高中英语非谓语ppt课件.ppt

非谓语动词的功能用法,NON-FINITE VERB,1.限定动词与非限定动词的区别,限定动词在句中可以充当谓语，有人称、数、时态和语态的变化,非限定动词在句中不受句子主语、人称和数的限定，不能在句中充当谓语，所以也称为非谓语动词,What he has done is disappointing and his parents feel disappointed. I like getting up very early in summer.,非限定动词 (非谓语动词) non-finite verb,不定式 (to do) infinitive,动名词 V-ing gerund,分词participle,现在分词 ing,过去分词 -ed,非谓语动词功能一览表,不定式INFINITE,3. 不定式在句中的作用：,主语,定语,表语,宾语,状语,宾补,1.不定式的形式,不定式通常由不定式符号 “to +动词原形”构成，比如动词 write 的不定式就是 to write。不定式也有时态和语态。例如:,时态,语态,不定式的形式,不定式常常带有自己的宾语，宾语+宾语补足语或状语，带有这些成分的不定式统称为“不定式结构”。,3.不定式结构,eg.He began to study Russian.,eg.He wanted to send me a gift.,eg.He began to feel sad.,eg.It continued to rain heavily.,eg.He decided to live in the countryside.,4.不定式的否定形式,不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加 not, never 等否定词。,We decided not to buy the house.,She wished never to see them again.,She was told not to be worrying any more.,I understand him not to have left here.,5.不定式结构的句法功能,不定式结构在句中可以作主语，宾语，补语，表语，定语和状语。,As the subject： (作主语，谓语用单数),eg.To give good service is our duty.,eg.To clean the room once a week is necessary.,eg.To develop agriculture is very important.,eg.To meet you is a great pleasure.,不定式作主语通常的用法是在主语的位置上放个“it”, 而把作主语的不定式结构后置。因此，以上四个句子可以分别改为：,It is our duty to give good service.,It is necessary to clean the room once a week.,It is very important to develop agriculture.,It is a great pleasure to meet you.,It is +adj.+ of/for sb. to do sth.,As the predictive (作表语),不定式作表语有两种情况:,主语和表语都是不定式,eg.To protect forests is to keep natural balance.,eg. To promise too much is to promise nothing.,主语通常是由hope, idea, job, plan, mistake, suggestion, wish, work等词充当.,eg.The poor girls wish was to buy a pair of warm shoes.,eg.His suggestion was to make a fire.,eg.What he would say was to call a meeting.,As the object: (作宾语: V+ to do) （记下！）,能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,常见的有 agree, ask, beg, begin, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, learn, like, mean, offer, plan, prefer, refuse, promise, remember, try, want, wish等.,eg.They decided to move to Shanghai immediately.,eg.She prefered to live in the countryside.,eg.The children begged to come with us.,eg. It means that every athletes should try to run faster.,eg.I have forgotten to bring my umbrella.,如果作宾语的不定式结构之后带有宾补, 就得用 “it” 作形式宾语并把不定式结构放到宾补的后面。,eg.Quite a lot of students find it difficult to master English.,eg.Do you think it possible for him to complete his studies in two years time?,作宾语用的不定式结构之前还可以带有疑问词。,eg.Have you decided when to go?,eg.The little girl forgot what to say.,eg.I dont know which to choose.,这种结构还可以在句中作直接宾语。,eg.He asked me how to pronounce the word.,eg.He didnt tell me what to do next.,eg.We showed them how to repair the car.,eg.He promised me to get a doctor for my daughter.,As the object complement: (作宾补 ) （v + sb. to do、v + sb. to be）,在主+谓+宾+宾补句型中，不定式结构可作宾语补语。,eg.She told me to get up early.,eg.Id love them to come tonight.,eg.We think him to be an outstanding scientist.,eg.I advised him to see a doctor immediately.,在 feel(一感)； hear, listen to (二听) ； let, make, have (三使)；see, notice, watch, observe，look at (五看) 等动词之后，不定式通常不带 to。 (记下！),eg.I saw a boy climb over the fence.,eg.We all felt the house shake.,eg.I wont let you go alone.,eg.We will have Tom help group A.,但若这些动词用于被动语态，其后的不定式就需要带 “to”.,eg.A boy was seen to climb to his mother.,eg.The clock was heard to strike twelve.,不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时，不定式放在被修饰词之后。不定式与所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系、动状关系。 I have a lot of work to do. (动宾关系) He is looking for a room to live in. (动状关系) He is the first person to think of the idea. (主谓关系) He has got a chance to go abroad. (同位关系) 不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时，用主动表达被动意义。 Do you have anything else to say?,(5) As the attributive: (作定语 ),eg.He worked hard to catch up with his class mates.,(6)As the adverbial(作状语),不定式作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等意义。,a.表示目的,eg.He went home to see his brother.,eg.To study the political situation in Russia, Marx began to learn Russian at the age of fifty.,为了加强语势，不定式结构还可以用 in order to /so as to 来引导。,eg.The old man put on his glasses in order to /so as to see the object more clearly.,eg.In order to get the money for higher education, he did a lot of odd jobs.,b.表示结果,不定式结构表示结果常用于下列形式：,eg.He is so careless as to get everything out of order.,eg.He is such a fool as to think that everybody else is afraid of him.,eg.Its too late for us to go home.,eg.She was too tired to work on.,此外，还可以在句尾用(only) to表示一种出乎预料的（通常是不愉快的）结果。,eg.I hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.,eg.He got to the airport (only) to be told that the flight was cancelled.,c.表示原因,eg.He was sad to hear the news.,eg.She seemed surprised to meet us.,eg.Im sorry to have made the mistake.,eg.Im glad for you to have finished the work so soon.,(7) 其他用法,To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.,to make matters worse to be frank/honest,be to blame， be to let(出租) the last one to arrive,各种省略to的不定式结构 不定式符号to的保留问题 （五三P65）,eg.I have a lot of work to do.,eg.She has no need to be worrying.,eg.He is said to have left Shanghai.,eg.The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic.,2.不定式的时态:,3.不定式的语态：,The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.,They were all waiting for the gate to be opened.,He is sure to have been taught by a good musician.,Im sorry for the article not to have been finished in time.,一.不定式的复合结构,1.一般来说,动词不定式的逻辑主语就是句中的主语.,I am sorry to hear that.,We need oxygen to breath.,He was seen to go out with a man.,He wants to learn English.,Some stars are too small to be seen.,This point to be explained is about the long history of iron.,2.在以“宾语不定式”的复合结构中，宾语就是不定式的逻辑主语,She wants you to call him back at 11.,I often heard him sing the song.,They want the machine to be tested at once.,3.在“ for/of ”+名词（或代词的宾格）动词不定式的结构中，“ for/of ” 后的名词（或代词的宾格）为动词不定式的逻辑主语,This is for you to decide.,I dont think it advisable(可取的） for her to study medicine,There are a lot of experiment for the students to do.,This box is too heavy for him to carry.,动名词GERUND,1.动名词的形式：,2.动名词的特征,eg.You must practise reading English aloud.,eg.Getting up early is a good habit.,动名词具有动词的特征，可以带有宾语，宾语补足语，状语等。在句中起名词的作用,3.动名词在句中的作用：,主语,定语,表语,宾语,1)动名词作主语,动名词作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念，即泛指某种行为和动作。,eg.Skating on real ice is great fun.,eg.Collecting stamps will cost you a lot of money.,eg.Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.,eg.Reading history helps broaden your world outlook.,动名词结构作主语，通常也有两种位置；一种是位于句首；另一种是用 it作形式主语，而将动名词结构后置。,eg.It is no use blaming him now.,eg.Its interesting collecting stamps.,eg.It is pleasant working with you.,eg.Its a waste of time searching for a ring in the woods.,*不定式和动名词结构都能作主语，但从语义上看，用动名词结构作主语泛指意义较强，而不定式作主语则表示具体的一次性动作。,eg.Reading novels is an enjoyment.,eg.To read this novel is my homework.,Compare:,2）动名词作表语,动名词结构作表语也是泛指意义较强，而不定式结构作表语多指具体的一次性动作。,eg.My hobby is growing flowers.,eg.My favourite sport is playing tennis.,eg.What I thought most was going to China.,Compare:,What Im going to do is to play tennis this afternoon.,What I am told to do is to go to Canada at once.,*表语往往要求在结构形式上与主语一致，如果主语是动名词结构，表语往往也要用动名词结构；主语如果是不定式结构，则表语也要求用不定式结构。,Laying down arms is giving up the revolutionary cause.,To lay arms is to give up the revolutionary cause.,Example:,3.动名词作动词宾语,有一类动词只能带动名词作宾语，不能带不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有:,avoid consider delay dislike enjoy excuse finish imagine keep mind miss practise suggest give up put off,Example:,Why do you avoid meeting George?,When can you finish writing the letter?,I have delayed my going abroad.,I dislike his coming to see me so often.,He enjoyed taking the children out for long walks.,Do you mind my opening the windows?,还有一些动词随后即可跟动名词，又可跟不定式，意义没有区别或区别不大如：,attempt begin continue hate intend,like love prefer require start,Example:,He began learning/to learn English at the age of ten.,I like playing/to play chess.,但是，也有一些动词后跟动名词结构或不定式结构则意义区别很大。,forget regret mean try,stop need require want,go on cant help remember,remember,to do,doing,forget,to do,doing,regret,to do,doing,记住要做一件事 记住过去做过的一件事,忘记要做一件事 忘记过去做过的一件事,对现在要做的事表示 遗憾 对已发生的事表示遗憾,mean,to do,doing,try,to do,doing,stop,to do,doing,表示打算做 表示意味着,表示尽力做某事 表示做某事试一试,表示停下来以便做 表示停止做,go on,to do,doing,cant help,to do,doing,need require want,to do,doing,接着做另一件事 继续做一直在做的事,不能帮助做谋事 禁不住做某事,主语是不定式动作的执行者 主语是-ing动作的承受者,used to do,be used to doing,be afraid,to do,doing,过去经常做（现在已不做) 习惯于做某事,表示不敢做某事 表示害怕 担心会,Example:,I remembered putting the book on the shelf.,I remembered to put the book on the shelf.,He tried writing with his left hand.,He tried to write with his left hand.,动名词作介词宾语,动名词结构作介词宾语相当于名词词组或名词性从句。,eg.She is fond of playing tennis.,eg.I have never heard of his buying a new house.,*在一定的上下文中，动名词结构作宾语的介词常可省略。,eg.Do you have any difficulty (in) finding his house.,eg.What is the use (of) pretending to know everything?,4.动名词作定语,动名词作定语通常表示被修饰词的用途。,a swimming pool = a pool for swimming,a sleeping car = a car for sleeping,5.动名词的时态和语态,1)动名词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或之后发生用一般式。,eg.They are all interested in climbing mountains.,2)动名词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用完成式。,eg.I regret having made such a mistake.,eg.I apologize for not having kept my promise.,3)如果动名词与逻辑主语是被动关系，用被动式。,eg.He entered the office without being asked.,eg.She remembered having been taken to Paris.,5.动名词的否定形式,not doing,not having done,not having been done,not being done,eg.Writing to her without getting a reply is better than not writing to her at all.,eg.He regretted not having written to her.,6.动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构是由ones/one + v-ing 构成。,当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，应用复合结构。,Example:,Do you mind my smoking here?,His coming to school late made the teacher very angry.,*如果在句中作宾语，复合结构中的代词可以用宾格。,eg.I dislike him coming to see me so often.,eg.I have delayed me going abroad.,分词PARTICIPLE,分词,现在分词v.+ing,过去分词v.+ed,1.分词的特征,分词也具有动词的特征，可以带有宾语，宾语补足语，状语等。在句中起形容词或副词的作用,I hesitated a long time thinking how I should use it.,I saw him working in the field.,2.现在分词的形式：,语态,时态,3.分词在句中的作用：,表语,定语,状语,宾语补语,4.分词在句中作表语,1) 现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征（与句子的主语是主动关系）,eg. The book is interesting. eg. The situation is encouraging.,2) 过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态 （与句子的主语是被动关系）,eg. The door remained locked.,eg. She looked disappointed.,5.分词在句中作定语,a) 单个分词作定语应放在被修饰词前面,eg. The dying boy asked his father two questions.,eg. The injured man is a bus driver.,b) 分词短语作定语应放在所修饰词的后面,eg. The key lost by my little sister has been found.,eg. The man injured in the accident is a bus driver.,c)现在分词作定语与被修饰词为主动关系,d)过去分词作定语与被修饰词是被动关系,eg. Do you know the woman talking to Tom?,eg. This is a broken glass.,e)如果分词为不及物动词则表示完成的意思,eg. The ground was covered by fallen leaves.,eg. Children should drink boiled water.,f)分词作定语与一个定语从句所表示的意思差不多。,eg. Who is the man standing by the door?,=Who is the man that is standing by the door?,6.分词在句中作宾补,a.现在分词作宾补主要出现在下列词后：,find, leave, keep, have, get, see, hear, watch, notice, feel observe, look at, listen to,b.现在分词作宾补时，分词与宾语是主动关系，如果是被动关系应用过去分词：,I saw him working in the field.,I found the man lying on the floor.,He got his tooth pulled out.,3)如果是不及物动词过去分词则表示这一动作已经完成,eg. When I woke up, I found him gone.,6.分词结构作状语：,分词结构作状语，可表示时间,原因，条件，让步，伴随和补充说明等，这时分词结构相当于一个状语从句。,* 用分词作状语时，它的意义上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致,*用分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语是主动关系用现在分词，是被动关系用过去分词。,1)时间状语：,eg. Crossing the road, he was run over by a car.,=While he was crossing the road, he was run over by a car.,分词结构作时间状语相当于 when,while 等连词引导的从句,当-ing分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时，作状语的分词应用完成式 having +过去词。,eg. Having done their home-work , the students left the classroom.,*having been done 是现在分词的完成被动式（当分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，并且与句子的主语是被动关系时，就该用-ing分词的完成被动式,eg. Having been wounded by the noble, the boy died a few days later.,=After he had been wounded by the noble, the boy died a few days later.,分词结构作原因状语相当于一个表示原因的状语从句。,eg. Not knowing English, he could not understand the film.,=As he didnt know English, he could not understand the film.,2)原因状语:,eg. Having lived in Shanghai many years, he knows the place well.,=As he has lived in Shanghai many years, he knows the place well.,eg. Born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.,eg. Not knowing his address, we couldnt get in touch with him.,=We couldnt get in touch with him because we didnt know his address.,分词结构作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句,eg. Given more time, we could do it better.,=If we were given more time, we could do it better.,3)条件状语：,eg. Working hard, you will do well in your exams.,eg. Turning to the left, you will see the post office.,分词结构作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句,eg. Working hard all the year round, the poor peasant couldnt afford to send his children to school.,4)让步状语,eg.Weighing almost one hundred jin, the box was lifted by him with one hand.,=Though it weighed almost one hundred jin, the box was lifted by him with one hand.,分词结构作伴随或附加说明状语具有以下特点：,b.分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作是同时发生,a.分词表示主语的一个动作,5)伴随或附加说明状语：,c.分词表示的动作是对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明。通常放在句子的后部，相当于一个并列的谓语。,eg.The six blind men stood all day by the roadside, begging for money.,=The six bland man stood all day by the roadside and begged for money.,eg. They went out, locking the door.,=They went out and locked the door.,5.现在分词的否定形式,not doing,not having done,not having been done,not being done,Not knowing how to work out the problem, he went to ask the teacher.,Not having received her letter for several month, he wrote again.,6.分词独立结构,分词作状语时,有时其逻辑主语与句中的主语不一致,它可以有自己的逻辑主语.该逻辑主语通常用名词或代词的主格表示,放在分词的前面.,构成”名词 (或代词主格) + 分词”的结构,称为分词独立结构.该结构通常修饰整个句子,表示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况.,The problem having been solved, we ended the meeting.(=having solved the problem, we ended the meeting.,The rain having ruined her cap, she had to buy a new one.,The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.,He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.,注意:分词独立结构主要用于描绘性文字中;口语中用状语从句或并列句更自然些.,分词独立结构前面有时带有 “with/without”, 构成” with/without +宾语(名词或代词)”结构, 表示伴随情况.,With him staying here in the house, I felt quite safe.,He lay in his bed with eyes closed.,