英文医学论文稿件中常见问题分析.ppt

,医学论文英文稿件中 常见问题分析 照日格图 中华医学杂志 英文版 总编辑 美国新英格兰医学杂志编委,提纲： 文题 作者姓名和工作单位 摘要：目的、方法、结果、结论 正文：引言、材料与方法、 结果、讨论 某些语法问题、“中式”英语,一、文题 定义：用短语或句子形式集中反映一篇论文主要内容的一段文字 作用：供审稿、引起读者阅读兴趣、供编制索引等 构成：用一定逻辑关系连接起来的名词短语或句子,对文题的要求： 简(字数18，2行) 明(清楚，不模糊) 准(不夸大、具体),Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity (N Engl J Med 2002, 346:802-810) 显著肥胖的儿童和青少年中 葡萄糖耐量异常的患病率 十分符合简、明、准的要求。,Effect of nonoxynol-9 gel on urogenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infection： A randomized controlled trial (JAMA. 2002;287:1117-1122) 壬苯醇醚 9 凝胶对泌尿生殖系淋病和 衣原体感染的作用，一项随机对照的试验 比上一个文题长一些，但也只有10个主要词，原文题目分两行，仍不失简捷。明确告诉读者是一项随机对照的试验。有药名、疾病、研究涉及的人体部位。,文题的某些特别注意事项： 数字：若以数字开始，用英文拼写的数词，不可用阿拉伯数字。 标点符号：引号用单引号 药名：用通用名 种属名称: 微生物、植物(草药)等的正式名用用斜体字,如Streptococcus pneumoneae 缩略语：尽可能避免 字体：Times New Roman, 加黑,关于大小写：国内期刊多要求仅第一个字的首字母大写；国外期刊一般要求每个主要词的首字母大写（冠词、前置词，由三个或三个以下字母组成者不大写）。,Induction of anaphylatoxin C5a receptors in rat hepatocytes by lipopolysaccharide in vivo: Mediation by interleukin-6 from Kupffer cells (Gastroenterology 2002 122: 689-696) 在大鼠肝细胞内以脂多糖在体内诱导 过敏毒素C5a：来自库普弗(枯否)细胞的白介素6的调节 由13个主要词组成。特别体现准确。这是基础研究论文的特点之一。说明研究的具体内容，同时说明研究对象：是动物实验，是大鼠，是体内实验，说明涉及的细胞种类等。,以上几个文题均由名词性短语组成。但也有用完整的句子作为文题者。例如： Genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor CCR1 protects against acute Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in mice (Gastroenterology 2002 122: 725-733) 趋化因子受体CCR1的遗传缺陷保护小鼠不患 急性难辨梭状芽胞杆菌毒素A肠炎 由13个主要词组成，主语是Deficiency，而谓语是protects, 注意，这种情况下，谓语动词用一般现在时。后面有补语和状语。还请注意细菌种属名称用斜体字。,Cost-effectiveness of coronary stenting and abciximab for patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications) trial Circulation 2003 108: 2857 - 2863 急性心肌梗死病人冠状动脉支架置入和阿昔单抗治疗的费用效益：降低血管成形术晚期并发症的阿昔单抗和器械对照(CADILLAC)研究 这一题目比较长，主要因为其中包括一项研究的很长的名称。虽然长，但内容清楚，容易理解。,以下是几个可以进一步修改、完善的例子 Transfusion-transmitted virus infection 改为：Transfusion-transmitted virus infection in patients with viral hepatitides and healthy controls,The determining HO-1 activity and its signification in patients with asthma 可改为： Determination of HO-1 activity and its significance in patients with asthma,Pulmonary function examination of normal infants between 112 months in Guangzhou District Pulmonary function of healthy infants 1-12 months of age in Guangzhou area,Test results and clinical significance of the four serum markers in health persons and others suffering with chronic hepatitis Clinical significance of four serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis,Psychiatric disorders: A rural-urban comparison Rural-urban differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders Prevalence of psychiatric disorders is higher in urban than in rural areas,Clinical study of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion Clinical characteristics of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion,Labeling and Experimental studies of the infection imaging agent of infected site with 99mTc-(CPF) labeled ciprofloxacin Experimental studies on the imaging of infected site with 99mTc-(CPF)labeled ciprofloxacin in mice,Association analysis between the serotonin 1A receptor C(-1019)G polymorphism and major depressive disorder in the Northern Han Nationality of China Analysis of association between the serotonin 1A receptor C(-1019)G polymorphism and major depressive disorder in the Northern Han ethnic group in China,总之，文题要简、明、准，字数不宜多；逻辑关系要清楚，开头不用定冠词The、不用阿拉伯数字。不用A study on , A survey of, An investigation of 等。,二、作者姓名、工作单位 (书写格式因期刊而异，以下是CMA期刊的规定) 作者姓名： 要列出全部作者的姓名； 姓名均用斜体字; 姓的每个字母都要大写； 名的第一个字母大写，其余字母 一律小写，中间要带连字符；,举例： BAO Xin-hua, PEI Zhu-ying, QIN Jiong, WU Xiru. YANG Ming, YANG Yong-hong, Alexander DMITRIEV, SHEN A-dong, TONG Yue-juan, SHEN Xu-zhuang, FAN Xun-mei.,如有两个或两个以上作者，作者姓名之间要用逗号分开，最后一位作者姓名后加句号。 香港、澳门作者姓名的拼写法与汉语拼音的拼写法不同，要尊重当地拼写法。 外国作者姓名写法，尚无统一规定，应是名在前，姓在后，但姓的全部字母要大写。有中间首字母的仍放在中间，但其后一定要有黑点(句号)，如： Melvin H. FREEDMANN Melvin H. Freedmann,Yao Hua Ji, Qiang Ruan, Rong He, Yan Ping Ma, Ying Qi, Zhi Qin Mao, Yu Jing Huang,工作单位： 请不要按自己的想像或印象去写单位名称。要按照单位正式对外名称写。可参考单位的正式出版物如期刊，如学报等上的写法。单位名称中所有主要词的第一个字母都要大写。 具体写法：按科室、医院、大学的顺序写，中间以逗号隔开。后面写城市名和邮政编码，最后写China。例如： Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Beijing University， Beijing 100034, China 请不要写成“P. R. China”。,又如： Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China Department of Stomatology, Beijing Childrens Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China (勿写“P. R. China”),个别地名的英文拼写法与一般想象的不同，暂以中国地图出版社出版的中国地图册和学苑出版社出版的最新世界地名录（均有中、英文地名，而且两者中的基本相同）为准。如： 西安：Xi'an; 陕西：Shaanxi; 乌鲁木奇：Ürümqi; 呼和浩特：Hohhot，等。,Virus Laboratory, ChunQiu Medical University, The second affiliated hospital, ChunQiu 110004, P. R. China Department of Gastroenterology, No. 999 Hospital of Chuqiu PLA Area, Chunqiu, 110004 China,三、摘要(abstract, summary) 作用:简明但稍微具体地反映一篇论文的主要内容，供阅读、编入数据库等。 构成：背景(目的)、方法、结果和结论。不同期刊要求不同。如N Engl J Med要求：Background (Objective), Method, Result, Conclusion,Context (上下文，即Background), 包括Objective的实际内容 Design and Setting, Patients, Intervention, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusions.,Method,目的 Objective Abstract Objective To evaluate the reliability of 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection by using gastroscopy and serum HP antibody testing.,又如： Abstract Objective To explore the flow cytometric 3-color analysis of circulating activated platelets (CAP) and its clinical significance in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.,JAMA表示目的的文字也多用To 短语，例如： Objective To compare the effect of CABG surgery with (on-pump) and without (off-pump) cardiopulmonary bypass on cognitive outcome.,表示目的的这一段文字应尽可能避免与文题完全重复。 常用于表示目的的动词不定式短语有： To evaluate To explore (国外期刊少用) To understand To clarify To determine To compare To test the hypothesis ,这种表示目的的句子，常用的有以下几种： The present study aimed at (后面多用动名词) This study was designed to (动词不定式短语) The present study was conducted to (同上) The purpose of this study was to (同上) The aim of this study was to (同上),ABSTRACT Background Childhood obesity, epidemic in the United States, has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents. We determined the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in a multiethnic cohort of 167 obese children and adolescents. (N Engl J Med, 2002, 346:802-810),Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent decline in physical function in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). We aimed to see whether ACE inhibitors also prevent reduction in physical performance and in muscle strength in older women who do not have CHF. 一般不主张用第一人称,(背景) Since the live-attenuated JE vaccine was licensed in 1990, it has already passed for 17 years. (自从JE减毒活疫苗于1990年获得批准以来，17年的时间已经过去了。) Since the live-attenuated JE vaccine was licensed in 1990, 17 years has already passed.,(目的) In this study, the aim was to . (本研究的目的为。) The aim of this study was to . This study aimed to ,The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between The present study aimed to report the relationship between The present study was designed to describe the relationship between This study aimed to report our experience of using ,方法 Method 1、研究对象、纳入和排除标准 2、研究方法、设计、分组、所用的技术、治疗的方法，等等 3、主要和次要终点指标,Methods In four treatment centers for visceral leishmaniasis, 667 patients between 5 and 55 years of age who were negative for the human immunodeficiency virus and had parasitologically confirmed visceral leishman-iasis were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive paromomycin (502 patients) at a dose of 11 mg per kilo-gram of body weight intramuscularly daily for 21 days or amphotericin B (165 patients) at a dose of 1 mg per kilogram intravenously every other day for 30 days. Final cure was assessed 6 months after the end of treatment; safety assessments included daily clinical evaluations and weekly laboratory and audiometric evaluations. Noninferiority testing was used to compare 6-month cure rates, with a chosen margin of noninferiority of 10 percentage points.,方法部分经常出现问题的是年龄的表示法。如果用单独一句话表示年龄，一般不会错。如: The mean age of the patients was 58 years (48-67 years). The patients' age ranged from 58 to 67 years (mean 58 years). The patients were in average 58 years old.,但如果不是用单独一句话表示年龄，而说明年龄的词语，只是一句话里的一部分时，常常出现问题。如： The patients aged 5.514 years old were divided into 2 groups. aged和old有一个即可，不能同时出现。,可改为： The patients aged 5.5-14 years were divided into 2 groups. 或 The patients，5.5-14 years old，were divided into 2 groups. 或 The patients 5.5-14 years of age were divided into 2 groups.,The patients of mean age 58 years old in the treatment group received interferon alpha injection. 可改为： The patients in the treatment group, mean age 58 years, received interferon-alpha injection. Seven-day postnatal male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=51) were used for study. 可改为：Seven-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=51) were used for the study.,(方法) Use the proper dilution (10-3-10-5) to be inoculated into well grown monolayer of MDCK cells. (用疫苗株的适当稀释液(10-3-10-5)接种到生长良好的MDCK细胞单层上。) The proper dilutions of the vaccine strain were inoculated onto well grown monolayer of MDCK cells.,(方法) Using viral RNA extracted from different vaccine lots and seed lots as templates, apmlified by RT-PCR, and detected by agar gel electrophoresis. (以从不同批次疫苗和种子批中提取的病毒RNA为模板，用RT-PCR进行扩增，并以琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定。) Using viral RNA extracted from different vaccine lots and seed lots as templates, E-protein gene was apmlified by using RT-PCR, and the PCR product was detected by using agar gel electrophoresis.,(方法) The follow-up was performed on 26 patients, ranging from 6 months to 46 months, mean 10.68 months. (对26例病人进行了为期6至46个月，平均10.68个月的随访。) Twenty-six patients were followed up for 6-46 (mean 10.68) months.,14 cases of LAM including one autopsy were collected from XXX hospital. Data of 14 cases with LAM including one autopsy were collected from XXX hospital.,There were 19 men and 6 women of the 25 cases with age range from 24 to 76 years (mean age, 54.9 years). Of the 25 cases, 19 were men and 6 were women with age ranged from 24 to 76 years (mean age, 54.9 years).,(A study on mice) Group 1 used free Hydrochloric ADM without conjugated to the PBCA-NP as the control, and the group 2-6 used ADM-PBCA-NP as the experimental groups. The mice in group 1 were treated with free hydrochloric ADM unconjugated with the PBCA-NP (control group), and those in the groups 2-6 were treated with ADM-PBCA-NP (experimental groups).,The data in our study was compared with other studies in intratimpanic drug delivery. The data obtained in this study were compared with those of other studies on intratimpanic drug delivery. 1) obtained 2) our study? 3) data是复数 4) compared with other studies? 5) studies on instead of in.,方法部分的时态也要用 一般过去时。,结 果 Results 一般论文摘要中占篇幅较大的是这一部分。这一段介绍最主要的研究结果。 时态用一般过去时。 摘要中一般不主张用图表(会议摘要可有少量图表)。 可以介绍一些关键的数字。国内不少杂志包括统计学处理结果（具有可信区间的有关数据或P值等）。JAMA和Lancet都主张包括P值。,在摘要的结果部分描述结果时，应当避免的一些情况： The results of our study showed that It was shown that The present study showed that 等等。 因为前面有个小标题Results，可以直接开始描述结果。,下面是N Engl J Med一篇摘要的结果部分： Results The mortality rate was 30.8 percent in the placebo group and 24.7 percent in the drotrecogin alfa activated group. On the basis of the prospectively defined primary analysis, treatment with drotrecogin alfa activated was associated with a reduction in the relative risk of death of 19.4 percent (95 percent confidence interval,6.6 to 30.5) and an absolute reduction in the risk of death of 6.1 percent (P=0.005). The incidence of serious bleeding was higher in the drotrecogin alfa activated group than in the placebo group (3.5 percent vs. 2.0 percent, P=0.06).,有问题的例子： (Results) The positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM in patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease are 25% and 20%、37.2% and 20%、40% and 20%、42.9% and 28.6%、37.5% and 25.0%, respectively. There is no difference of the positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM among the above five types of children's common rheumatism (P0.05).,(初步修改) The positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM in patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease were 25% and 20%, 37.2% and 20%, 40% and 20%, 42.9% and 28.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM among the above five types of children's common rheumatism disorders of children (P0.05).,(再次修改) B19-DNA and IgM antibody were positive in 25% and 20%, 37.2% and 20%, 40% and 20%, 42.9% and 28.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, in patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease, respectively. The differences among the five groups were not significant (P0.05).,(进一步修改) No significant differences in positivity rates of B19-DNA and IgM antibody were found among the patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease (P0.05).,描述结果时最常遇到的问题是比较的句子。在组织句子时，应力求简练，避免重复、罗列太多的数字或罗嗦。,下面是最常用的比较句型之一： The mean ALT of group 1 patients was significantly higher than that of Group 2 and 3 patients (p0.01). 如改为下句更简练。 The mean ALT level was higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p0.01).,但比较的句子也可以不用带有than的句子，只用比较级，而后面用as compared to 。例如将上面的句子改为： The mean ALT of group 1 patients was significantly higher as compared to group 2 and 3 (p0.01). 这样的句子可在用了若干个带than的比较句子之后使用，换一个方式，免得太单调和重复。,国内作者常常写成如下句型： and of group were , , respectively; and of group were and These differences were statistically significant (p0.05). 实际上将(p0.05)附在前面那一句的后面，也就表明有显著性差异，不必写后面那句话了。,(结果) Because the radioactivity was too strong, all the measures for preventing radiation injury were failure. (由于放射性太强，所有预防辐射损伤的措施都失败了) Because the radioactivity was too strong, all the measures for preventing radiation injury failed.,结果 All the 22 children had tachycardia before CBP and fell in average by 4513 bpm 4h after CBP. 22例儿童持续血液净化(CBP)前均存在心动过速，CBP 4h后心率平均下降了4513次/分。 All the 22 children had tachycardia before CBP and their heart rate fell in average by 4513 bpm 4h after CBP.,结果 After 72-hour culture, the shape of plaques still remained to be very small. (经72小时培养，蚀斑仍然很小。) After 72-hour culture, the plaques were still very small (the plaques remained very small).,结果 It showed no significant difference in viral copy numbers between the 2 groups before being treated (p0.05), but significant difference between HCMV hepatitis and normal infants have been shown (p0.05)，但HCMV肝炎和正常婴儿之间显示有显著性差异 (p0.05), but there was significant difference between the cases with HCMV hepatitis and healthy infants (p0.001).,On electroscopy, the microthrombosis in LT group was obviously less than that in SAP group (P0.05). On elec