边坡支护及锚索与格构梁联合施说工工法.doc

探析边坡支护及锚索与格构梁联合施工工法摘要：本文对山区高边坡病害特征和对其治理工程方案的慎重选择进行了深入分析。关键字：高边坡病害治理工程方案abstract: in this paper， a mountainous area high slope disease characteristics and its governance project careful selection of in-depth analysis.keywords: high slope; engineering project management中图分类号：u213.1+3 文献标识码：a 文章编号：现阶段随着我国山区建设迅猛发展。在山区建设中，出现大量的山体边坡，其防护问题非常突出。为了满足安全可靠和经济合理双重目标，对高边坡病害特征的深入分析和对其治理工程方案的慎重选择显得十分重要。一、边坡支护及锚索与格构梁联合施工工法特点（一）该施工方法的特点是：锚索与格构梁联合结构是对边坡进行加固的一种支护技术，该加固技术具有布置灵活、结构形式多样、截面调整方便、与坡面密贴、可随坡就势等显著优点，格构内采用挂网喷砼、植草绿化和防护，同时该方法造价较低、施工工期短、边坡变形小，安全可靠，使其在高边坡加固处理中得到广泛应用。（二）使用其工作原理是利用锚杆将滑动体固定在山体上，以锚杆约束山体的滑动，并在滑动体表面锚头上加格构梁和挂钢筋网并喷射混凝土，在滑动体表面形成钢筋混凝土板体结构，这样可以将松散的岩石固定为一个整体，以达到彻底根治滑坡的目的。二、适用范围根据格构的特点和作用，格构加固技术特别适用于坡度较陡、坡体岩土均匀且较坚硬的边坡。但应当注意，对于不同稳定性的边坡应采用不同的格构形式和锚固形式的组合进行加固或坡面防护。三、施工工艺流程及操作要点（一）工艺流程（二）操作要点1、施工准备做好施工场地的排水工作，材料、机械的防雨、防水工作，保证水、电畅通。将预应力的钻孔设备、注浆设备、张拉设备调至工作面附近，待坡面整修工作面完成后，马上吊运至工作面。锚索所需的水泥、钢材、预应力钢铰线及锚具等各类材料必须具有出厂检验合格证，并符合国家标准。使用前需对各种材料做必要的物理力学试验，提供材料检验合格证书等资料。预应力锚索使用的千斤顶、压力表等使用前必须进行标定或检验。2、孔位定位放样根据各工点工程平、立面图，按设计要求，将锚孔位置准确测放在坡面上，孔位误差不得超过±50mm。如遇既有刷方坡面不平顺或特殊困难场地时，需经设计监理单位认可，在确保坡体稳定和结构安全的前提下，适当放宽定位精度或调整锚孔定位。3、搭设脚手架平台与钻机就位为方便钻机作业，需在边坡上搭设脚手架平台。高边坡钻孔工作均在高空条件下作业，作业平台的牢固性与安全性十分重要。采用符合规范标准的48mm×35 mm 钢管作支架，用扣件联接，平台宽度为4m ， 作业平台上满铺建筑模板，模板与脚手架用铁丝绑扎牢固。钻机在作业平台上安装要保证稳固，且保证使钻头中心对准孔位中心。确保锚孔开钻就位纵横误差不得超过±50mm，高程误差不得超过±100mm，钻孔倾角和方向符合设计要求，倾角允许误差位±1.0°，方位允许误差±2.0°。4、钻孔（1）钻孔设备钻孔机具的选择，根据锚固地层的类别、锚孔孔径、锚孔深度、以及施工场地条件等来选择钻孔设备。岩层中采用潜孔冲击成孔；在岩层破碎或松软饱水等易于塌缩孔和卡钻埋钻的地层中采用跟管钻进技术。（2）钻进方式钻孔要求干钻，禁止采用水钻，以确保锚索施工不致于恶化边坡岩体的工程地质条件和保证孔壁的粘结性能。钻孔速度根据使用钻机性能和锚固地层严格控制，防止钻孔扭曲和变径，造成下锚困难或其它意外事故。（3）钻进过程钻进过程中对每个孔的地层变化，钻进状态（钻压、钻速）、地下水及一些特殊情况作好现场施工记录。如遇塌孔缩孔等不良钻进现象时，须立即停钻，及时进行固壁灌浆处理（灌浆压力0.10.2mpa），待水泥砂浆初凝后，重新扫孔钻进。（4）孔径孔深钻孔孔径、孔深要求不得小于设计值。为确保锚孔直径，要求实际使用钻头直径不得小于设计孔径。为确保锚孔深度，要求实际钻孔深度大于设计深度0.2m以上。（5）锚孔清理钻进达到设计深度后，不能立即停钻，要求稳钻12分钟，防止孔底尖灭、达不到设计孔径。钻孔孔壁不得有沉碴及水体粘滞，必须清理干净，在钻孔完成后，使用高压空气（风压0.20.4mpa）将孔内岩粉及水体全部清除出孔外，以免降低水泥砂浆与孔壁岩土体的粘结强度。除相对坚硬完整之岩体锚固外，不得采用高压水冲洗。若遇锚孔中有承压水流出，待水压、水量变小后方可下安锚索与注浆，必要时在周围适当部位设置排水孔处理。如果设计要求处理锚孔内部积聚水体，一般采用灌浆封堵二次钻进等方法处理。（6）锚孔检验锚孔钻造结束后，须经现场监理检验合格后，方可进行下道工序。孔径、孔深检查一般采用设计孔径、钻头和标准钻杆在现场监理旁站的条件下验孔，要求验孔过程中 钻头平顺推进，不产生冲击或抖动，钻具验送长度满足设计锚孔深度，退钻要求顺畅，用高压风吹验不存明显飞溅尘碴及水体现象。同时要求复查锚孔孔位、倾角和方位，全部锚孔施工分项工作合格后，即可认为锚孔钻造检验合格。5、锚索制作锚索制作工艺流程：编束通知单下料、清洗安装承载体挤压p锚编束安装支撑环安装注浆管验收库存在预先平整好的下料场地上按下料长度进行下料，每根绞线长度误差控制在10cm左右。钢绞线下料长度=各分段锚固长度+锚索自由段长度+框格梁厚度+锚索工作段长度+截长误差（约100mm）。下料要求用砂轮切割机切割好以后，钢绞线全段除锈除污垢后，将每束锚索平顺地放在制作平台上，用钢卷尺量出锚固段和自由段，分别作出标记，在自由段涂抹黄油，作防腐处理后再外套pvc 管（如采用无粘结预应力钢绞线，则在一端锚固长度内剥除pe层，对剥除部分钢绞线除污洗净）。按要求设置承压板、支撑环，支撑环每1m放1个，用gyj60a型挤压机对剥除部分挤压上p锚。索体要求绑扎牢固，绞线应平行顺直。对不同位置处的承载体相应的绞线外露端做出临时和永久性标记。灌浆管绑扎在锚索体上，灌浆管头部距锚索体端部510cm，灌浆管使用前，要检查有无破裂、堵赛。绑扎好的锚索顶部要安装导向帽，以方便穿索。锚索制好后应将承压板、p锚外部涂上防腐油漆。检查合格后的锚索标识好以后分区存放，同时做好防雨、防晒工作。6、锚索安装向锚索孔安索前，要核对锚索编号是否与孔号一致，确认无误后，即可将锚索用人工抬至工作面，用人工将锚索平顺穿入锚孔，当外露部分满足工作长度时即到位，停止穿索。锚索往孔内穿时，索体必须平顺，不得扭绞，同时应避免损伤pe（或pvc）管及支撑环脱落。锚索安装工作结束后即可进行灌浆工作。7、注浆注浆采用3sns系列注浆泵，搅拌采用灰浆搅拌机进行。浆液要搅拌均匀，随绞随用，并在初凝前用完。严防石块等杂物混入浆液。注浆材料为纯水泥浆，水泥选用普通硅酸盐425#，水灰比为0.380.48，外加10%uea-z型复合膨胀剂和0.6%的高效早强减水剂。本次锚杆注浆分两次进行：第一次注浆压力应控制在1mpa以内，注浆应慢、稳、连续地进行，直到孔内的液体和气泡全部排出孔外，出口处溢出的泥浆与新浆相同后，再延续1min即可停止；第一次注浆完成后1小时内进行补浆，保证浆体饱满度。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble