘厚度3.210mm之间的H型钢，翼缘宽度50250mm、腹板高度70500mm。高频焊接薄壁H型钢生产线可生产多种规格产品，翼缘与腹板焊接可采取不同钢号的材料。特别是能解决其它焊接难以控制的薄规格生产，可大幅节约钢材。高频焊接H型钢的生产线加工容易，更换规格方便、迅速，一次生产批量可大可小，因其自重较轻，裁剪与焊接容易，并可任意加工、设计与组合，还可根据用户要求制造特殊尺寸以配合特殊工程之需。由于生产过程中受设备条件限制较少，产品规格多，轻、薄，这使得很多钢结构复杂、规格众多的工程构件可以在工厂预先加工，再到工地实施拼装，缩短现场施工周期。高频焊接H型钢与热轧H型钢和工字纲相比，施工费用低，折算成同样长度时的价格，由于可定尺供货，使用中损耗明显减少；同样承重条件下，高频焊接H型钢自重大大轻于热轧钢型，使房屋结构重量减轻，所以建筑物的基础造价可有较大降低；在同等承重条件下，结构尺寸合理，可增加室内有效使用面积5%以上，减少空间损失，因此比常规建筑降低综合成本约20%。另外，总重量的减轻，使运输、吊装等机械费用也都得以相应降低。高频焊接薄壁H型钢特点简单归纳为二个字：轻、薄。之所以轻、薄是相对热轧H型钢重、厚而言。其特点是热轧和其他型钢无法比拟的，同时，也是其工艺特点所决定的。高频焊接轻型H型钢是把纵剪的三条带钢进行连续性的焊接，连续生产能力强，能形成一定的生产规模。特别是能解决其它焊接难以控制形状的薄规格生产。其焊接部位性能和质量表现在：1、以组织熔敷宽度为W，W/TW*100%*100%为熔敷率，确保大于100%；2、腹板材料与翼缘材料的接合线在翼缘板材料一侧咬边，确认组织熔合；3、在焊接部位的腹板方向加力进行拉力试验，确认腹板母材断裂，并显示标准应力以上的断裂应力，即母材断裂而焊处不断。近年来，高频焊接轻型H型钢轻、薄及加工方便等特点已在工业厂房、仓库、超市、农业棚架、粮库、立体停车库、综合楼、民用住宅楼领域的应用中体现出明显的优越性。如：可缩短施工周期3050%、 增加使用面积5%以上，减少湿作业，降低建筑综合成本20%等等。因此国家建筑设计部门认定其技术先进，效益显著，将其列入建设部科技成果重点推广项目；荣获国家级重点新产品证书，建设部于2001年专门为高频H型钢产品颁布了中国建筑工业行业标准。（JG/T1372001）三、 高频焊接H型钢作建筑工程檩条应用的分析1、 高频焊接H型钢在公共建筑作屋面檩条设计论证广州国际会展中心，屋面围护系统的骨架以高频焊接薄壁H型钢为檩条。本工程地处台风泛滥的华南地区，风荷载特别大。据广东省建筑科学研究院提供的广州国际会展中心风动态测压试验报告风荷载最大处可达5.45kn/m2。如此大的风压加上下部主结构的跨度较大，最大为5m，这对于屋面檩条的设计来说是一大考验。同时从建筑外观上考虑屋面围护系统的总厚度（底板、面板+装饰板的总厚度）最小为285mm；故檩条的最大允许高度为242mm。这种檩条连接方法不仅有效地控制了檩条的总高度，而且使主次檩条同时与屋面板连接，在屋面板与主次檩条同时与屋面板连接，在屋面板与主次檩条间形成一个紧密的整体，有效地解决了H型钢次檩条的侧向稳定性问题，提高了屋面围护系统抗风荷能力。“世纪之花”湖南贺龙体育场位于长沙市中心，是全国第五届城市运动会主会场，该会场由湖南省建筑设计院主设计，浙江精工钢结构有限公司负责主体结构设计，是一座造型新颖，功能齐全的现代化体育场。在浙江精工钢结构设计人员拿到建筑设计院的设计图时，让设计人员为难的是，屋面檩条方面选择尤其不适宜，多数选择是C型纲和工字钢，且规格大，含钢量高，C型钢的选择也是需要定制加工的非标材料。设计师在进行复算时，发现该工程的设计存在很大的误区，就是没有做风洞试验，为了确保结构的安全性和可行性，在进行投标时就反复强调结构的可行性，提出采用轻质高强的高频焊接H型钢为主檩条，并协助设计院与同济大学进行风洞试验，证明所得结果比较正确。然后根据设计院的意图，再进行三种以上软件的复核，对照JG/T1372001产品标准，采用3D3S，STS、REA、美国、德国等钢结构软件复核，得出采用300*150*4*6高频焊接H型钢为主檩条十分科学合理，特别是抗风能力，稳定性方面均十分优越可靠，同时又节约材料，比原来的用钢量节约100多吨，为国家节约了开支。由高频焊接H型钢作公共建筑屋面檩条，其制作和施工相当简捷，由于制作方可以做到定长定尺，也可根据用户需要进行自行组合加工，而且可以做到预冲连接孔，这就大大的方便了施工单位的制作和安装。在施工安装时，原来常用的C型、Z型均容易扭曲和在安装时失稳，但高频焊接H型钢不会产生这种现象，且无须用节点板与主钢架连接，这一点将大大节约制作时间和施工速度。如上海浦东国际机场候机楼和新建竣工的广州新白云机场主航站楼钢屋盖檩条及东西两侧的连接楼屋面柃条采用高频焊接H型钢，建成后大气美观。2、高频焊接H型钢作工业厂房屋面檩条的选择与施工浙江精工钢结构公司主厂房30m跨，每跨均有25吨、10吨、16吨桥吊，吊车起吊高度9米，檐口标高14.5米，跨中间均设园弧型卡普隆气楼。柱和屋架均采用组合式格构型柱、梁，檩条全部采用高频焊接H型钢，总用钢量3050吨。工程的檩条设计。当初按照德国专家的设计要采用114*120*5*8H钢加60*40*3.2的矩形管制作结构式小梁，每米的重量在35.5kg，且上下均有支撑系统，制作麻烦，施工进度跟不上，而且造价高，精工钢构在设计过程中首先想到了工字钢，且本工程尚有局部开间为15m，若选择工字钢，要50号工字钢，且还需加焊角钢，每米的重量为115kg，且稳定性不好；若选择300*150*6*8的角钢，每米的重量为115kg，且稳定性不好；若选择300*150*6*8的高频焊接H型钢，各方面强度、稳定性、刚度、局部稳定等方面均符合要求，每米的重量则降到了32.22KG，而后在设计过程中，为了达到节能的效果，选择了350*175*3.2*4.5高频焊接H型钢作檩条，在进行强度、刚度、整体稳定和局部稳定等方面的复核和校对外，一下子把含钢量降到每米20.93kg，在檩条这一点上为建设方节约用材300多吨，德国设计专家竖起了大拇指，连声说“OK”，并要求把高频焊接H型钢的资料带一份回去，连夸该产品具有很好的推广价值和使用价值。宝钢集团上海一钢公司不锈钢工程和宝钢新日铁汽车板1800宽度产品项目是我国目前装备水平最高、自动化程度嘴快、生产规模最大的专业生产线，是我国目前最大的冶金技改工程项目。工程主厂房设计为单层排架支多层框架相结合的多跨全钢结构厂房，由于高频焊接H型钢截面尺寸的灵活性，截面的高厚比、宽厚比等值在保证局部稳定的前提下设计的更合理一些，而且相应提高单位面积的截面力学参数显示出力学性能。因此主要构件均采用Q345B，高频焊接H型钢主要应用于部分平台楼面，屋面梁等部位，竣工后的一钢不锈钢钢结构厂房工程被评为上海市“金刚奖。在中日合资的小车灯工程设计中，由于屋面板下有一定的吊挂荷载不能采用冷弯薄壁柃条，但若采用轧制H型钢其用钢量稍大，经分析比较后，采用了高频焊接H型钢作屋面柃条，截面为H300*200*6*8规格，间距离为2.4M、3M。经分析比较后改为只有采用高频焊接H型钢较为经济合理。由此可知，按常规设计采用高频焊接H型钢的用钢量比轧制H型钢的用钢量明显减少，如本工程屋面檩条同比可节省近20吨建成投产，使用效果良好。3、高频焊接H型钢在住宅中作结构梁的优越性低、多层钢结构住宅结构以柱、梁为主，高层主要以次梁为主。在钢结构住宅体系中，就产业化而言，高频焊接H型钢住宅结构体系相对其他建筑材料构成的体系，具有明显优势。借鉴国内外有关成功经验，近年来多家企业已经在广东、深圳、新疆、浙江、天津、大连、武汉、上海等地建造起一批以高频焊接H型钢为框架结构体系为主的低层、多层住宅200多栋。如上海第一栋钢结构高层住宅其框架梁全部采用高频焊接H型钢，其宽度和厚度可以根据设计的要求任意改变，腹板的厚度可以在满足局部稳定的条件下做的比轧制H型钢薄，这就使得在同样用钢量的前提下，截面惯性矩比轧制H型钢增加2030%，这对于承受弯矩为主的框架梁来说，就等于是节约了2030%的用钢量。中福城住宅工程为使构件、节点统一，全部钢梁采用统一规格，断面为H320*150*5*8，这使得整个工程梁节点标准化，方便施工和安装。高频焊接H型钢具有宽肢薄腹构件的特征，梁柱构件是轻钢住宅框架结构体系的基本材料之一，主要受力构件的梁、柱采用高频焊接H型钢的结构体系能充分利用高频焊接H型钢强轴方向的抗侧能力，在强轴方向形成钢性框架；在弱轴方向则利用钢支撑抵抗侧向力，形成支撑一铰接框架。建设部组织实施的钢结构住宅课题，二栋5层钢结构住宅，住宅部分的钢梁全部采用高频焊接H型钢，如前所述，其截面尺寸可按用户要求定制，这使住宅部分的钢梁比轧制H型钢节约用钢量约25%。由于本工程住宅部分钢梁与钢柱均采用铰接节点，钢梁设计全部采用H钢组合梁断面进行计算，现浇混凝土楼板受压，可节约钢梁的用钢量的15%，同时也降低了钢梁的高度，增加了使用空间。高频焊接轻型H型钢承载优越性。在钢结构住宅和低、多层住宅中合理的使用高频焊接H型钢，可充分发挥其优点，在工作中达到节约刚才、降低造价的目的。广东东莞和伤害松江钢结构住宅小区其跨度空间，使户内有效使用面积比相应砖混凝土提高5%。同一构件采用热轧H型钢时的用钢量均大于采用高频焊接轻型H型钢时的用钢量，重量比最大时为1.68。随着北京2008年奥运会场馆和2010年上海世博会建设高潮迭起，高频焊接H型钢将充分展示其优特点，一定能为我国的钢结构建筑事业的大发展作出更大贡献。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadershi