1、MODULE 1Concepts and terminology for describing language描述语言的术语及概念GRAMMAR 语法Active voice 主动语态passive voice. 被动语态Adjective 形容词comparative adjective 形容词比较级demonstrative adjective 指代形容词possessive adjective 所有格形容词 （代词所有格）A superlative adjective 形容词最高级Adverb 副词Auxiliary verb: 助动词Article 冠词An article can
2、be definite (the), indefinite (a) or zero (-), e.g. I was at (-) home in the sitting room when I heard a noise.Aspect A way of looking at verb forms not purely in relation to time. The perfect, continuous and simple are aspects. The continuous aspect, for example, suggests that something is happenin
3、g temporarily.Base form of the verb: 动词基本形式Clause 从句A clause consists of a verb and (generally) a subject. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of a sentence.Main clause 主句When the teacher arrived, the students stopped talking.Subordinate clause 从句When the teacher arrived, the students stopped
4、talking.Relative clause 定语从句The students who were sitting near the front stood up._ UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 2Collective noun: 集合名词Compound noun: 复合名词Conditional 条件句First conditional, 第一条件句Second conditional, 第二条件句Third conditional . 第三条件句Conjunction 连词A conjunction (or connector) is used to connec
5、t words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g. I like tea but I dont like coffee because its too strong for me.Connector: 连词Countable noun: 可数名词Demonstrative adjective: 指示形容词.Demonstrative pronoun: 指示代词.Dependent preposition: 非独立介词Determiner 限定词A determiner is used to make clear which noun is referred
6、 to, or to give information about quantity, and includes words such as the, a, this, that, my, some, e.g. That car is mine.Direct speech 直接引语The actual words someone says, e.g. He said, My name is Ron.First conditional: see conditional forms.Gerund, -ing form 动名词形式A noun which is made from the prese
7、nt participle form of a verb, e.g. I hate shopping.Grammatical structure 语法结构The arrangement of words into meaningful sentences. A grammatical structure is also a grammatical language item, e.g. present perfect simple.Imperative 祈使句The form of a verb that gives an order or instruction, e.g. Turn to
8、page 10.Indirect question The words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody else asked, e.g. Peter asked Sue what she meant.An indirect question can also be used when someone wants to ask something in a more polite way, e.g. I was wondering if you could help me (indirect question) i
9、nstead of Could you help me? (direct question).See direct question.Indirect speech: see reported statement. 间接引语Infinitive: see verb. 不定式Infinitive of purpose 表示目的的不定式This is used to express why something is done, e.g. I went to the lesson to learn English.-ing/-ed adjective: see adjective. 形容词加ing或
10、ed形式Intensifier 加强语气的词汇A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g. Hes much taller than his brother; Im very tired.Interrogative 疑问句A question form.Irregular verb: see verb. 不规则动词Main clause: see clause.主句Modal verb: see verb. 情态动词Noun 名词A person, place or thing, e.g. elephant, gi
11、rl, grass, school.A collective noun is a noun which includes a group of people or things, e.g. the police, the government. 集合名词A compound noun is a combination of two or more words which are used as a single word, e.g. a flower 复合名词shop, a headache.A countable noun has a singular and plural form, e.
12、g. book books. 可数名词An uncountable noun does not have a plural form, e.g. information. 不可数名词A proper noun is the name of a person or place, e.g. Robert, London.专有名词A singular noun is one person, place or thing.单数名词A plural noun is more than one person, place or thing and can be regular or i
13、rregular, e.g. boys, women. 复数名词Object 宾语This is a noun or phrase that describes the thing or person that is affected by the action of a verb, e.g. I saw Mary in the classroom. See subject. Participle (past and present) 现在分词及过去分词The form of the verb that is used to make tenses or adjectives, e.g. an
14、 interesting film (present participle); I havent seen him today. (past participle)Passive voice 被动语态In a passive sentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the verb, e.g. The tree was hit by the car.See active voice.Past perfect simple and continuous, progressive: see tense. 过去完成时及进
15、行时Past simple and past continuous, progressive: see tense. 一般过去时及进行式Personal pronoun: see pronoun. 人称代词Phrase 短语Possessive s and whose 所有格sWays of showing or asking who something belongs to, e.g. Whose book is it? Its Sues.Preposition 介词A word used before a noun, noun phrase or pronoun to connect it
16、 to another word, e.g. He was in the garden.A dependent preposition is a word that is always used with a particular noun, verb or adjective, e.g.interested in, depend on, bored with.Present continuous, progressive for future: see tense. 现在进行时Present perfect simple and continuous, progressive: see te
17、nse. 现在完成时及进行时Present simple and continuous, progressive: see tense. 一般现在时及进行时Pronoun 代词A word that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned.Demonstrative pronoun, e.g. this, that. 指示代词Object pronoun, e.g. him. 代词宾格Personal pronoun, e.g. I (subject pronoun), me (object pronoun) 人称代
18、词Possessive pronoun, e.g. mine 名词性代词Reflexive pronoun, e.g. myself 反身代词Relative pronoun, e.g. which 关系代词Proper noun: see noun.Punctuation 标点符号The symbols or marks used to organise writing into clauses, phrases and sentences to make the meaning clear, e.g. full stop, capital letter, apostrophe and co
19、mma.Quantifier 量词A word or phrase such as much, few or a lot of which is used with a noun to show an amount, e.g. I dont have much time; I have a lot of books.Question tag 问号A phrase such as isnt it? or doesnt he? that is added to the end of a sentence to make it a question, or to check that someone
20、 agrees with the statement, e.g. Its very cold, isnt it?Reflexive pronoun: see pronoun.Regular verb: see verb. 规则动词Relative clause: see clause. 定语从句Relative pronoun: see pronoun. 关系代词Reported statement 间接引语When someones words are reported by another person, e.g. She said she was sorry. See indirect
21、question.Reporting verb 间接引语中使用的动词A verb such as tell, advise, suggest used in indirect speech to report what someone has said, e.g. Jane advised John to study harder.Second conditional: see conditional forms.Singular noun: see noun. Subject 主语This is the noun or phrase that goes before the verb in
22、a sentence to show who is doing the action, e.g. John plays tennis every Saturday. See object._ UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 5Subject-verb agreement 主谓一致When the form of the verb matches the person doing the action of the verb, e.g. I walk, he walks. If a student writes Iwalks, then it is wrong because
23、 there is no subject-verb agreement.Subordinate clause: see clause. 从句Superlative adjective: see adjective. 形容此最高级Tense 时态A form of the verb that shows whether something happens in the past, present or future, e.g.Past perfect simple and continuous, progressive 过去完成时及进行时After I had phoned Mary, I we
24、nt out. (past perfect simple)I had been studying for three hours, so I felt quite tired. (past perfect continuous, progressive)Past simple and past continuous, progressive 一般过去时及进行时I was talking (past continuous, progressive) to my friend when the taxi came. (past simple)Present continuous, progress
25、ive for future 进行时表将来What are you doing at the weekend?Present perfect simple and continuous, progressive 现在完成时及进行时I have known him for a long time (present perfect simple).I have been studying for three years (present perfect continuous, progressive).Present simple and continuous, progressive 一般现在时
26、及进行时I work at a school (present simple) and I am working in London now (present continuous, progressive).Third conditional: see conditional forms. Third person 第三人称A verb or a pronoun which shows that somebody or something is being spoken about, e.g. He, she, it, they.Time expression 时间表达式A word or
27、phrase that indicates a time period, such as after, by, e.g. I will meet you after the lesson.Uncountable noun: see noun.Used to 过去常常做某事A structure that shows something happened in the past but does not happen now, e.g. I used to live in London, but now I live in Paris.Verb 动词The word which follows
28、the subject of a sentence, and is sometimes described as the action word, e.g. I like cheese;He speaks Italian.An auxiliary verb is a verb used with other verbs to make questions, negatives and tenses, e.g. be, do, have. 助动词The base form of the verb is the infinitive form of a verb without to, e.g.
29、go. 动词的基本形式The infinitive form is the base form of a verb with to. It is used after another verb, after an adjective or noun or as the subject or object of a sentence, e.g. I want to study, Its difficult to understand. 动词不定式An irregular verb does not follow the same rule as regular verbs. Each irreg
30、ular verb has its own way of forming the past simple and past participle, e.g. go went (past simple) gone (past participle). 不规则动词A modal verb is a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or obligation or possibility. They include can, must, will, should, e.g.
31、I can speak French, but I should study even harder. 情态动词A regular verb changes its forms by adding -ed in the past simple and past participle, e.g. walk walked 规则动词(past simple).Verb pattern 动词搭配The form of the words following the verb, e.g. he advised me to get there early. (advise + obj
32、ect pronoun + to + baseform)_ UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 6LEXIS 词汇Affix 词缀A meaningful group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word. Affixation is the process of adding a prefix or suffix to word.A prefix is a meaningful group of letters added to the beginning of a word
33、 e.g. appear disappear.前缀A suffix is a meaningful group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word which can be adifferent part of speech, e.g. care careful. 后缀Antonym 反义词The opposite of another word, e.g. hot is the antonym of cold.Collocation 搭配Words which are used together regularl
34、y, e.g. The teacher made a presentation NOT The teacher performed a presentation.Compounds 合成词Nouns, verbs, adjectives or prepositions that are made up of two or more words, e.g. assistant office manager, bring back, long-legged, due to.False friend 容易误认的词汇A word in the target language which looks o
35、r sounds as if it has the same meaning as a similar word in the learners first language but does not.Homophone 同音词A word which sounds the same as another word, but has a different meaning or spelling, e.g. I knew he had won; I bought a new book.Idiom 习语A group of words that are used together, in whi
36、ch the meaning of the whole word group is different from the meaning of each individual word, e.g. She felt under the weather means that she felt ill.Lexical set 词群A group of words or phrases that are about the same topic, e.g. weather storm, to rain, wind, cloudy etc.LexisIndividual words or sets o
37、f words, e.g. homework, study, whiteboard, get dressed, be on time.Multi-word verb: see phrasal verb.Part(s) of speechA description of the function of a word or a phrase in a sentence, e.g. noun, verb, adjective.Phrasal verb, multi-word verb 短语动词及由多个词构成的动词短语A verb which is made up of more than one w
38、ord (e.g. a verb + adverb particle or preposition) which has a different meaning from each individual word, e.g. look after A mother looks after her children.Prefix: see affix. 前缀Suffix: see affix. 后缀SynonymA word which has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word, e.g. nice is a synonym
39、of pleasant.PHONOLOGY 语音 Spoken language in which the words join to form a connected stream of sounds.Consonant 辅音Any letter of the English alphabet except the vowels a, e, i, o u and sometimes y. See vowel._ UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 7Contraction 缩写A shorter form of a word or words, e.g. you have =
40、 youve; it is = its.Diphthong 双元音A vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, e.g. / a / as in my.Feature (e.g. of connected speech) 特征A feature of something is an interesting or important part or characteristic of it.Intonation 语调The way the
41、 level of a speakers voice changes, often to show how they feel about something, e.g. if they are angry or pleased. Intonation can be rising or falling or both.Linking 连读The way different sounds can link into each other in connected speech, e.g. its a good day / tsde
42、048576; /Main stress: see stress. 主重音Minimal pairTwo words which are different from each other only by one meaningful sound, and by their meaning, e.g. hear, fear.Phoneme 音位The smallest sound unit which can make a difference to meaning e.g. /p/ in pan, /b/ in ban. Phonemes have their own symbols (ph
43、onemic symbols), each of which represents one sound. Words can be presented in phonemic script 音位标记(usually International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA), e.g. /dkt/ doctor. Phonemic transcription is used in dictionaries to aid pronunciation.Rhyme 押韵1. Words that sound the same, e.g. h
44、at, cat.2. A song or poem with words that sound the same at the end of each lineI believe I can fly.I believe I can touch the sky.Rhythm 韵律A regular pattern of stress and syllable length.Schwa: see stress. 中元音Sentence stress: see stress. 句子重音StressSentence stress is where different words in a senten
45、ce are stressed. In English these are usually theinformation-carrying words. In the sentence It was a lovely evening, and the temperature was perfect, the main stress, when spoken, is probably on the word perfect. Stress can therefore be used to show meaning,to emphasise a particular point or feelin
46、g.Strong/weak forms 重读及弱读If the word is unstressed, the weak form of vowels may be used, e.g. I can (/ kn /) speak Italian, French, English and Spanish. The sound // is called the schwa.If a word is important, then the strong form is used, and the pronunciation changes, e.g. I can (/kaen/) speak a little Spanish in an emergency.Word stress is the pronunciation of a syllable with more force than the surrounding syllables which are said to be unstressed, e.g. umbrella.Sometimes, a w
