建筑物垂直度的四规定及要求.doc

建筑物垂直度的规定1相关规范：建筑变形测量规程JGJT 897工程测量规范GB 5002693。2在土木工程施工中，测量工作是贯穿整个施工过程各个阶段的基础性技术工作。施工测量工作的内容及其完成情况的准确程度，对工程能否顺利施工及其质量水平起着至关重要的作用。为此，国家颁布了系统的工程测量和施工验收规范、规程，以指导和规范工程测量技术工作。应高度的重视施工测量技术、测量管理。3施工测量的主要内容：(1)工程场地施工控制测量，主要包括建立建筑平面控制网和高程控制网。(2)建筑主轴线测量及定位放线。(3)主体施工测量，包括轴线投测及高程传递。高层(超高层)建筑物主体施工测量中的主要问题是控制垂直度，即是须将基准轴线准确地向高层引测，要求各层相应轴线位于同一竖直平面内。因此，控制轴线投测的竖向偏差，并使其偏差值不超过规范、规程允许的限值，是高层建筑施工测量中一件很重要的工作。(4)建筑变形测量。其主要内容包括对建筑物实体的沉降观测、倾斜观测、位移观测及裂缝观测等。(5)施工偏差检测。各种结构构件及建筑设备，其就位、垂直度、标高等状态，难免会因施工及环境等原因出现偏差。因此，施工规范、规程及质量验评标准都规定了要对结构施工偏差情况进行检查，并规定了允许偏差值。4关于高层建筑施工竖向(垂直度)控制的规定要求。从以上对建筑施工测量有关内容分类可看出，对于建筑物施工过程，其施工过程的竖向(垂直度)控制，也即轴线投测的控制是非常重要的一环。轴线投测的准确度直接关系到建筑结构施工质量及安全性。对于超高层建筑物来讲尤其重要。因此，高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程(JGJ 32002)对高层建筑结构施工的测量放线作业及其允许误差作了明确的规定。其中第723条，规定了测量竖向垂直度时，必须根据建筑平面布置的具体情况确定若干竖向控制轴线，并应由初始控制线向上投测。对于轴线投测的误差，规定了层间测量偏差不应超过3mm；建筑全高垂直度测量偏差不应超过3H/10000（H为建筑总高度)，且对应于不同高度范围的建筑物，其总高轴线投测偏差有不同的规定。因此，在工程施工过程中，必须要注意按这些规定的要求对轴线投测误差进行控制，并详细记录。另外，对于特别重要的超高层建筑来说，为避免由于测量仪器、手段、人为原因或环境原因出现总高度轴线投测误差过大，除了在首层±000处测定建筑物基准轴线外，有必要视情况采用专业的、精确的仪器及手段将建筑物总高分为若干轴线投测控制段，分段投测、分段锁定基准轴线，以便于施工又避免出现总高度轴线投测出现较大误差。5关于对结构构件(实体)施工垂直度偏差、标高的检测规定。我们知道，在确定了建筑平面轴线及结构构件(如墙、柱)等具体位置之后，由于施工操作及外部环境影响等诸原因，结构墙、柱构件实体在对应轴线位置、垂直度、标高、截面尺寸等方面有可能出现偏差。为此，混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范(GB 502042002)对现浇及预制装配的混凝土结构构件施工允许偏差作了具体的规定。如对现浇混凝土结构墙柱构件的垂直度允许偏差，分为层间与全高两方面同时控制，层高5m时及>5m时的层间垂直度偏差分别不能大于8mm及10mm；总高偏差不能大于H1000及30mm(H为建筑物全高)。对现浇混凝土结构墙柱构件的标高允许偏差，分为层间与全高两方面同时控制，层间标高±10mm；总标高偏差±30mm。这些规定，是对具体工序操作技术及质量的要求，也需进行检测及记录。20m， 垂直度允许偏差为0.008Hmm。20H50m， 垂直度允许偏差为0.006Hmm。50H100m，垂直度允许偏差为0.005Hmm。相对于全高而言的。H=全高说 明1.超过允许偏差的偏差值在表中用 标出；2.在备注栏中应注明建筑物标高、全高的设计值；每层所测的具体位置或轴线未描述清楚的也可在备注栏中标出或另外做出详细记录； 3.主体结构验收前，应对建筑物每层楼面标高、各大角或转角垂直度进行测量；房屋竣工验收前，也应对各大角或转角垂直度进行测量，故本表每个工程均应有两张。测量由监理单位会同施工单位进行，测量数据作为验收的依据之一。 4.砌体结构外墙垂直度全高查阳角，不应少于4处，每层每20m查一处；内墙按有代表性的自然间抽10%，但不应少于3间，每间不应少于2处，柱不少于5根。混凝土结构按楼层、结构缝或施工段划分检验批。在同一检验批中，对梁、柱，应抽查构件数量的10%，且不少于3件；对墙和板，应按有代表性的自然间抽查10%，且不少于3间；对大空间结构，墙可按相邻轴线间高度5m左右划分检查面，板可按纵横轴线划分检查面，抽查10%，且均不少于3面。 5.允许偏差及检验方法项 目允 许 偏 差 （）检 验 方 法现 浇混凝土结 构垂直度层 高5m8经纬仪或吊线、钢尺检查>5m10经纬仪或吊线、钢尺检查全高（H）H/1000且30经纬仪、钢尺检查标 高层高±10水准仪或拉线、钢尺检查全高±30砌 体结 构垂直度每层5用2的托线板检查全 高10m10用经纬仪、吊线和尺检查，或用其它的测量仪器检查>10m20工程测量 1土方测量建筑施工之前，根据项目设计部门提供的基准坐标点，进行控制网的建立，使加密控制点尽可能满足工程放样的要求，以及尽可能不被施工破坏。由于土方开挖的特殊性，因考虑土方开挖对控制点位置的影响，所以每天测量之前因对控制点进行检核，保证控制的位置精度。根据项目设计部门提供的建筑设计施工图确定土方开挖的位置及标高，一般由三个角点坐标和平面设计标高来控制土方开挖的位置和标高。2建筑物的定位测量 建筑物定位测量前，应由国土局提供并确认的测量在坐标点，（包括书面通知和现场坐标移交）坐标点一般为三点以上，其中两点作为定位测量用，其余点作为校核用。  所提供的坐标点施工单位应妥善保护，当坐标点位于建筑物内或施工过程可能会被破坏时，应在单体定位后，引至安全地方固定好。  建筑物定位测量时，以所提供的两个坐标点进行测量定位，然后利用其余坐标点反向测量校核；属坐标有误时，应及时通知现场专业监理工程师校核；属放样本身轴线有误，应重新放样。  放样后的轴线应标于龙门板上，用于基槽轴线放样，模板定位，地梁轴线复核，以及±0.00以下的墙体轴线放样，每次测量前均应先根据坐标点复核龙门板轴线。  3.轴线放样  在基础回填之前，可利用龙门板的轴线，先放样底层轴线，也可以先把龙门板的轴线后移至不影响回填土的地方，待回填土后再进行底层放样。当底层墙体或柱施工完毕，应把后移的轴线标点移至建筑物的四大角和转角墙、柱上，并用铁漆标好，这些标准轴线将随建筑物的施工一直往上引，作为本层其它轴线放样的依据。为确保框架结构中外框架的垂直和观感要求，外排柱应每柱都引通高轴线。  本层内的墙体或框架中排柱应以边轴线拉通长线进行内墙或内排柱的轴线定位。框架结构中的外排柱在通线进行定位后，还应对单柱上下层的轴线进行复核。  当墙体为框架柱时，在模板安装前，还应根据已放样的轴线，弹出模板安装时的内边线，作为立模定位的依据。  砌体组砌时，外围护墙应边砌边吊线校核。柱的模板上口引中线与标准轴线校核。梁板则根据柱、墙上口校核过的中线进行轴线校核。  阳台或出墙构件，除应从轴线外引进行定位外，还应吊垂线与低一层的阳台或出墙构件对齐。  4.建筑物标高复核  由国土局提供并确认的坐标点时，应同时提供永久性高程点，当永久性高程点距建筑物较远时，应引至建筑物四周不受影响的地方做半永久性高程点或在建筑物四周做高程桩，再把永久高程引至高程桩。高程桩应设井围护，桩身置于残积土以下，桩身为上小下大方柱或圆柱并埋设16圆钢，高程桩应设在不易扰动的地方，半永久性高程应定期校核。  根据永久性高程或半永久性高程，测量基底标高，在基底做标高木桩控制垫层厚度，在地梁模板上弹梁面标高线以控制地梁标高，在底层墙体上或框架柱上测出建筑物单体的±0.00基线，并用铁漆标出，作为层高的控制线。层高测量可采用挂线丈量与经纬仪测量仰角后计算层高相结合。每层施工完，相应的层高控制线应上引。  根据层高控制线引入室内转为30线或50线。室内30线或50线作为窗台控制，墙顶控制，木门窗安装标高控制，梁底和板底标高控制的依据。30线或50线还可做为天棚粉刷打底的阴角水平比较线和地面找平或找坡控制的比较线。  5.建筑物的总高测量  建筑物的总高测量主要是利用经纬仪测量总高点的仰角，再与±0.00基线测出经纬仪的高度，利用经纬仪与±0.00基线的距离，和总高点仰角计算经纬仪至总高点的高度，后与经纬仪高度的总和即为建筑物的总高。采用全站仪时，则可直接测出总高度。  6.建筑物的垂直度测量  在建筑物主体封顶后，装修前，应对建筑物的垂直度进行第一次测量。待装修后，竣工前测第二次。  装修前的垂直度测量，可采用吊垂线和经纬仪相配合。垂线从屋面边轴线吊线下来，经纬仪控制垂线的垂直，垂线在底层与同轴的轴线偏差，即垂直度偏差。  装修后的垂直度测量，则可在直接从屋面的外墙大角吊垂线。经纬仪控制垂线的垂直，垂线在底层与大角的偏移，即为垂直度偏差。  一般建筑物四大角均应测量垂直度。每个大角应测量两个方向。  7.建筑物沉降观测 沉降观测要求采用18钢筋进行预制，端头垂直90°角。平直长度2.2CM的弯头作为测量点,测量点应磨成半球形或圆台状。  沉降观测点统一安装在建筑物室外标高以上50CM处。安装时，若安装点是钢筋砼柱时，则应直接焊接于柱筋上；若是砖墙，则应采用先预埋在砼预制块上，再砌上墙，沉降观测点安装时，应伸出墙5CM左右，以确保外墙装修后，沉降观测点能伸出墙2.5CM，沉降观测点安装后应上漆并标出标志。  沉降观测点每个建筑物应设不少于4个，观测点一般设在建筑物的转角和建筑物沉降缝两侧。  建筑物沉降观测是利用永久高程点或半永久高程点进行测量的。测量时应采用闭合差测量，沉降观测的目的除测量建筑物每测量点的沉降量外，最主要的目的是测出不均匀沉降量。因此，测量沉降时每次只允许采用同一个永久高程或半永久高程。  建筑物沉降观测在沉降点安装后，第一次应先测出各沉降点的实际高程，以后每上一次荷载或每上一自然层应测一次沉降观测。到建筑物封顶后，则改为每月定时观察。四、测量责任和资料管理 除每次测量的测量方案需技术负责人确认外，每次测量后，负责跑尺、观镜、校对、复核、审核的责任人应签字。 原始记录和根据原始记录整理的测量结果均是测量技术资料。 专业监理工程师将定期抽查测量资料。施工单位应积极配合。 （英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high fr