1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题In 1871 the Paris Commune which, as mentioned, was the first socialist revolution, was also the last one to take place in a country that was part of the capitalist center. The twentieth century inaugurated - with the “awakening of the peoples of the peripher
2、ies - a new chapter in history. Its first manifestations were the revolutions in Iran (1907), in Mexico (1910-1920), China (1911) and “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905. This awakening of the peoples and nations of the periphery was carried forward in the Revolution of 1917, the Arabo-Muslim Nahda, th
3、e constitution of the Young Turk movement (1908), the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, and the formation of the Indian Congress (1885). In reaction to the first long crisis of historical capitalism (1875-1950), the peoples of the periphery began to liberate themselves around 1914-1917, mobilizing themse
4、lves under the flags of socialism (Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba) or of national liberation (India, Algeria) associated to different degrees with progressive social reforms. They took the path to industrialization, hitherto forbidden by the domination of the old imperialism, forcing the latter to adj
5、ust to this first wave of independent initiatives of the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries. From 1917 to the time when the Bandung project (1955-1980) ran out of steam and Sovietism collapsed in 1990, these were the initiatives that dominated the scene. I do not see the two long crises
6、 of aging monopoly capitalism in terms of long Kondratieff cycles, but as two stages in both the decline of historical globalized capitalism and the possible transition to socialism. Nor do I see the 1914-1945 period exclusively as the 30 years war for the succession to “British hegemony.”1 see this
7、 period also as the long war conducted by the imperialist centers against the first awakening of the peripheries (East and South). This first wave of the awakening of the peoples of the periphery wore out for many reasons, including its own internal limitations and contradictions, and imperialisms s
8、uccess in finding new ways of dominating the world system (through the control of technological invention, access to resources, the globalized financial system, communication and information technology, weapons of mass destruction). Nevertheless, capitalism underwent a second long crisis that began
9、in the 1970s, exactly one hundred years after the first one. The reactions of capital to this crisis were the same as it had had to the previous one: reinforced concentration, which gave rise to generalized monopoly capitalism, globalization (liberal), and fractionalization. But the moment of triump
10、h-the second belle poque, from 1990 to 2008, echoing the first belle poque, from 1890 to 1914-of the new collective imperialism of the Triad (the United States, Europe, and Japan) was indeed brief. A new epoch of chaos, wars, and revolutions emerged. In this situation, the second wave of the awakeni
11、ng of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, other than through the military control of the planet. 1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as revolution in the passage?2.The word Kon
12、dratieff cycles in the third paragraph most probably refers to （ ）.3.How do the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries force the historical capitalism to “adjust” to their first wave of independent initiatives?4.Which of the following can best explain the idea of last sentence of the passag
13、e?5.Which of the following statements can best explain the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.The “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905.B.The British hegemony.C.The Egyptian Revolution of 1919.D.The Paris Commune.问题2选项A.a term in politicsB.a term in economicsC.a term in ecologyD.a term in sociology问题3选项A.th
14、rough socialism.B.through national liberation.C.through industrialization.D.through financial globalization.问题4选项A.The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery had already started, which now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positio
15、ns. In this situation, the imperialism had to resort to the military control of the planet.B.The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now couldnt accept the collective imperialism of the Triad maintaining its dominant positions and they had to reso
16、rt to the military control the planet in this situation.C.In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery had already started, which now couldnt accept the collective imperialism of the Triad maintaining its dominant military control of the planet.D.In this situat
17、ion, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, let alone allow it to achieve this aim through the military control of the planet.问题5选项A.The second wave
18、of the awakening of the nations of the periphery now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions.B.People in the periphery have no alternative than to opt for a different development path.C.The initiative of the historical development spontaneously pas
19、ses to the peoples and nations of the periphery.D.The twentieth century inauguratedwith the “awakening of the peoples of the peripheries”-a new chapter in history.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段， “In 1871 the Paris CommuneIts first manifestations were the revolutions in Iran (1907),
20、 and “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905the constitution of the Young Turk movement (1908), the Egyptian Revolution of 1919”，所以英国的霸权主义文中没有提及。选项B符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第三段， “I do not see the two long crises of aging monopoly capitalism in terms of long Kondratieff cycles, but as two stages in both the decline o
21、f historical globalized capitalism and the possible transition to socialism.”，可知我并不会从长期的康德拉蒂夫周期来看待垄断资本主义衰退的两个长期危机，而是历史全球化资本主义衰落和向社会主义过渡的两个阶段。可推断出Kondratieff cycles是与经济相关的术语。选项B符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段， “They took the path to industrialization, hitherto forbidden by the domination of the old imperialism,
22、 forcing the latter to adjust to this first wave of independent initiatives of the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries.”，可知他们走上了工业化的道路，来强迫统治者“调整”以适应第一次独立运动。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already start
23、ed) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, other than through the military control of the planet.”，可知在这种情况下，外围国家的第二波觉醒已经开始了，其拒绝让三足鼎立的帝国主义保持它的统治地位，但帝国主义的军事控制除外。可推断出在这种情况下，帝国主义必须对全球继续实施军事控制。选项A符合题意。5.主旨题。纵观全文。第一段提及了20世纪的民族革命运动；第二段主要提到资本主义开始走上了工
24、业化的道路来调整使其适应独立运动；接着第四段和第五段介绍了两次民族觉醒革命。所以文章的主题以20世纪外围民族的觉醒和革命运动展开。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题Max Weber proposed a complex approach to inequality which expressly takes account of non-economic dimensions of ranking and inequality. Against Marx, Weber maintains that the operation of power in societies is yet more fu
25、ndamental than their economic basis. Power（1）the capacity of individuals or groups to realize their will even （2） the opposition of others. This yields three categories fundamental to the analysis of inequality: class, status and party. Inequality may be located in economically defined（3）but could a
26、lso be founded in status groups and political parties. In this elaboration he sought to refine the measurement of inequality and to show the potential singularity of his criteria （4） their connectedness. For example, power is often linked to class-based wealth but it can be separated in situations （
27、5） power is linked to knowledge. Status refers to style of life. It also refers to social esteem, the respect and admiration （6） a person according to his or her social position and this can be local （7）structural and take account of interpersonal subjectivities. Marxs stress on structural relations
28、hips and on the duplicitous nature of culture tends to be replaced by a view of classes as ranked hierarchies of fixed groupings（8）individuals may be mobile. While the categories are fixed and classes are bounded, individuals may, （9）, change their class position. （10）, Webers discussion emphasizes
29、how both class and status distinction can affect peoples life chances, that is, the chances that an individual has to share in the economic and cultural goods of a society. Material and cultural goods are often （11）distributed and class and status rankings will ensure that people will have（12）access
30、 to these goods. These features of Webers thought are important to （13）when considering non-class based systems of（14 ）. The opening up of the relationship between inequality, meaning and manifestation allows for the consideration of systems of inequality other than class. There are ranked societies
31、 where there is unequal access to positions of status and prestige and these are not necessarily linked to （15）. An example is found in those traditional African societies where the chiefs did not live at a （16 ）standard of living than their subjects and where economies were redistributive, （17）, th
32、e chief received tribute which he then（18） his followers as a mark of his status and largesse. The position of many European noble families is a contemporary example of ranked society: access to （19） a title is limited, usually to family members, and many of these titled families are （20） wealthy an
33、d have no power by virtue of their nobility in their societies. 问题1选项A.has defined toB.is defined toC.is defined asD.defines as问题2选项A.from the face ofB.in the face ofC.on the face ofD.to the face of问题3选项A.societiesB.categoriesC.dimensionsD.classes问题4选项A.as well asB.besidesC.exceptD.except for问题5选项A.
34、thatB.whichC.whyD.where问题6选项A.accordedB.accordsC.is accorded toD.to accord问题7选项A.rather toB.rather thanC.no other thanD.other than问题8选项A.whereB.through whichC.in whichD.to which问题9选项A.more or lessB.any the lessC.none the lessD.no less问题10选项A.HoweverB.NeverthelessC.FurthermoreD.But问题11选项A.symmetrical
35、lyB.asymmetricallyC.fairlyD.unfairly问题12选项A.differentialB.similarC.the sameD.unequal问题13选项A.bear them to mindB.bear them in mindC.bear to mindD.bear in mind问题14选项A.hierarchyB.rankingC.singularityD.inequality问题15选项A.economic wealthB.cultural goodsC.status distinctionsD.class rankings问题16选项A.highB.hig
36、herC.lowD.lower问题17选项A.for exampleB.such asC.that isD.whats more问题18选项A.gave toB.gave it toC.gave back toD.gave it back问题19选项A.claimB.askC.inheritD.assume问题20选项A.moreB.much moreC.lessD.no longer【答案】第1题:第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B第8题:C第9题:C第10题:C第11题:C第12题:A第13题:D第14题:D第15题:A第16题:B第17题:D第18题:A第19题
37、C第20题:C【解析】（1）固定搭配。根据固定搭配be defined as “被定义为”，选项A和B可排除。又根据被动语态的构成be +过去分词，D选项结构不完整，可排除。句意：权力被定义为个人或团体的能力。选项C符合题意。（2）固定搭配。in the face of “面对”； on the face of “从表面上判断”，没有搭配from the face of和to the face of，选项A和D可排除。句意：权力被定义为个人或团体即使面对他人的反对也能实现其意志的能力。选项B符合题意。（3）逻辑关系。根据上一句提到阶级、地位和党派，可知下文会是对其进行进一步阐述。but al
38、so后出现了status groups and political parties，可判断出此处应该提到classes“阶级”。选项D符合题意。（4）逻辑关系。根据文意，Max Weber想要通过衡量不平等，体现他的评判标准的特点和联系。所以用as well as表示“和”。选项A符合题意。（5）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格要填入一个关系词引导定语从句，来修饰先行词situation。又根据从句部分句子完整，所以填入关系副词在从句中充当状语。where作地点状语，表示“在这种形势下”。选项D符合题意。（6）语法题。根据句子结构，refers为句子的谓语，所以空格中应该填入非谓语动词，选项B和
39、C可排除。又因为accord和其前面的名词social esteem, the respect and admiration存在被动关系，所以选用动词的-ed分词表被动，选项A符合题意。（7）逻辑关系。根据下文，“Marxs stress on structural relationships”，可知Marx注重结构关系。而上文提到的是Max Weber的观点，可判断他注重本地关系而不是结构关系。又根据固定搭配rather than“而不是”。选项B符合题意。（8）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格应该填入适当的关系代词或关系副词来引导定语从句，修饰先行词groupings，根据句意，“借助于这些
40、组群，个人可能是流动的。”，where在定语从句中作地点状语，可排除。through which为介词+关系代词的结构，在句中作状语，表示“借助于.，通过”。选项C符合题意。（9）逻辑关系和固定搭配。more or less “或多或少”； any the less “更少一些”；none the less “依然”； no less “居然”。根据while可知，上下句之间存在转折关系。句意：尽管社会群体与阶级是不变的，但是个人仍然可以或多或少地改变自己的社会地位。选项C符合题意。（10）逻辑关系。however和nevertheless都表转折关系，所以可同时排除。根据文意，空格后的内容是
41、对上一句内容的进一步阐述和说明，所以两句存在递进关系，选用furthermore “此外，而且”表递进。选项C符合题意。（11）逻辑关系和副词辨析。symmetrically “对称地，平衡地”；asymmetrically “不对称地”；fairly “公平地”；unfairly “不公平地”。句意：Weber的讨论强调了阶级和地位的区别是如何影响人们的生活机会的，物质和文化产品必须公平分配。选项C符合题意。（12）形容词词义辨析。differential “差别的，微分的”； similar “相似的”； the same “同样，一样”； unequal “不平等的”。句意：阶级和地位不
42、同将确保人们获取有差异的商品。选项A符合题意。（13）固定搭配。根据固定搭配bear sth. in mind可排除选项A和C。根据句意：Weber思想的这些特点是我们必须牢记的。选项D符合题意。（14）句意理解。根据下文，“The opening up of the relationship between inequality, meaning and manifestation allows for the consideration of systems of inequality other than class.”，可知空格的下文是对不平等制度的进一步阐述，所以空格应该填入ineq
43、uality。选项D符合题意。（15）句意理解。根据上文，“There are ranked societies where there is unequal access to positions of status and prestige”，可知在有等级的社会中，获得地位和名誉的机会是不平等的。空格前由and连接，表示一种递进关系。根据文章“these are not necessarily linked to”，these指代上文的status和prestige，可知并不意味着地位和名誉与经济财富有必要的关联。下文用实例说明的这一观点。选项A符合题意。（16）句意理解。根据上文提到地位
44、和名誉和经济财富没有必要的关联，可知酋长的生活水平不会比他的属下高，所以nothigher的比较结构符合文意。选项B符合题意。（17）句意理解。for example“举例子”；whats more “还有，此外”；that is “也就是说”；such as“例如”。根据句意，空格后提到在经济在分配的社会，酋长会将贡品赠与出去，是对上文意思的一个补充。用whats more表补充说明。选项D符合题意。（18）语法题和固定搭配。根据句子结构，这是由关系代词which引导的定语从句，并其在定语从句中充当宾语，代替先行词tribute，可判断定语从句中不缺宾语。选项B和D可排除。又根据固定搭配gi
45、ve sth. to sb. “给某人某物”，give sth. back “归还”，句意：酋长将贡品给自己的跟随者。选项A符合题意。（19）动词词义辨析。claim “要求，声称”；ask “要求，询问”；inherit “遗传，继承”；assume“假定，设想”。句意：爵位的继承是受到限制的。选项C符合题意。（20）句意理解。more “更多的”；much more “多得多的”；less “更少的”；no longer “不再”。句意：许多有头衔的家族凭借在社会中的高贵，是不富有的，而且也没有权力。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题The pressure of population on a
46、vailable resources is the key to understanding history; consequently, any historical writing that takes no cognizance of （ ）facts is （ ） flawed.问题1选项A.ecological. marginallyB.demographic . intrinsicallyC.cultural. substantivelyD.political. demonstratively【答案】B【解析】词汇辨析ecological “生态学的”；marginally “少量
47、地”； demographic “人口统计学的”；intrinsically “本质上地”； cultural “文化的”；substantively “从本质上讲”； political “政治上的”； demonstratively “论证地”。句意：人口对现有资源的压力是理解历史的关键;因此，任何不认识人口统计学事实的历史著作都有其本质上的缺陷。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题The business is both highly cyclical and （ ） as price information about transactions may not be publicized; and when it is, it can be misleadi
