1、嘉莉妹妹是德莱塞的第一部小说，小说以19世纪末20世纪初美国为背景，展示了当时美国社会经历的巨大变革，讲述了贫困的农村少女嘉莉如何从社会底层登上百老汇明星宝座的过程。本论文主要运用美国著名社会心理学家埃里克森的青春期阶段的认同危机理论分析女主人公嘉莉所经历的认同危机。埃里克森认为，人的自我意识的形成和发展可以划分为八个阶段，期中第五个阶段即青春期阶段，主要表现为自我同一性和角色混乱的冲突。在这一阶段,青少年面临许多新的选择机会和社会要求。如果能顺利完成角色转换，则能建立新的身份认同，相反则会造成角色混乱。本文分为三章，从自我、他人、社会的角度分析嘉莉妹妹的认同危机，由被动到主动，最后成功解决成
2、为一位独立的人。借此希望通过对小说主人公嘉莉的分析，能够使读者对青春期阶段的认同危机有一个更加清晰、全面的了解，帮助尤其是青少年阶段的读者更顺利完成角色转换，度过危机，实现自我的成长和发展。关键词：嘉莉妹妹；认同危机；埃里克森；发展AbstractSisterCarrieisthefirstnovelbyTheodoreDreiser.ItshowsthegreatchangesofAmericansocietyattheturnofthe19thandthe20lhcenturiesbydepicitingthestoryofhowCarrie,apoorcountrygirl,become
3、safamousstarinBroadway.ThisthesisattemptstoapplyAmericansocialpsychologistErikson,sidentitycrisistheorytoanalyzetheprotagonistCarne,sidentitycrisis.Eriksondividesselfconsciousnessintoeightstages,thefifthofwhichbeingtheadolescencestage,orthestageofegoidentityversusidentitydiffusion.Itisastage,inwhich
4、theadolescentsattempttoexplorewhotheyareandwhotheyaregoingtobe.Inthisstage,theadolescentsarefacedwithmanynewchoicesandsocialrequirements.Onlythroughsuccessfultransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthoodcantheyformanewselfidentity.Otherwise,theywilldevelopsomekindofroleconfusion.Thispaperisdividedintothreechap
5、ters.Fromtheperspectiveofself,othersandsociety,Carriesistersidentitycrisisisanalyzedfrompassivetoinitiative,andfinallysuccessfullyresolvedtobecomeanindependentperson.HopethatthroughtheanalysisoftheprotagonistCarrie,canmakereadershaveaclearerandmorecomprehensiveunderstandingoftheidentitycrisisinthead
6、olescentstage,especiallyyoungreadershelpstagemoresmoothlythroughthecrisis,roletransformation,selfgrowthanddevelopment.Keywords:SisterCanie;Identitycrisis;Erickson;developmentContentsAbstractinChineseAbstractinEnglishIntroduction0Chapter 1 e1Carrie,sIdentityCrisisinEgo2A. EnvironmentalTransition2B. C
7、onceptionalConflict4Chapter 2 o6Carrie,sIdentityCrisisinAssociation6A.Carrie,sEstrangementwithFamily6B.Carrie,sAttitudetowardsLove6ChapterThree8Carrie,sIdentityCrisisinSociety8A.DegenerationfromToil8B.AwarenessafterDepravity8Conclusion10Notes11Bibliography12Acknowledgments13IntroductionPersonalident
8、ityisthecognitionofoneself.Itisaboutthesamenessofonesexistence.Inpersonalitystudies,identitymeansonesessentialandcontinuousself.Inphilosophy,identityisalsocalledsameness,anditiswhatevermakesanentitydefinableandrecognizable.Insocialsciencessuchaspsychologyandsociology,identityisanunbrellateenusedtode
9、scribeindividuality,personalidentity,socialidentity,andculturalidentityofagivenpersonorcharacter.Identityisanissuedevelopedwithmodernity,whichembodiestheresolutionoftraditionandthedrasticchangeoflife.Withthedevelopmentofsociety,peoplesidentitiesthatoncewereconstanthavebecomenon-stationary.Asaresult,
10、everyoneisfacedwiththeproblemofreselectingtheiridentities.Identityisanissuethroughoutlifeandquiteconspicuousinadolescence.Adolescenceisthekeystageofidentityinwhichtheadolescentshavetoassumenewrolesandresponsibilitiesalongwiththechangesinthebodyandmind.Onlythroughtheitrgrationofthesenewroleswitholdro
11、lescanoneformacompleteandcoordinatedidentityinordertoavoididentitydiffusion.TheodoreDreiserisoneofthemostprominentwritersofthe20thcenturyAmericanliterature.Heisregardedasanoutstandingfigureinanationalliterarymovement,andasanaturalistandapioneerofAmericanmodemnovels.Hisworksareclosetopeopleslife,hone
12、st,boldandfullofpassion.AsaforerunneroftheAmericanmodernnovel,hebroketheimportantroleintimidandgenteeltraditionoftheVictorianperiodandplayedanintroducinganewRealismintoAmericanfiction.HesufferednumerouscondemnationsespeciallyforSisterCarrie.Hedepictstheinnerspiritualworldoftheadolescentsandidentifie
13、scloselywithhischaracters.Inafairlycharacteristiclanguage.Heportraystheinnerstruggleofyoungpeopleandcriticizesthecorruptingworld.Despitetheirowncharacteristics,hisnovelsarenotmovingawayfromthethemeofSisterCarrie:peoplesclothes,theirspeechandphysicalexercise.Theindustrialsociety.theplaceofwomen,andth
14、eshapingpowerofonesvision.InSisterCarrie,Dreiserrepresentstheresistanceoftheprotagonistaswellaswhatshesuffersintheprocessofhergrowthfromadolescencetoadulthood.Inthisnovel,theambivalentprotagonistendeavorstoknowherselfanddefineherownidentityinaworldfullofdanger.Bythisnovel,Dreisertoucheduponawiderang
15、eofthemesandexperiences,fromgrindingpovertytoupper-middleclasscomfort,whichchallengedthemainstreamideologyofthe20,hcentury.ThisthesisshallinvestigateintoCame,sidentitycrisisbytryingtoapproachthenovelfromErikEriksonsidentitytheorywhichistobebrieflydiscussedinthefirstchapterinrelationtoSisterCarriespe
16、rsonalitydevelopmentontheonehandand,ontheother,inhopeofbuildingupakindoftheoreticalfoundationforasubstantialanalysisofCamesidentitycrisis.Chapterstwo,threeandfourshallfocusonCame,sidentitycrisisitself,includingitscauses,itsmanifestations,anditsfinaloutcome,respectively.Foritscourses,thisthesisshalla
17、nalyzetheindifferenceamongpeople,Camesspiritualalienation,andMinniesresponsetoCarrie.Formanifestation,thisthesisshallconcentrateonCamesnegativeidentity,includingheruseofherbodyformaterialinterest,andherintendedphysicalandspiritualalienation.Then,inthelastchapter,thethesisshallinterpretthetransitiont
18、hathappenstoCarrie,makingherawareofreallifeandepiphanywhichhasfinallyhelpedhertofindhertrueidentity.ThisthesischoosesTheodoreDreiser,sSisterCarrieasthecriticalobjectbecauseDreiserpresentshisprotagonistveryrealistically.Byexploringtheprotagonistsinnerworldintheprocessofhersearchingforhertrueidentity,
19、thisstudyintendstohelpreaders,especiallythosewhoareinthesamesituationastheprotagonist,toknowthemselvesandtheworldatlarge,withthehopethattheycandevelopapositiveattitudetofacethesetbackanddifficultiesinlife.ChapterOneCarrie5SIdentityCrisisinEgoA. EnvironmentalTransitionFeminismisamodemterm.Itisaconsci
20、ouslyheldideologywhichopposesconsciouslyheldideologiesthatmaintaintheprimacyofmasculineauthorityandpower.Feminismisapoliticalperceptionbasedontwopremises.Firstly,genderisthefoundationofastructuralinequalitybetweenwomenandmen,bywhichwomensuffersystematicsocialinjustice.Secondly,theinequalitybetweenth
21、esexesisnottheresultofnecessitybutisproducedbytheculturalconstructionofgenderdifferences.Thisperceptionprovidesfeminismwithitsdoubleagenda:tounderstandthesocialandpsychicmechanismsthatconstructandperpetuategenderinequalityandthentochangethem.Actuallywomenhavesufferedfromalongtraditionofwhatisgeneral
22、lycalledttbiologicalessentialism”,thatisthebeliefthatawomans,natureisaninevitableconsequenceofherreproductiverole.Whatisnaturaloressentialcannotbechangedinthewaythatsocialattributesofcharactercan,henceifbiologywereactuallytorenderwomenmoresubmissiveandlessadventurousthanmentherewouldbelittlethatanyo
23、necoulddoaboutit.Thiskindofessentialargumenthasbeenusedthroughouthistoryandacrosssocietiestojustifywomenssubordination,eventhoughwhaareconsideredtobeessentially,feminine,rcharacteristicsvaryfromculturetoculture.SimonedeBeauvoirinTheSecondSex,arevolutionarymasterpiece,pointsoutaconceptionofothemess.W
24、omanfunctionsastheotherwhichallowsmentoconstructappositiveself-identityasmasculine.Andbecausewhatisotherdoesnothaveidentityinitsownright,itoftenactsasanemptyspacetobeascribedwhatevermeaningsthedominantgroupchooses.Thuswomenarefrailnotstrong,emotionalnotrational,eldingnotvirile,sothatwomencanbedefine
25、dasthosepositivequalities.Inotherwords,byseeingasothertothemselves,asnot-men,mencanreadintofemininity,whateverqualitiesareneededtoconstructtheirsenseofthemasculine.Sincemensculturaldominanceistheviewsofmenaretakenastheuniversalhumanviewofthings,itisimportanttorecognizethatthefocusoffeministstudiesis
26、thisinstitutionalizedmaleoperatingthroughsocialstructureslikethelaw,education,employment,religion,thefamilyandculturalpractices.NoneoftheseistobeexplainedSimplisticallyintermsofconsciousintent,ofill-willorofconspiracyofindividualmenorevengroupsofmen.Theseself-sustainingstructuresofpower,bymeansofwhi
27、chwomensinterestsarealwaysultimatelysubordinatedtomaleinterests,constitutethesocialorderknownasttpalriarchy,adesignationwhichappliestoalmostallhumansocieties,pastandpresent.Contemporaryfeministstudiesundergothreestages,whicharereflectedbythreeterms“female,feminineandfeminist”.Ofthethree,“female”desi
28、gnatesbiologicalsex,femininereferstoculturalconceptionsofgenderandfeministinvolvespoliticalperceptionsandaims.Nowthecurrentfeministmovementisexperiencingthethirdphase.Feministtheoryistheextensionoffeminismintotheoreticalorphilosophicaldiscourse.Ilaimstounderstandthenatureofgenderinequality.Itexamine
29、swomen,ssocialroles,experience,interests,andfeministpoliticsinavarietyoffields,suchasanthropologyandsociology,communication,psychoanalysis,economics,literature,education,andphilosophy.Feministtheoryfocusesonanalyzinggenderinequality.Themesexploredinfeminismincludediscrimination,objectification(espec
30、iallysexualobjectification),oppression,patriarchy,stereotyping,arthistoryandcontemporaryart,andaesthetics.Feministtheoriesfirstemergedasearlyas1792inpublicationssuchasAVindicationoftheRightsofWomanbyMaryWollstonecraft,“TheChangingWoman,Ain,taWoman,uSpeechafterArrestforIllegalVbtingw,andsoon.TheChang
31、ingWoman”isaNavajoMyththatgavecredittoawomanwho,intheend,populatedtheworld.In1851,SqjournerTruthaddressedwomen,srightsissuesthroughherpublication,“Ain,11aWoman.wSojournerTruthaddressedtheissueofwomenhavinglimitedrightsduetomen,sflawedperceptionofwomen.Trutharguedthatifawomanofcolorcanperform(askstha
32、tweresupposedlylimitedtomen,thenanywomanofanycolorcouldperformthosesametasks.Afterherarrestforillegallyvoting,SusanB.Anthonygaveaspeechwithincourtinwhichsheaddressedtheissuesoflanguagewithintheconstitutiondocumentedinherpublication,4*SpeechafterArrestforIllegalvotingnin1872.Anthonyquestionedtheautho
33、ritativeprinciplesoftheconstitutionanditsmalegenderedlanguage.Sheraisedthequestionofwhywomenareaccountabletobepunishedunderlawbuitheycannotusethelawfortheirownprotection(womencouldnotvote,ownproperty,northemselvesinmarriage).Shealsocritiquedtheconstitutionforitsmalegenderedlanguageandquestionedwhywo
34、menshouldhavetoabidebylawsthatdonotspecifywomen.SinceCarrietakesthejob,shewillgooutorlingerinthestreetafterworktowindow-shopandenjoythefascinatingcityscene.Butthistemporaryjobdoesntlastlong.Afewdaysaftersheworksintheshoefactory,sheisstruckwithillnessandisfired.Thejust-found-physiologicalsecurityhasb
35、eenshattered.Wherecanshego?Fromwhomcansheseekhelpandcomfort?BythistimetheHansonshavebeenrathercoldtoherandshehasobviouslybeenaburdentothem.NowCarrieissomewhatdespaired,butbyaccidentsheencountersDrouetinthestreet.DrouetisjustliketheSataninthegardenofEden,whoplaystheroleofSedUCtion”(蒋，127).Outofthecro
36、wdedseaoffacesheappears,asifbymagic,andheimmediatelyrecognizesCarrie.Atthatdepressingperiod,Carriedoesntunderstandthetruemeaningofmoney.Infactmoneyis,primarilystandsforandshouldonlybeacceptedasamoraldue-thatitshouldbepaidoutashonestlystoredenergy,andnotasausurpedprivilege1.(57)ButasforCarrie,herunde
37、rstandingofmoneyissomethingeverybodyelsehasandshemustget.Inheropinion,shewouldhavebeencontenttobecastawayuponadesertislandwithabundleofmoney,andonlythelongstrainofstarvationwouldhavetaughtherthatinsomecasesitcouldhavenovalue.WhenCarriearrivesathersistershome,shefeelsimmediatelyhersistersleanandnarro
38、wlife.LaterHansonsindifferencetoherarrivalmakesCarrieboredtodeathtostayinhishouse;Hansonisacold-blooded,poorlypaidandunknownclerk,withhislifebeingwrappedupinatedioustrilogy-gettingupprettyearly,readingnewspaper,andtrickinghis.belovedlittlebabywhoseemstobetheonlythingthatmakes“apleasantsidetohisnatur
39、e”.AfterCarriesarrival,shebecomesdeeplyconcernedwithnothingelsebutherjob,becauseitisherjobthatguaranteesthepayforherboard.Relyingonthepoorwages,HansonsliferiddledbypovertyisrepletewithdullnessandmonotonyandhisHouseisscarcelypaidvisitbyhisfriends,relatives,orcolleagues.Throughyearsofworkingunderpress
40、ure,Hansonhasdevelopedamorbiditydisposition.Carrieadmiresfreedominnature.Soshetriesherbesttofindajobtorealizeherdream:Firstsheisfacedwiththeverybasicneedforliving.AccordingtothehumanistictheoristAbrahamMallow,humanneedscanbearrangedinahierarchyrangingfromthemostnecessaryrequirementforsurvivalatthebo
41、ttomtothemostprofoundexpressionsofhumanpotential;self-actualizationatthelop.Secondly,peopleadoptadoublestandardtojudgemanandwoman.Socialmoresisoftenmorestrictwithwomenthanwithmen.Thatis,womenaremorelikelytobeblamedbythepublicwhilemeninthesimilarsituationscouldeasilybeforgiven.Manyemployersrefusewome
42、nemployees.SoitisverydifficultforCarrietofindajob,especiallywhensheislackingofexperiencesrelated.Andforthosewhoarewillingtohirewomen,veryfewofthemadmittheirworkingabilitiesandtreatthemequallywithmaleworkers.B. ConceptionalConflictAtthebeginning,Carriehasconventionalmoralconcept.Herconventionalmorali
43、tyisadurance,makinghersufferingalot.Herinnerconflictbetweentraditionalmoralvalueandconsumerethicbringshernothingbutpain.Whenshelosesthejobandhastogohome,Drouet,smoneysurelyplaysaveryimportanceroleinpreventingthat.However,whenshetakesawaythemoneyofDrouet,s,thefeelingofashamedattacksher.Fromaperspecti
44、veofconventionalviewconcerningtheconceptofmoney,uprimarilystandsforandshouldonlybeacceptedasamoralduethatitshouldbepaidoutashonestlystoredenergy,andnotasausurpedprivilege.,(Dreiser57)Consequently,whenshetakestheDrouet,smoney,“theconsciousnessofshameattackshertosomeextent,andthenshebecomessoweaktotak
45、eil.”(Dreiser58)Withthedisgraceofbeingimmoralinmind,Carrietriestochangethesituationbutinvain,whichcausesnothingsmorethataplethoraofsuffering.Andthen,shecohabitwithDrouet,Carrieisstillconstantlytorturedbytheself-sufferingofmorality.ShelookedintoherglassandsawaprettierCarriethanshehadseenbefore;sheloo
46、kedintohermind,amirrorpreparedofherownandthewholeworld,sopinions,andsawaworse.Betweenthesetwoimagesshewavered,hesitatingwhichtobelieve.0(Dreiser80)Shethinksherbehaviornotgoodandisstillbotheredwiththeproblemofmoral.ThisresultsthedesiringofmarriagefromCame,shebelievesthatshewillbesavedherfromawkwardsi
47、tuation,inasense,shetreatedthemarriageasachanceforhertoattuneheractionswithmorality.Thus,sheinsistentlyhopesthatDrouetwouldliketoproposemarrytoher,andthenareasonandthen,thereisreasonandexcuseforhertofeeleasefbrherdiscomfort.WhenshebeginstodatewithHurstwood,shethinks,“IseemtobegettingVerybad.It,swron
48、gtoactasIdo,Iknow.,(Dreiser113)ShealsoimposesthedesiringofmarriageonHurstwood,andconstantlyurgeshimtodothat.Inherconventionalmorality,marriagewilldefinitelyrenderheralegitimatestatus,whichmightleavevariouskindsofreasonsforhertoexplainherimmoralbehavior.Therefore,bythetimeDrouetfindstheaffairofCarrie
49、andHurstwood,andinstantlytellsCarriethetruththatHurstwoodhasmarried,boththewshameofexposure,andshameatHurstwd,sperfidy,attacksher(Dreiser175),soshedecidestoendtheiraffair.WhenHurstwoodhasdeceivedhertoelopewithhimandtoldherthetruth,Carriethinks,Itsashamewandaerring,.Allthesethingsshowthatsheisstillbotheredwithandsufferingfromtheconflictresultedfromthebondageofconventionalmorality.ChapterTwoCarrie,sIden
