《医院污水处理二氧化氯消毒风险评价》.doc

第五章 风险分析建设项目涉及风险事件有突发传染病流行事件、污水站有毒有害物质泄露事件。国家及XX省卫生部门针对各类突发传染病均制定相应的应急预案并且XX市城区设有专门的传染病医院XX市第五医院、XX（区）结核病防治所，急性传染病（SARS、人禽流感、猪流感）均送XX市第五医院治疗，结核病人送XX市（区）结核病防治所其他医院不设置治疗科室。建设项目可按照相应方案执行。本报告给出污水站事故应急预案。5.1 物质危险性分析建设项目涉及的危险物质包括盐酸、二氧化氯、麻醉药品和精神药品等。建设项目均利用现有盐酸储罐、二氧化氯发生器和麻醉药品、精神药品的储运设施，只在使用量有所增加，周转频次增加。盐酸和二氧化氯的具体性质见表1-14、表1-15。5.2 风险识别5.2.1 风险等级确定根据1.6节可知风险评价等级为一级。5.2.2 环境影响区域敏感目标识别对以项目为中心半径5km区域内的敏感点进行调查，该范围包括XX市城区主要建筑区，将主要建筑及敏感点列于表5-1及图1-5。Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20* in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.表5-1 建设项目风险评价敏感点一览表序号区域名称常住人口（人）区域功能以建设项目为基准方位距离km1GB3095-1996 二级2345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334355.3 生产过程中的潜在危险性麻醉药品、精神药品为治疗用药，并且医院有完善的处方、购买、进出库管理制度。二氧化氯水溶液的浓度在810克/升，将产生引起爆炸危险的高压蒸汽；本项目污水站消毒使用二氧化氯量38-57克/立方米污水，远低于810克/升；二氧化氯发生器中二氧化氯产生量为2.85kg/h。二氧化氯发生器运行压力为常压；二氧化氯全部泄露，污水站内二氧化氯的浓度约为3.8%（V/V），小于爆炸浓度10%（V/V）。综上所述本项目生产过程中的潜在危险事故为盐酸储罐泄露和二氧化氯全部泄露对周围环境空气的影响及危害，根据建设污水站生产特点，分析其生产过程潜在的风险事故因素，详见表5-2。表5-2 盐酸储罐潜在环境风险因素一览表设备危险介质储存量设备安装位置温度/压力风险类型盐酸储罐盐酸1000kg(含氯化氢300kg)安装在污水站地下一层常温/常压泄露进入环境空气二氧化氯发生器二氧化氯3.0kg/h根据建设项目环境风险评价技术导则（HJ/T1692004）和重大危险源辨识（GB18218-2009）判定其不构成重大危险源。且均在常温常压下储存，相对发生事故的概率较小。二氧化氯、盐酸可能因泄露而大量挥发进入环境空气污染。5.4 环境风险因素及可能发生的风险事故类型本工程的环境风险因素确定为环境空气。若盐酸储罐泄漏，浓盐酸进入环境空气，形成浓盐酸雾，会对环境空气造成污染。5.5 风险事故源确定建设项目的环境风险事故源见表5-3。表5-3 风险事故预测源强一览表源项事故物质相态压力温度类型泄露孔径mm泄漏时间min泄露速率kg/s扩散速率kg/s盐酸储罐盐酸液态常压常温泄漏10200.040.015二氧化氯发生器二氧化氯气态200.00030.00035.6 风险事故影响分析盐酸为轻度危害物质，因为该物质虽然以液体形式贮存，但其释放到环境以后会立即以气体形式扩散，排放源是点源。采用非正常排放模式，预测盐酸、二氧化氯在不同天气条件下最大地浓度和出现时间。经过预测：（1）盐酸在确定的泄漏前提下，最大浓度小于半数致死浓度，且事故持续时间小于30分钟，但在事故发生过程中，超过车间容许浓度为0.05毫克/立方米的范围最大值为3000米，对周围的人群有一定影响，见表5-4。在泄漏事故发生30分钟后，环境空气质量能够满足相应标准要求，见表5-5。（2）二氧化氯发生器泄露，超过车间容许浓度为0.3毫克/立方米的范围最大值为400米，对周围的人群有一定影响，见表5-6。在泄漏事故发生30分钟后，环境空气质量能够满足相应标准要求，见表5-7。表5-4 盐酸泄漏20分钟时的影响预测结果距离m风速0.5m/s时地面浓度mg/m3风速2.87m/s时地面浓度mg/m3稳定度B稳定度D稳定度B稳定度D502.31220.37492000.10.772.145.995000.020.120.411.22最大值559(lm)587(2m)166(1m)221(2m)浓度>0.05mg/m3的范围(m)<340<790<1500<3000浓度>2124mg/m3的范围(m)-盐酸的车间容许浓度为0.05mg/m3；小鼠吸入的30min的半数致死浓度为2124mg/m3。表5-5 盐酸泄漏30分钟时的影响预测结果距离m风速0.5m/s时地面浓度mg/m3风速2.87m/s时地面浓度mg/m3稳定度B稳定度D稳定度B稳定度D500.00100.0086002000.00120.0113005000.00130.019300最大值0.0013(700m)0.02(700m)0.0012(3000m)0.0005(3000m)浓度>0.05mg/m3的范围(m)-浓度>2124mg/m3的范围(m)-盐酸的车间容许浓度为0.05mg/m3；小鼠吸入的30min的半数致死浓度为2124mg/m3。表5-6 二氧化氯泄漏20分钟时的影响预测结果距离m风速0.5m/s时地面浓度mg/m3风速2.87m/s时地面浓度mg/m3稳定度B稳定度D稳定度B稳定度D5000.29370.47921.01452000.00310.01840.04060.10425000.00050.00230.00730.0169最大值4.2797(0m)3.0365(0m)0.4792(50m)1.0145(50m)浓度>0.3mg/m3的范围(m)5050100400美国车间卫生标准0.3mg/m3表5-7 二氧化氯泄漏30分钟时的影响预测结果距离m风速0.5m/s时地面浓度mg/m3风速2.87m/s时地面浓度mg/m3稳定度B稳定度D稳定度B稳定度D500.00010.00130.00000.00002000.00020.00200.00000.00005000.00020.00250.00000.0000最大值0.0002(400m)0.0027(400m)0.0003(2000m)0.0018(2100m)浓度>0.3mg/m3的范围(m)-美国车间卫生标准0.3mg/m35.7 风险事故防范措施5.7.1 污水站建设项目为医院门诊楼项目，二氧化氯、盐酸是污水站使用的辅助物质，但并不排除发生风险事故的可能，可以通过科学的设计、操作和管理，吸取同类事故的教训，将环境风险发生的概率降到最小程度，真正做到防患于未然，达到预防事故发生的目的。1、严格执行设备的维护保养，定期对设备、管道、仪表、阀门、安全装置等进行检查和校验。2、在设备管理上应重视对设备、管道质量、材质和施工安装质量的检查验收，杜绝使用劣质材料，加强设备的运行检查。3、生产装置采用先进的自动化系统，有效控制生产过程，当发生事故时能及时反馈信息、及时停车。4、严格执行操作规程，坚守岗位，密切注视设备的工艺参数的变化，发现异常及时报告，采取行之有效的措施。5、严格密封，操作中巡回检查，对已出现的泄漏，及时发现立即清除，暂时不能清除的要采取有效的应急措施，以免扩大和发生灾难性的事故。6、定期对安全附件、阀门、管件等进行检查，及时修复和更换失灵、失效的部件。7、加强全员教育和培训，增强安全意识，提高安全操作技能和事故应急处理能力。8、挥发性化学危险品（如盐酸等）应单独存放。9、化学危险品应有名称、浓度、级别标签，否则应经有关人员鉴定确认后方可使用。10、使用危险品时，事先应知道其性质及防护办法。11、盐酸储罐所在厂房内设置防渗漏地沟，对溢出的盐酸，要尽快中和，保证事故在小范围内得到适当处理。12、二氧化氯发生器间禁止存放可燃物质，禁止一切火源进入，设置应急排风系统、消防水系统。13、化学品的应急处理措施化学品（盐酸、二氧化氯）出现风险事故时，应采取的泄漏应急处理、防护措施、急救措施详见表5-8。表5-8 化学品风险事故时的泄漏应急、防护、急救、灭火措施项目盐酸二氧化氯应急措施消防方法用碱性物质如碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠、消石灰等中和。也可用大量水扑救，消防人员须穿戴氧气防毒面具及全身防护衣。疏散泄漏污染区人员至上风处，并隔离直至气体散尽。应急处理人员戴正压自给式呼吸器，穿化学防护服。切断火源。禁止泄漏物与可燃物质(木材、纸、油等)接触，切断气源，喷洒雾状水稀释，抽排(室内)或强力通风(室外)。漏气容器不能再用，且要经过技术处理以清除可能剩下的气体。切断气源。喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处防护措施储存于石棉瓦或玻璃瓦货棚下，使用耐盐酸地坪。不可与硫酸、硝酸混放；不可与碱类、金属粉末、氧化剂、氢化剂、氯盐酸、氟化物、遇水易热物品共储存混运；操作人员应穿戴耐酸防护服，包括兜帽、眼镜和面罩等防护器具。在有吸入氯化氢蒸汽危险的地方，应戴氧气防毒面具。库外应有水龙头，并备有中和剂。呼吸系统防护：空气中浓度较高时，应该佩戴防毒面具。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，建议佩戴正压自给式呼吸器。眼睛防护：戴化学安全防护眼镜。身体防护：穿防腐工作服。手防护：可能接触毒物时，戴防化学品手套。急救应使吸入蒸汽的患者脱离污染区，安置休息并保温。眼睛受刺激用水冲洗，并就医诊治。皮肤接触先用水冲洗，严重者须就医救治（不应使用催吐方法）。其它：工作现场禁止吸烟。工作后，淋浴更衣。保持良好的卫生习惯。皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，立即用大量流动清水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。眼睛接触：立即翻开上下眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。呼吸困难时给输氧。呼吸停止时，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：误服者漱口，饮牛奶或蛋清。就医。5.7.2 麻醉药品和精神药品1、病房毒麻药品只能供应住院患者按医嘱使用，其他人员不得私自取用、借用。2、设专柜存放，专人管理，严格加锁，并按需保持一定基数，每班交接班时，必须交接点清，双方用正楷签全名。3、医生开医嘱及专用处方（淡红处方）后，方可给该患者使用，使用后保留空安瓿。4、建立毒麻药使用登记本，注明患者姓名、床号、使用药名、剂量、使用日期、时间，护士正楷签名。5、当患者需要使用时，需有医生所开的医嘱、专用处方，并保留空安瓿。6、高危药品的存放有规范，在病区不得混合存放高浓度电解质制剂（包括氯化钾、磷化钾及超过0.9%的氯化钠等）、肌肉松弛剂与细胞毒化等高危药品，必须单独存放，有醒目的标志，并有使用剂量的限制。7、对夜间、节假日的临时紧急用药应能及时从药剂部门获得。中心医院对麻醉药品和精神药品有完善的处方、购买、进出库管理制度，具体见附件4。5.7.3 具有放射性的药品（碘131、碘125）1、由专业药师申請、使用及保存放射性同位素药品。2、由专门辐射安全人员管理放射性药品的申请、输入或移让等事项。3、放射性药品的运送，须由有甲级安全防护，随车并有专人陪同运送。5.8 风险事故应急预案事故应急预案内容一般包：应急处理组织与职责事故类型和原因事故防范措施事故应急处理原则和程序事故报警和报告工程抢险和医疗救护、演练等。5.8.1 应急处理组织与职责1、应急指挥机构医院环保领导小组是全院环保污染事故处理工作的领导机构。医院院长任总指挥,常务副院长任副总指挥，成员由污水站站长及各相关科室领导组成，负责对医院环保污染事故应急指挥救援和事故调查处理工作。污染事故应急指挥领导小组主要职责是负责指挥事故应急响应工作，确定事故等级，根据事故报告的相关要求，将事故信息报告主管部门及市环境保护局，负责指挥协调各部门的应急响应、事故调查、应急控制措施、信息通报、医疗应急和事故处理；负责组织事故调查，审定事故责任单位的事故报告和应急工作报告，并及时报送市环保局。2、各部门职责（1）生产保障组由污水站站长负责。职责任务是责令停止导致污染事故的作业，控制事故现场，负责应急期间的通信联络，负责事故调查和定性定级；编写、提交事故报告，负责与各相关部门的联络及信息交换工作。（2）保卫小组由保卫科科长负责。职责是负责事故现场的保护，维护现场秩序。（3）救护小组由办公室主任负责。职责是负责事故受伤人员的就地伤势处理，并负责将受伤严重人员送往急救科救治。（4）财务小组由财务科科长负责。职责是根据各相关部门制定的计划和预算，解决事故应急人员的培训、应急演练以及应急装备、应急救助和应急物资装备等应急必备的资金，污染事故应急资金必须专款专用。（5）物资供应小组由物资供应科科长负责。职责是保障应急救援所需一切物资。5.8.2 应急响应1、预案启动（1）应急指挥领导小组接到事故单位报告后，启动应急响应系统，各相关部门按预案要求，立即开展现场应急工作。（2）对于突发性的意外事件和对周边地区可能造成影响的事件发生后，应立即启动应急预案。2、应急响应发生污染事故后，预案即时展开。指挥小组迅速调集应急救援力量，同时调动各应急相关部门及后援力量做好响应。安全生产部到达事故现场，进行调查取证，并形成初步调查意见向环保领导小组报告；救护小组立即组织人力、物力对人员伤亡或可能出现的人员伤亡情况进行紧急救助处理；保卫部门按照现场指挥部指示，迅速展开警力，做好安全防护距离内的警戒及安全防护距离内人员撤离工作，对现场进行保护。3、防护措施（1）污染事故发生后，事故责任单位应立即采取有效措施，消除事故源，并在专业人员指导下做好防止事故扩大工作。（2）通道控制。为保障人身安全，相关分场要做好保持通道畅通工作。4、应急终止和恢复（1）应急终止条件事故条件已经消除；采取一切必要的防护措施使事故降至最低限度。（2）应急终止后的行动应急终止后安全生产技术部向市环保局提交总结报告。评价所有应急日志、记录、产生过程、书面信息等；回顾评价造成应急状态的事故产生过程，责令有关部门和事故责任单位查明原因，防止重复出现类似事故；