1、2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Charles Weiss, programme director of science and international affairs at Georgetown University in Washington D.C, was the banks science adviser in the early 1980s. He believes this latest attempt to get the bank thinking about science has more chance of succe
2、eding than his own efforts. This, he says, is partly because they have the support of senior executives, particularly James Wolfensohn, the banks president and partly because the bank is now keen to promote knowledge-based development.Unusually for a lending institution, the World Bank possesses wor
3、ld-class expertise on the projects and the regions where it lends money. Of its 8,000 staff, 3000 have a PhD-level qualification, and many of these are top-ranked researchers headhunted from universities. The quantity and quality of the banks research is consistently high.But this more analytical as
4、pect of the banks work has always been overshadowed by its lending arm -known as operations -which has generally considered research to be a function of lending, rather than an activity in its own right. In 1987, half of the research staff were sent to work in operations.This tension between the res
5、earch and lending wings remains, and is one of several challenges that will need to be overcome if the new strategy is to bear fruit. In particular, the need for a new department for science is being questioned by some who do not want to see science confined to a ghetto and think it should be part o
6、f the lending portfolio of all of the banks departments.Some Operations staff have yet to be convinced of the merits of raising the banks research profile or funding research in developing countries. They believe that more attention should be paid to conventional infrastructure needs in poorer count
7、ies which, because of low credit ratings, will have little access to private capital.The reaction from developing countries will be an important test of the new strategy. The richer countries of Southeast Asia, Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East are likely to be more receptive than poor
8、er countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the bank is not popular, and where almost 50 percent of bank-assisted projects have failed during this decade.1.Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 1?2.We can infer from the passage that （ ）.3.One of the challenges for raising
9、 the banks research profile lies in （ ）.4.The word“infrastructure” （Paragraph 5） most probably refers to （ ）.5.The best title of the passage maybe “（ ）”.问题1选项A.The World Bank used to attach importance to research in the early 1980s.B.The banks senior executives are in favor of Charles Weisss promoti
10、onC.The bank is now keen to establish a new department for scienceD.James Wolfensohn is thinking about utilizing the banks research resources.问题2选项A.top-ranked researchers were eager to work in operationsB.the new strategy has had a successful result in some developed countries.C.the lending wing is
11、 reluctant to consider research as an independent activityD.science has long been overshadowed because the banks research work was not efficient问题3选项A.lack of investment in scienceB.the reaction from senior executivesC.the lending wings negative attitudeD.low credit ratings问题4选项A.the basic facilitie
12、s, services, and installationsB.the interrelation or arrangement of parts in a complex entityC.an underlying base or foundationD.something constructed问题5选项A.Research Portfolio of the World BankB.A New Strategy of the World BankC.Tension Between Two wingsD.Lending Operations in Developing Countries【答
13、案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:判断推理题。A: 世界银行在20世纪80年代早期习惯于重视研究。第一段指出：He believes this latest attempt to get the bank thinking about science has more chance of succeeding than his own efforts（他相信，让世界银行思考科学的最新尝试比他自己的努力更有可能成功）。由此可知A项不符合原文所述。B: 银行的高级管理人员赞成提拔查尔斯韦斯。此选项中的查尔斯韦斯并未在第一段中提及。C:世界银行现在渴望为科学建立一
14、个新部门。第一段确实提及：the bank is now keen to promote knowledge-based development（世界银行现在渴望推动基于知识的发展），但并不能说明C项正确。D:詹姆斯沃尔芬森正在考虑利用世界银行的研发资源。因此，本题选D。第2题:判断推理题。A:顶级研究人员渴望在运营部门工作，文章并未提及此项。B:这一新战略在一些发达国家取得了成功。第四段指出: if the new strategy is to bear fruit (如果新的战略要取得成果)，以及最后一段指出：The reaction from developing countries w
15、ill be an important test of the new strategy（来自发展中国家的反应将是对新战略的一个重要测试）。由此可知，新战略还未取得任何成果，因此B项错误。C: 放贷部门不情愿将研究当成是一个独立的活动。第三段指出：.which has generally considered research to be a function of lending, rather than an activity in its own rights（世界银行的放贷部门）认为研究是放贷的一个功能而不是一个独立的活动）。因此C项正确。.D:世界银行的研发工作不够，文章并未提及此项
16、因此本题选C。第3题:细节事实题。第五段指出：They believe that more attention should be paid to conventional infrastructure needs（他们认为应该更多关注传统性的基础设施需要）。因此可知放贷部门对研究持消极态度，这种态度明显对提升银行研究关注度构成了挑战，因此C项正确。第4题:词义题。“infrastructure”所在句为：They believe that more attention should be paid to conventional infrastructure needs in poorer
17、 counties which, because of low credit ratings, will have little access to private capital （他们认为，应该更多地关注贫困县的传统需求，因为这些县的信用评级较低，很难获得私人资本）。由此可知，infrastructure needs是指代“基础设施需求”。故选A项“基本的设施、服务和设备”。第5题:主旨大意题。全文主要内容是:世界银行正研究投资，后面讲了此研究的原因以及面临的挑战。因此，A项 “世界银行的研究投资组合”比较适合做文章标题。2. 单选题The travel agency has a full
18、 program of（ ）, if tourists wish to visit local places of interest.问题1选项A.expeditionsB.excursionsC.explorationsD.propositions【答案】B【解析】句意:如果游客想游览当地的名胜古迹，旅行社有一套完整的短途旅行计划。考查名词辨析。expedition 远征，探险;excursion 远足，短程旅行;exploration 探测；proposition 命题，提议。根据 “当地的名胜古迹”可知四个选项中，B项正确。3. 单选题We do a lot of collective
19、thinking, probably more than any other social species, although it goes on in something like secrecy. We dont acknowledge the gift publicly, and we are not as celebrated as the insects, but we do it. Effortlessly without giving it a moments thought, we are capable of changing our language, music, ma
20、nners, morals, entertainment, even the way we dress, all around the earth in a years turning. We seem to do this by general agreement, without voting or even polling. We simply think our way along, pass information around, exchange codes disguised as art, change our minds, and transform ourselves.Co
21、mputers cannot deal with such levels of improbability, and it is just as well. Otherwise, we might be tempted to take over the control of ourselves in order to make long-range plans, and that would surely be the end of us. It would mean that some group or other, marvelously intelligent and superbly
22、informed, undoubtedly guided by a computer, would begin deciding what human society ought to be like, say, over the next five hundred years or so, and the rest of us would be persuaded, one way or another, to go along. The process of social evolution would then grind to a standstill, and wed be stuc
23、k in todays rut for a millennium.Much better we work our way out of it on our own without governance. The future is too interesting and dangerous to be entrusted to any predictable, reliable agency. We need all the fallibility we can get. Most of all, we need to preserve the absolute unpredictabilit
24、y and total improbability of our connected minds. That way we can keep open all the options, as we have in the past.It would be nice to have better ways of monitoring what were up to so that we could recognize change while it is occurring, instead of waking up as we do now to the astonished realizat
25、ion that the whole century just past wasnt what we thought it was at all. Maybe computers can be used to help in this, although I rather doubt it. You can make simulation models of cities, but what you learn is that they seem to be beyond the reach of intelligent analysis; if you try to use common s
26、ense to make predictions; things get more botched up than ever. This is interesting, since a city is the most concentrated aggregation of humans, all exerting whatever influence they can bring to bear. The city seems to have a life of its own. If we cannot understand how this works, we are not likel
27、y to get very far with human society at large.Still, youd think there would be some way in. Joined together, the great mass of human minds around the earth seems to behave like a coherent, living system. The trouble is that the flow of information is mostly one-way. We are all obsessed by the need t
28、o feed information in, as fast as we can, but we lack sensing mechanisms for getting anything much back. I will confess that I have no more sense of what goes on in the mind of mankind than 1 have of the mind of an ant. Come to think of it, this might be a good place to start.1.Which of the followin
29、g statements is TRUE according to the first paragraph?2.What does the author mean by saying “computer cannot deal with such levels of improbability, and it is just as well (Paragraph 2)?3.Which one of the following options would the author choose?4.What does the author think of simulated models of c
30、ities?5.It can be inferred from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.We regard collective thinking a secret that shouldnt be exposed to the public.B.Man is the only species that is endowed with the gift for collective thinking.C.Collective thinking is done in human society sometimes unconsciously.D.We need to
31、 reach general agreement to conduct collective thinking.问题2选项A.Computers cant deal with such levels of improbability as well as the human minds can do.B.Computers cant deal with such levels of improbability, which is better than they can.C.Whether computers can or cant deal with such levels of impro
32、bability doesnt mean much.D.Computers can just as well deal with such levels of improbability.问题3选项A.The future becomes more predictable.B.Human activities and collective thinking should be under more control.C.Common sense should be applied to make predictions.D.We possess some sensing mechanisms f
33、or information feedback.问题4选项A.Simulated models of cities cant be made.B.A real city will exert greater in influence than a simulated model of city.C.Simulated models of cities exert influence on their inhabitants.D.Simulated models of cities are different from the real ones in that the latter have
34、life of their own.问题5选项A.computers would one day take control of the human societyB.the workings of the ants mind is more complicated that the workings of the human mindC.social evolution will come to a stop if computers are used to solve problemsD.the author isnt very positive as to whether compute
35、rs can monitor what were up to【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。A:我们认为集体思维是一不应该被公开的秘密。文章指出:我们不公开地承认这个天赋，因此A项不符合原文所述。B:人类是唯一具有集体性思考天赋的物种。文章表明:我们人类相比任何其他社会物种可能进行更多的集体性思考，因此B项不符合原文所述。C:集体性思考在人类社会中有时是无意识地进行的。第一段第一句指出:We do a lot of collective thinking, probably more than any other social specie
36、s, although it goes on in something like secrecy (我们人类相比任何其他社会物种可能进行更多的集体性思考，但该思考却是秘密地进行)。因此C项正确。D:我们需要达成一致意见才可进行集体思维。第2题:语义题。对于该句句意的理解可参考第二段第二句: Otherwise, we might be tempted to take over the control of ourselves in order to make long-range plans, and that would surely be the end of us (否则，我们人类可能为
37、了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。由此推测B项 “计算机不具备处理如此水平的不大可能的事情比具有更好”正确。A:计算机不能像人类大脑那样处理这种不可能的程度，此项只是表达了题干中句子前半部分的意思，故排除。C:计算机能否处理此水平的不大可能的事情并不重要，这与第二段第二句表述不符，故排除。D:计算机也能处理好此水平的不大可能的事情，第二段第一句指出: computer cannot deal with such levels of improbability (计算机不具备处理如此水平的不大可能的事情)。因此D项不符合原文所述。本题选B。第3题:判断推理题。A:未
38、来会更能预测。B:人类的活动和集体性思考应该受到更多的控制。C:应用常识进行预测。D:我们有一些信息反馈的感知机制。第二段第二句指出: Otherwise, we might be tempted to take over the control of ourselves in order to make long-range plans, and that would surely be the end of us (否则，我们人类可能为了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。因此B项错误。第四段指出: if you try to use common sense t
39、o make predictions: things get more botched up than ever (如果你试图用常识来预测:事情就会变得比以往任何时候都糟糕)。由此可知C项不正确。最后一段指出: but we lack sensing mechanisms for getting anything much back(但是我们缺乏让任何信息回来的传感机制)。因此D项不正确。本题选A。第4题:细节事实题。A:城市模拟模型无法制作。B:真实的城市相比模拟的城市模型将施加更多的影响力。C:城市的模拟模型会对其居民施加影响。D:城市模拟模型与真实城市的区别是后者有自己的生活。第四段指出
40、You can make simulation models of cities, but what you learn is that they seem to be beyond the reach of intelligent analysis; if you try to use common sense to make predictions, things get more botched up than ever (你可以建立城市的模拟模型，但你会发现它们似乎超出了智能分析的范围；如果你试图用常识来做预测，事情就会变得比以往任何时候都糟糕)。第五段指出: Still, youd
41、 think there would be some way in(你仍然觉得有其他方式)。由此可知A项正确。而其他三项并未被提及。故选A。第5题:判断推理题。A:计算机终有一天会控制人类社会。B:蚂蚁的思维比人类的思维更复杂。C:如果用计算机来解决问题，社会进化将停止。D:作者对计算机是否能监视我们正在做的事情不是很肯定。第二段第二句指出: Otherwise, we might be tempted to take over the control of ourselves in order to make long-range plans, and that would surely b
42、e the end of us (不然，我们人类可能为了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。因此A项不符合原文所述。B项并未被提及，故排除。文章只是说“控制人类自己的那些无意识思考”，并非C项所指的“问题”，故排除。第四段指出: Maybe computers can be used to help in this, although I rather doubt it (或许电脑能被用来帮助监控我们人类在做什么，但我却非常怀疑这点)，因此D项正确。本题选D。4. 单选题Although he is very rich, his undutiful children
43、are the（ ）of his life.问题1选项A.torchB.tormentC.topicD.topper【答案】B【解析】句意:虽然他很富有，但是他那些不孝顺的孩子是他人生的一大痛苦。考查名词辨析。torch 火炬，手电筒；torment 痛苦，苦恼，折磨；topic 主题， 题目；topper 大礼帽，高档的东西。因此B符合句意。5. 单选题Although sports（ ）the household, Joe drew the line when they interfered with family traditions and routine.问题1选项A.overwhe
44、lmedB.affectedC.dominatedD.influenced【答案】C【解析】句意:尽管体育运动在Joe的家庭中占主导地位，但是当这些运动影响到家 庭传统和日常事务时，他会放弃体育运动。考查动词辨析。overwhelm 淹没，受打击，覆盖；affect 影响，感染;dominate 控制，支配：influence 影响。根据后半句句意 “当这些运动影响到家 庭传统和日常事务时，他会放弃体育运动”以及转折连词although可知，C符合句意。6. 单选题（ ） these questions may sound academic, answers to them could hav
45、e profound economic and political significance.问题1选项A.SinceB.WhileC.UnlessD.Lest【答案】B【解析】考查连词辨析。A选项since“ 自以来；因为”；B选项while“虽然，然而，当 的时候”；C选项unless“除非；若非”；D选项lest“ 唯恐，以免”。句意：虽然这些问题听起来是学术的，但是它们的答案可能有深远的经济和政治意义。前后句子存在转折关系，因此B项正确。7. 单选题Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts amo
46、ng the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph.D.s. Some has placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22,
47、000 questionnaires sent to former graduate who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph.D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not onl
48、y doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated “because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators tha
