1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The Niger President had caused unease in the West African country following his failure to organize elections when his （ ）elapsed.问题1选项A.tenancyB.tensionC.territoryD.tenure【答案】D【解析】名词词汇辨析。tenancy “租用，租赁，租赁期”；tension “紧张局势”；territory “领地，领土”；tenure “任期”。句意：尼日
2、尔总统任期结束后未能组织选举，在这个西非国家引起了不安。选项D符合题意。2. 翻译题When ConAgra Foods came to China five years ago, the company had high hopes and big worries. Previously, the company entered the Japanese market and repeatedly ran into obstacles like communication breakdowns, cultural missteps and missed deadlines. While th
3、ose wrinkles were eventually straightened out，ConAgra knew it could not afford to make the same mistake in China. Intent on finding a guide who could shorten the cultural distance, Julie Williams, who was then the companys human resources manager responsible for international organization, hired Car
4、la Kearns, founder of TLI-The Mandarin School, based in Toronto, to provide its executives with intercultural business training.Ms. Kearns teaches companies to understand the fundamental values that Western and Chinese cultures see differently and that if ignored can wreak havoc on their bottom line
5、 They include concepts of time, hierarchy, individualism, personal relationships and saving face.Western executives flying into China for a week of back-to-back meetings but getting nowhere with their Chinese business partners? They may be investing money in the trip, but not something just as vita
6、l: time. Rushed schedules leave no time for skillful negotiation and can offend Chinese, who want to build trust and develop relationships, or guanxi, often by socializing over dinners and drinks.Another pitfall is when Westerners lay all the problems on the table, while Chinese will only address tw
7、o at any given meeting because criticism or blame will make them look bad in front of their peers.Western executives assuming their business practices are successful if their Chinese employees dont object? Think again. Chinese are taught to obey authority and are often loath to disagree with their b
8、osses. Ms. Kearns charges corporations about $5,000 for a day of training for 5 to 100 people and speaks to both Westerners and Chinese, focusing on the “core gut reactions” each audience has when facing cultural obstacles at the office. Part therapist, motivational speaker and management consultant
9、 Ms. Kearns, who has worked across East Asia, begins by telling clients like ConAgra to leave their Western assumptions at home. “Im able to explain these cultural issues to Westerners because Ive been through that frustration, too,” she said. “So many times I see Westerners go to China and see som
10、ething different than what happens in North America, and it becomes this judgment and condemnation.” 【答案】当最终克服这些困难后，康尼格拉公司深知决不能在中国重蹈覆辙。卡恩斯教导企业要理解中西文化对基本价值的不同看法，忽视这些会带来不良后果。西方的管理人员飞到中国，一周内开会不断，但和中国商业伙伴却无任何进展？他们可以为旅行投资，而没有为同样重要的东西时间投资。另一个易犯错误是西方人把全部问题摆到桌面上，而中国人在特定会议上只愿意讨论少数几个问题，因为批评和责备会使他们在同行面前尴尬。近年来外
11、国公司大量涌入中国，催生了不少新兴的文化交流和创新咨询机构，它们受雇对西方人和中国人就外语、管理风格和企业文化进行培训。称职的文化培训者首先会谈到中国多数职场新手了解的礼仪，如交换名片要用双手，宴请时座次恰当，这些可能有助于进入会议室，但要成交且看到利润显然还需要细腻的方法。她说：“因为我曾经也经历过这种挫败，所以我能向西方人解释这些文化差距导致的问题。”3. 单选题The new media law that has sparked a furor in the country requires all broadcast and digital media to provide “bala
12、nced coverage” and is seen by critics as an attempt to （ ）the press.问题1选项A.muzzleB.underpinC.sidestepD.reassure【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。muzzle “使缄默，封锁.的言论”；underpin “巩固，支持”；sidestep “回避”；reassure “使安心”。句意：在全国引起了轩然大波的新媒体法，要求所有广播和数字媒体提供均衡的报道，被评论家认为有可能带来言论受限等结果。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Comtes philosophical successor, who
13、carried on both his phenomenalist and presentationalist philosophy into the social arena of politics and ethics, was John Stuart Mill. But first we must turn to an even greater influence on Mills views, one of the leading radical reformers of the nineteenth century, Jeremy Bentham.Born in London, th
14、e son of a leading attorney, Bentham was a child prodigy who began studying history and Latin at the age of three. At twelve he entered Queens College in Oxford and earned his B. A. in three years and his M. A. two years later at the age of seventeen. His father expected him to become a practicing l
15、awyer, but Bentham was far more interested in the philosophical foundations of ethics, morality, and legal theory. He traveled widely throughout Europe and wrote his first essay on economics in Russia. In 1792 he became a citizen of France.Benthams main philosophical influences were Locke and Hume.
16、When he read Humes Treatise and Human Nature he said it was as if scales fell from eyes. He went on to publish several books on political and legal theory, but it was his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation that made him a powerful and influential international figure. In his Pr
17、inciples he laid the groundwork for utilitarianism; as developed by Mill (whom we shall consider in the next section), his theory is still today one of the leading moral theories in the world.Bentham defines his principle of utility as that property in any object whereby it tends to produce pleasure
18、 good or happiness, or to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered. According to Bentham, this principle takes account of the two main motives for all human actionpain and pleasure. Governments, social, political and legal institutions,
19、as well as individual citizens, should follow the Greatest Happiness Principle: choose that course of action that leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. His utilitarianism, designed to free people from oppressive laws and to make governing bodies moral, provided a foundat
20、ion to many democratic societies. Since leaders as well as individuals are thus morally bound to follow the same universal principle and one that is readily accessible to everyonewe all know what pain and pleasure are there can be no manipulation, through rhetoric, of the weak by the powerful. In Be
21、nthams system we are each our own best judge as to how best to live and attain happiness.He openly called for the rejection of all monarchies and established churches, claiming that all government is in itself one vast evil. The only justification for putting such evil into place would be to prevent
22、 some greater evil; governments should therefore never stray from the principle of utilitythe greatest happiness for the greatest number. Among Benthams many disciples, the most famous is John Stuart Mill, who further developed utilitarianism but along rather different lines.1.What does the author p
23、robably mean by scales fell from eyes in the third paragraph?2.Which of the following can best explain the quotes in the fourth paragraph of Benthams definition of principle of utility?3.How did Bentham influence the world according to the passage?4.Which of the following statements is TRUE accordin
24、g to the passage?5.Which of the following would most likely follow this passage?问题1选项A.His eyes were full of tears.B.His eyes became smaller.C.He was enlightened.D.He could see clearly.问题2选项A.Utility can be regarded as a quality which is likely to bring happiness or stop the occurrence of unhappines
25、s to interested parties.B.Utility is a kind of possession by which concerned people can get happiness and avoid unhappiness.C.The principle of utility is the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.D.The principle of utility is the belief that the value of a thing or an
26、 action is determined by its utility.问题3选项A.He influenced the philosophers in the whole world.B.He contributed to overthrowing all the monarchies and churches.C.His theory has changed the moral value of the modem world.D.The moral foundation to many modern democracies traces back to his theory.问题4选项
27、A.Bentham had great influence on Locke and Hume, as well as on Mill.B.Both Bentham and Mill were Comtes philosophical successors.C.Benthams father was disappointed that he didnt become an attorney.D.Bentham contributed more than Mill to the foundation of utilitarianism.问题5选项A.The introduction of Joh
28、n Stuart Mill.B.The introduction of Comte.C.The introduction of Hume.D.The introduction of utilitarianism.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句，“Benthams main philosophical influences were Locke and Hume. When he read Humes Treatise and Human Nature he said it was as if scales fell fro
29、m eyes.”，可知 边沁的主要哲学影响是Locke和Hume。当他读到Hume的论人的本性时，他说这就像从眼睛上掉下来的鳞片。可判断出Hume给他带来了很大的影响。选项C符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第四段，“should follow the Greatest Happiness Principle: choose that course of action that leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.”，可知它遵循最大的幸福原则：选择能为大多数人带来最大幸福的行动方式。可判断出效用原则是为
30、大多数人带来最大幸福的原则。选项C符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第四段，“His utilitarianism, designed to free people from oppressive laws and to make governing bodies moral, provided a foundation to many democratic societies.”，可知他的功利主义，旨在将人民从压迫性的法律中解放出来，并使管理机构具有道德，为许多民主社会提供了基础。可判断出许多现代民主国家的道德基础可以追溯到他的理论。选项D符合题意。4.根据文章第三段，“Benthams mai
31、n philosophical influences were Locke and Hume.”，可知边沁的哲学思想受到了Locke和Hume的影响，并没有受到Mill的影响，选项A不符合文意，可排除。根据史实，Bentham的思想先于Comte产生，选项B可排除。根据文章第二段，提到边沁的父亲希望他成为律师，只是阐述了事实，并没有提及父亲的想法和情感。选项C可排除。选项D符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“Among Benthams many disciples, the most famous is John Stuart Mill, who further developed u
32、tilitarianism but along rather different lines.”，可知在边沁的众多弟子中，最著名的是约翰斯图亚特密尔，他进一步发展了功利主义，但却走了截然不同的路。可判断出下文最可能继续介绍Mill以及他的主要思想。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题A painstaking process of reinventing led to new core courses designed to help students develop global awareness and strengthen their analytical and reasoning abil
33、ities, critical reading skills, and writing （ ）.问题1选项A.professionB.performanceC.proficiencyD.progress【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。profession “职业，专业”；performance “性能，绩效”；proficiency “精通，熟练”；progress “进步，发展”。句意：一个艰苦的改造过程带来了新的核心课程，旨在帮助学生发展全球意识，提升他们的分析和推理能力，提高批判性阅读和写作的熟练程度。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题A year ago, three journalists
34、 working for Qatars Al-Jazeera English network suddenly found themselves caught up in Egypts harsh security crackdown following the militarys overthrow of Islamist President Mohammed Morsi, the countrys first democratically elected leader. Two of them, Australian Peter Greste, an award-winning forme
35、r BBC correspondent, and Mohammed Fahym, an Egyptian-born Canadian, were arrested when the police burst into their office suite in Cairos Marriott Hotel. The third, Egyptian freelance producer Baher Mohammed, was led away in handcuffs from his Cairo home after his police shot his dog.Egypts crackdow
36、n on political dissent has presented President Obama with a difficult choice. On one hand, hes keenly aware of Egypts strategic importance to the U.S. from cooperation with anti-terrorist intelligence to maintaining the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty, which is why Obama has refused to characterize Mo
37、rsis overthrow as a coup, a step that would legally require the administration to halt all military aid to Egypt until the country restores democracy. But Obama also wants to be seen as a staunch defender of human rights and democracy, key demands of the Arab Spring protests that challenged autocrat
38、ic rule in much of the Middle East. To that end, the conflicted president last year held up hundreds of millions of dollars of military aid to Egypt to signal his concern over human rights violations.Now, however, Washingtons strategic considerations appear to have trumped its human rights concerns.
39、 The reason: the new Republican-controlled House and Senate are concerned with the rise of ISIS militants. Theres also been a huge influx of aid to Egypt from oil-rich Gulf states that has weakened U.S. leverage. Last month, Obama signed legislation that allows him to invoke national security concer
40、ns to waive human rights conditions attached to $1.5 billion in mostly military aid to Egypt, such as requirements to hold free and fair elections and protect minority fights. And while Obama periodically speaks out against Egypts dismal human rights record, theres little doubt among both administra
41、tion officials and Middle East hands that he will use that waiver to keep the aid to Cairo flowing. “We can harangue the Egyptians all we want about democracy,” says an expert on Egypt at the Council on Foreign Relations. “But it doesnt get us anywhere.”Such attempts at gaining leverage over the Egy
42、ptians dont seem to be working. If anything, they have further stoked Egyptian doubts about Washington and driven Cairo closer to those wealthy Gulf nations who have provided el-Sissi with some $32 billion in aid with no conditions attached. By contrast, Washingtons annual $1.5 billion aid package n
43、ow seems paltry. Even with the likelihood that U.S. military aid to Egypt will now flow, the relationship still faces some rough spots. Egyptian officials are resisting American advice to spend its aid money on counterterrorism equipment and border security.Yet these disagreements are unlikely to ch
44、ange Washingtons decision to mute its human rights concerns, which means the jailed Al-Jazeera journalists will have to count on a successful rapprochement between Egypt and Qatar for their release, rather than any further pressure from Washington. As an American working with the Egyptian military s
45、aid, “I dont think the administration has much stomach to really push hard against Cairo.”1.This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled “（ ）”2.The word “harangue” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “（ ）”3.We can infer from the last sentence in the last paragraph that （ ）.4.Acco
46、rding to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?5.What is the authors attitude towards the dissents situation in Egypt?问题1选项A.The Leverage of America in EgyptB.U.S. Military Aid to EgyptC.The Winter of Egypts DissentD.The Future of Egypt问题2选项A.harnessB.try to persuadeC.harassD.try to
47、 teach问题3选项A.the United States has little interest in impelling EgyptB.the United States no longer has much desire in EgyptC.the United States does not want to tolerate Egypt any moreD.the United States is very angry with what Egypt did问题4选项A.The United States is more concerned with the human rights
48、 in Egypt than with other aspects.B.Although the relationship between the United States and Egypt faces some rough spots, the United States still has strong influence on Egypt.C.The Gulf states and the United States share the same stand on Egypt as both of them have offered some aid to Egypt.D.Although the United States has decided to offer aid to Egypt, its leverag
