1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Children value perceptive comments, responses and questions on their writing, but they quickly see through （ ）approval and generalized faint praise.问题1选项A.perniciousB.perfunctoryC.lethargicD.phlegmatic【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。pernicious “有害的”；perfunctory “敷衍的”；letha
2、rgic “昏睡的，无生气的”；phlegmatic “冷淡的，迟钝的”。句意：孩子们重视他们写作中具有洞察力的评论、回答和问题，但是他们能迅速区分敷衍的意见和普通的赞美。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Field-based, socially complex education program call for a different framework and methodology for evidence gathering, （ ） the rigor in the “science” of investigative processes must be evaluated with
3、a different set of criteria （ ） are traditionally employed with RCTs or quasi-experiment.问题1选项A.X.XB.that. thatC.where. thanD.which. which【答案】D【解析】根据题意，第一个空格为非限制定语从句，选项A和B可排除。又因为第二个空也是定语从句，先行词为criteria，所以空格中需填入关系代词在定语从句中充当主语。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题A family squabble for one of Ashs greatest fortunes （ ）yester
4、day as lawmakers and relatives of Stanley Ho, the Macao casino tycoon, argued over the validity of a controversial share transfer.问题1选项A.burst openB.burst out openC.burst into openD.burst into the open【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。根据固定搭配burst into “突然进入”，选项A和B可排除，into后接一个名词，the open作名词形式。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题The question
5、of ethics in the legal profession is one that has plagued the industry since its inception. The common image of an attorney is one who will resort to any unethical trick to（1）the laws to fit his purposes. In the more specific industry of criminal law, defense attorneys are often criticized for advoc
6、ating（2） defendants who are “obviously guilty,” thus becoming roadblocks on the path to（3）. Much to the contrary, （4）, defense attorneys provide a valuable service that should earn them praise, not scorn. While it is true that every lawyer will do everything （5） to interpret the laws in the manner m
7、ost beneficial to his client, such a characterization is （6） limited to defense attorneys. The prosecutor will do the same thing, employing all his legal knowledge and know-how to establish the guilt of the defendant.（7 ）, the vague nature of the law is highlighted, and it becomes a virtual necessit
8、y for each side to use every tool （8）, on the assumption that the other side will also use every tool at his. The net result emerges as a positive, （9） the tricks of the opposing attorney cancel one another out, leaving only the truth, clearer and （10）manipulation,（11）the jurys consideration. Furthe
9、r, the defense attorney is a vital element of the American judicial system, （12）without him the defendant would stand no chance whatsoever. Under the constitution, even the most “obvious guilty” defendants （13）the right to a fair trial, involving someone able and willing to advocate on his behalf. O
10、f course, there are bad apples in the industry who are （14）and care nothing for actual justice, and （15） only concerns are their wallets. Generally speaking, however, without （16）, the system would crumble into a mere machine in which defendants are assumed guilty, without a chance to argue or prove
11、 （17）, and many innocent people（18） with crimes would be severely punished for transgressions that they didnt commit. It is a basic fact that the adversarial system of justice in the United States is necessary in order to ensure（19）and most unbiased presentation and evaluation of the facts possible.
12、 Without defense attorneys, that system cannot be carried out, and （20）a loss of the civil liberties that the nation enjoys and treasures. To that end, all of those who make that process a reality, including defense attorneys, deserve our support and admiration, not our suspicion and disdain. 问题1选项A
13、obeyB.breakC.twistD.adopt问题2选项A.at behalf ofB.at the behalf ofC.on behalf ofD.on the behalf of问题3选项A.civil libertiesB.justiceC.transgressionD.ethics问题4选项A.thusB.furthermoreC.moreoverD.however问题5选项A.beyond his powerB.in powerC.at his powerD.within his power问题6选项A.by no meansB.by any meansC.by all me
14、ansD.by what means问题7选项A.In one respectB.In this respectC.In some respectsD.In no respect问题8选项A.at their disposalB.at their disposalsC.at his disposalD.at his disposals问题9选项A.at whichB.on whichC.in whichD.for which问题10选项A.full ofB.full withC.devoid ofD.devoid from问题11选项A.presenting forB.presented fo
15、rC.presenting toD.presented to问题12选项A.in thatB.for thatC.in whichD.for which问题13选项A.will guaranteeB.guaranteeC.will be guaranteedD.are guaranteed问题14选项A.ethicalB.unethicalC.guiltyD.unbiased问题15选项A.whatB.whoC.whoseD.where问题16选项A.defense attorneysB.prosecutorsC.the constitutionD.defendants问题17选项A.furt
16、herB.neverthelessC.otherwiseD.though问题18选项A.are falsely chargedB.were falsely chargedC.being falsely chargedD.falsely charged问题19选项A.a fairB.a fairerC.the fairestD.the fair问题20选项A.will result inB.would result inC.will result atD.would result at【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B第8题:A第9题:C第10题:C第
17、11题:B第12题:A第13题:D第14题:B第15题:C第16题:A第17题:C第18题:D第19题:C第20题:B【解析】（1）动词词义辨析。obey “服从”；break “打破”；twist “扭曲”；adopt “采取”。句意：律师给人的普遍印象是，不惜使用任何不道德违背法律的手段去达到自己的目的。选项C符合题意。（2）固定搭配。on behalf of “代表，为了”，为固定搭配。没有A、C、D搭配，可排除。句意：辩护律师经常因为代表“明显有罪”的被告进行辩护而受到批评。选项C符合题意。（3）逻辑关系。civil liberties “公民自由”；justice “公平，正义”；t
18、ransgression “海侵，犯罪”；ethics“伦理学”。通过关键词“thus becoming roadblocks”，可知律师这样的做法在公平正义的道路上成为了一种障碍，所以空格中应该填入正义。选项B符合题意。（4）逻辑关系。thus “因此”；furthermore “此外，而且”；moreover “而且” ；however “然而”。根据空格前的to the contrary可知，下文提到的内容将与前文相反，构成转折关系，所以用转折连词however，选项D符合题意。（5）固定搭配。beyond his power “超出其权力”；in power “执政，掌权”；没有at
19、his power这种搭配，选项C可排除。within his power “在权力范围之内”。句意：然而，事实是每个律师都会尽一切努力在自己的权力范围内以对他的当事人最有利的方式来阐述法律。选项D符合题意。（6）固定搭配。by no means “决不”；by any means “无论如何”；by all means “尽一切办法”；by what means “用什么办法”。句意：这样的特征决不仅限于辩护律师，而是符合所有律师。选项A符合题意。（7）固定搭配。In one respect “在某个方面”；In this respect “在这方面”；In some respects “在
20、一些方面”；In no respect “毫不，完全不”。句意：检察官也会这样做，利用自己所知道的法律知识来判定被告有罪。在这个方面，法律的不明确性得到了强调。选项B符合题意。（8）语法题。根据上文“and it becomes a virtual necessity for each side to use every tool”，可知每一方都必须使用每一种工具。所以是指公诉人和律师两方，应该用复数their。根据固定搭配at ones disposal “由支配”，可知disposal用单数。选项A符合题意。（9）语法题。根据题意，空格引导的句子为非限制性定语从句，因为in this re
21、sult “在这种结果下”，所以用in which引导，在定语从句中作状语。句意：在这种结果下，对方律师的诡计互相抵消，只留下真相。选项C符合题意。（10）固定搭配。full of “充满”； devoid of “缺乏”，没有B和D项搭配，可排除。句意：只留下真相，更清晰并且不可操控。选项C符合题意。（11）固定搭配和语法。present for “递交给”；present to “赠送，给予”。根据文章the jurys consideration，最终结果要求陪审团共同考虑，所以证据要被递交给陪审团考虑，要用动词的-ed分词，选项B符合题意。（12）逻辑关系。空格前一句提到被告辩护人是美
22、国司法体系最重要的一个部分，空格后提到没有被告辩护人，被告就没有任何机会。所以后一句是前一句的原因解释。in that后接原因，选项A符合题意。（13）逻辑关系和语法。根据句意：即使是最明显的被告也被保证有权得到公正的审判。所以应该用被动语态，选项A和B可排除。这里是对宪法保证公平审判的事实，不需要用将来时态。选项D符合题意。（14）形容词词义辨析。ethical “伦理的，道德的”；unethical “不道德的”；guilty “有罪的，内疚的”；unbiased “公正的”。句意：这个行业里面有些害群之马，这些人没有职业道德，并且不关心实际的公正。选项B符合题意。（15）语法题。根据文章
23、意思，空格引导的句子应该是一个非限制性定语从句，用来修饰上文提到的那些害群之马，根据名词concerns可知，关系代词应该用whose在定语从句中作定语。句意：那些人的关注点只在他们的钱包上。选项C符合题意。（16）逻辑关系。根据上下文，可知这里是指没有被告辩护律师，这一体系将崩溃为一个简单的机器，在这个机器里，被告被假定有罪。选项A符合题意。（17）逻辑关系。further “而且，更远地”；nevertheless “然而，不过”；otherwise “另外，否则”；though “虽然，尽管”。句意：否则，被告将无机会去辩论或证明。选项C符合题意。（18）语法题。根据空格前的people
24、可知，空格应该作后置定语修饰people，因为无辜的人们是被指控的，所以存在被动关系，用动词的-ed分词作后置定语。选项D符合题意。（19）语法题。根据空格后most unbiased用到了最高级，可知and前的空格也相应地要用最高级。选项C符合题意。（20）语法题。根据文章，“Without defense attorneys, that system cannot be carried out”，可知没有辩护律师，这一制度将无法实施。所以是做出了没有辩护律师的假定，可推断下文空格会用到虚拟语气。would do表示对现在的虚拟，句意：将会导致丧失国家享有和珍视的公民自由。又根据固定搭配re
25、sult in “导致”，选项B符合题意。5. 单选题From the earliest decades of colonization to the 20th century, Americans have celebrated and largely taken for granted the seemingly endless bounty of their land. Not until the early twentieth century did a significant conservation movement develop before the prodding of p
26、rofessional resource managers like the forester Gifford Pinchot, and politicians like Theodore Roosevelt. The movement was a response to an evident dwindling of know mineral resources, the decimation of virgin forests, and a decline in the fish and game available to sportsmen. It was also an integra
27、l expression of the political movement known as progressivism, which stressed, among other things, the use of government power, guided by scientific knowledge and democratic principles, to solve national, social, and economic problems. The progressive conservationists pushed into existence a substan
28、tial body of legislation at state and national levels that aimed at the rational management of resources. For the most part, however, these laws had more form than substance, and in practice the exploitation of nature continued and largely unchecked.By the 1920s progressivism had faded away, but its
29、 enthusiasm for scientific management and research remained active in the business community. Both the commitment to resource management research by industry and the allocation of funds to seek out untapped resources grew rapidly. Science and technology linked up more closely than before to devise m
30、eans for their exploitation.The amalgam of science, technology, and business interests not only fostered the continued growth of older industries, but also spawned new industries that fostered economic expansion at great environmental cost. The development of electric power raised manufacturing prod
31、uctivity and the material standard of living, but also polluted the air through the combustion of fossil fuels in huge amounts. The spread of automotive transportation entailed mobility and productivity, but exacted the price of long-term environmental costs, voracious energy consumption, and exprop
32、riation of land for railways. The multifaceted petrochemical industry listed among its benefits better agricultural productivity from the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but contributed heavily to air, water, and soil pollution. The aviation industry promoted mobility and cohesion within
33、 the nation and helped to end American isolation from the rest of the world, but promoted a new dimension of air and noise pollution, energy demands, and pressure on scarce land in urban areas for airports.American urbanization and industrialization continued to accelerate between World War I and th
34、e 1970s, with only a temporary slump in the depression era. Demand for iron, steel, coal, oil, gas, water, and food rocked ahead during these years, stimulated particularly by the economic growth associated with World War II. By the 1970s the industrial might of the United States was an overpowering
35、 national and global reality. With six percent of the worlds people, it consumes annually some thirty-five percent of the worlds available resources, while generating proportionate burdens of harmful wastes. While Americans have been proud of their technical and industrial preeminence, it was only i
36、n the 1950s that persuasive environmental thinking began to remind them that being an economic superpower is a mixed blessing with profound ecological consequences.1.The Americans have always believed that the United States （ ）.2.Progress in environmental protection in the United States would not ha
37、ve been possible if it had not been for （ ）.3.The authors attitude towards environmental laws and regulations in the United States is （ ）.4.In paragraph 3, the author tries to account for （ ）in the United States.5.The last sentence of the passage means that （ ）.问题1选项A.has the largest land area in th
38、e worldB.enjoys inexhaustible resourcesC.is a democracy that is celebrated by other countriesD.will develop a conservation movement before the prodding of professional resource managers and politicians问题2选项A.the commitments of key professionals and politiciansB.hard evidences of environmental degrad
39、ationC.the prevalent political ideologyD.all the above问题3选项A.criticalB.misleadingC.positiveD.neutral问题4选项A.the decline of progressivismB.continued technological and economic advancesC.worsening ecological conditionsD.the contributions of resources in industrial growth问题5选项A.economic progress has tak
40、en a serious toll on ecology in the United StatesB.the economic status of the United States is a blessingC.the Americans should be reminded of the need to protect natureD.the United States needs to conduct profound ecological research【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章开头，“Americans have ce
41、lebrated and largely taken for granted the seemingly endless bounty of their land.”，可知美国人庆祝并且理所当然地认为他们的土地资源似乎无穷无尽。可推断出美国人始终相信，他们的可以享受无穷无尽的资源。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Not until the early twentieth century did a significant conservation movement develop before the prodding of professional resource man
42、agers”，可知专业资深管理人员发起了进步运动。以及下文提到一些进步主义者提出制定法律对资源进行合理利用。选项A和C符合题意。又根据文章第二段和第三段提到了美国的环境问题，可知环境退化已经具有了确凿的证据，选项B符合题意。所以A，B，C三项都包括，选项D符合题意。3.作者态度题。根据文章第一段最后一句，“these laws had more form than substance, and in practice the exploitation of nature continued and largely unchecked.”，可知作者认为这些法律的形式多于实质，在实践中，对自然的剥
43、削仍在继续，而且没有受到限制。所以作者对美国环保法律法规的态度是批判的。选项A符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“The amalgam of science, technology, and business interests not only fostered the continued growth of older industries, but also spawned new industries that fostered economic expansion at great environmental cost.”，可知科学、技术和商业利益的融合不仅促进了老工业的持续增
44、长，而且还催生了以环境问题为代价的促进经济扩张的新工业。下文继续举例说明了一些工业和经济的发展给环境带来了巨大的破坏。可推断出作者在第三段主要是解释了美国环境恶化的原因。选项C符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“it was only in the 1950s that persuasive environmental thinking began to remind them that being an economic superpower is a mixed blessing with profound ecological consequences.”，可知直到20世纪50年代
45、有说服力的环境思想才开始提醒他们，成为一个经济超级大国是一件喜忧参半的事情，经济的发展同时也带来了严重的生态环境问题。可推断出经济的发展对美国的生态环境造成了严重的破坏。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题This emphasis on an English tradition has come under continuous attack during the last twenty years or so; during their undergraduate training many young teachers of English will have discussed the as
46、sumptions that underlie such concern for our cultural （ ）.问题1选项A.inhabitantsB.heritageC.inheritorsD.hereditary【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。inhabitant “居民”，heritage “遗产；传统；继承权”，inheritor “继承人；后继者”，hereditary “遗传类”。句意：在他们的本科培训中，许多年轻的英语老师将讨论这些假设，这些假设是我们对文化传统关心的基础。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题Comtes philosophical successor, who carried on both his phenomenalist and presentationalist philosophy into the social arena of politics and ethics, was John Stuart Mill. But first we must turn to an even greater influence on Mills views, one of the leading radical reformers
