未被消化的蛋白质.ppt

1,Metabolism of protein & amino acids,2,A. The physiological & nutritious function of proteins,3,nitrogen balance & protein requirement,4,1. nitrogen balance,a. concept,b. experiment,5,c. 3 conditions,nitrogen equilibrium,negative nitrogen balance,positive nitrogen balance,6,2. minimal requirements of protein,3.essential amino acids and their biological value,7,8,an indicator to valuate the nutritional value of the proteins biological value,9,4. Complementary function of proteins,B. Digestion ,absorption,& putrefaction of proteins,10,diet protein amino acids,digestion,Proteolytic enzyme,a. digestion,11,b. absorption,site,mechanism,characteristics,12,13,14,c. putrefaction,concept,15,未被消化的蛋白质,未被吸收的氨基酸，肽,large intestine,bacterias Decarboxylation deamination,有毒； amine ,H2S indole hydroxybenzene、ammonia（NH3)、,other：CO2,CH4,Nutriment Fatty acid、vit,Absorption in intestine,excrete,blood,liver,16, decarboxylation, reductive & deamination,17,18,19, the sources of ammonia in the intestine,20,blood,infiltrate,intestine,kidney,excrete（20g）,NH2-CO-NH2,liver,NH3,(25%)7g,NH2-CO-NH2,urease (bacterias),2NH3+CO2（4g）,importance sources of blood ammonia- - absorpted from intestine,21,C. general metabolism of amino acids,1. Sketch plan,22,23,Dietary protein,Tissue protein,amination of keto acids,degradation,Synthesis 85%,Non essential A.A,Digest,absorption,deamination,amines,NH3,keto acids,oxidation,Glucose, fats N.EAA,decarboxylation,Amino acid metabolic pool,urea other substances,24,2. deamination of amino acids,a.oxidative deamination,1) reaction,25,26,2 ) enzymes, L-amino acid oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase, L-glutamate dehydrogenase,27,28, characteristics,b . transamination,1) reaction,29,30,2) important transamination system.,31,glutamic pyruvic transamination system （glutamic pyruvic transaminase,GPT） （alanine transaminase,ALT） glutamic oxaloacetic transamination systen: （glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, ,GOT） （aspartate transaminase,AST),32,NH2 O O NH2,Glu 丙酮酸 酮戊二酸 Ala,NH2 CO-COOH O CH-COOH NH2,Glu 草酰乙酸 酮戊二酸 ASP,COOH-(CH2)2-CH-COOH + CH3-C-COOH,COOH-(CH2)2-C-COOH+CH3-CH-COOH,COOH-(CH2)2-CH-COOH + CH2COOH,COOH-(CH2)2-C-COOH+CH2-COOH,ALT,AST,33,2) enzyme & coenzyme,34,35,36,biological significance & characteristics,37,c. combined deamination,1) reaction,38,39,40,41,2) biological significance & characteristics,42,d. purine nucleotide cycle,1) site 2) reaction,43,44,3) characteristics,45,d. nonoxidative deamination, dehydrate deamination, direct deamination,46,47,3. Metabolism of ammonia,a. the sources of ammonia,48,the detail about the sources of ammonia,49,protein putrefaction,Urea cycle in liver&intestine,Absorption in intestine,（oxidation of amine ) deamination,Blood ammonia,Ala (liver),Gln,sources of blood ammonia,50,* protein putrefaction,51,blood,infiltrate,intestine,kidney,excrete（20g）,NH2-CO-NH2,liver,NH3,(25%)7g,NH2-CO-NH2,urease,2NH3+CO2（4g）,importance sources of blood ammonia- - absorpted from intestine,NH4 excrete from feces,*Urea cycle in liver & intestine,52,According to the pH in intestine pH NH3 + H+ NH 4+ excrete pH absorpted to venous blood,53,protein putrefaction,Urea cycle in liver&intestine,Absorption in intestine,（oxidation of amine ) deamination,Blood ammonia,Ala (liver),Gln,sources of blood ammonia,54,* hydrolysis of Gln,55, the fates of ammonia produced in renal cell,excrete to the kidney,reabsorption to vein blood,56,According to renal tube pH pH NH3 + H+ NH4+ excrete pH absorpted to venous blood,57,Putrefaction in small intestine,Intestine-liver cycle of urea,Absorption In small intestine,（oxidation of amines） deamination of A.A,Ammonia in blood,Ala in liver,GLn,58,*Ala,59,b. The transportation of ammonia, synthesis & utilize of Gln,materials : Glu , NH3,60,energy: ATP,enzyme: Gln synthetase,reaction:,61,62,product: Gln,Biological significances,63, glucose-alanine cycle,process,64,65,biological significance,66,Putrefaction in small intestine,Intestine-liver cycle of urea,Absorption In small intestine,（oxidation of amines） deamination of A.A,Ammonia in blood,Ala in liver,GLn,67,c. the fates of ammonia,68,Synthesis of non essential A.A or other nitrogen compounds,muscle or other tissues,Gln,muscle,urea,NH3,Ala,liver,69,synthesis of urea-main outlet of ammonia,a. site,b. process (ornithine cycle ),70,*肝脏是合成尿素最主要的器官,血,尿,切肝犬,尿素 氨,尿素,用氨基酸饲养切肝犬,尿素 氨基酸,尿素,切肾犬,急性黄色肝委缩,氨基酸,尿素 （-） 氨,尿素 （-）,71,72,73,This cycle included: 1 overall reaction 2 materials 3 stages 4 steps 5 enzymes,74,a. materials,15NH4Cl,NaH14CO3,Feed dogs,14C=O,15NH2,15NH2,75,b. 3 stages,ornithine+ NH3+ CO2 citrulline+H20 citrulline+ NH3 arginine+ H20 arginine+ H20 urea+ ornithine,2ATP,1ATP,76,77,NH2,NH2,(CH2)3,C=O,+ NH3+ CO2,NH + H2O,CH,NH2,(CH2)3,CH,NH2,ornithine,citrulline,COOH,COOH,2ATP,78,NH2,NH2,C=O,NH + NH3,NH + H2O,(CH2)3,CH-NH2,COOH,Citrullinc,Arginine,C=NH,(CH2)3,CH-NH2,COOH,1ATP,79,NH2,C=NH,NH +H2O,(CH2)3,CH-NH2,COOH,Arginine,NH2 + (CH2)3,C=O,CH-NH2,Orrnithine,COOH,NH2,NH2,urea,80,NH3 （2 molecules）,CO2 （1 molecules ）,materials,urea,H2O,products,Ornithine Citrulline arginine,intermediates,81,Intermediate process ( 4 steps, 5 enzymes ),1) synthesis of carbomoyl phosphate (mitochondria),82,83,NH3+CO2+H2O+2ATP NH2-CO-OPO32-+Pi,carbomoyl phosphate synthetase 1,84, enzyme,carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II,85,carbomoyl phosphate carbomoyl phosphate synthetase 1 synthetase II Site mitochondria cytosol source of NH3 Gln nitrogen Activator AGA - (N-Acetylglutamic acid ) Final Product urea pyrimidine,86,synthesis of citrulline (mitochondria), enzyme,ornithine transcarbomoylase,87,88,3) synthesis of arginine (cytosol), enzyme,Argininosuccinate synthetase,ASAS Argininosuccinate lyase ASAL,ASAS- Key enzyme,89,90,4) cleavage of arginine (cytosol),91,92,93,94,d. Overall reaction,3ATP+CO2+2NH3 +H2O NH2-CO-NH2 f. summarize,95,c. Regulation of urea synthesis,food enzymes (AGA) intermediates,96,97,biological significant of urea synthesis,98,Synthesis of non essential A.A or other nitrogen compounds,muscle or other tissues,Gln,muscle,urea,NH3,Ala,liver,99,4. Metabolism of -keto acids,Amino acid,NH3,Ala,Gln,urea,Amination of a-keto acids,Amination or transamination To form non E.A.A.,Conversion of fat,glucose,Via TCA cycle oxidized to CO2 & H2O,-keto acids,100,1) Amination or transamination To form non E.A.A.,- ketoglutarate Glu Pyruvate Ala oxaloacetate Asp,101,Glu - ketoglutarate oxaloacetate Asp,TCA cycle,102,Conversion to lipids or carbohydrates,glycogenic amino acid, such as : Ala、Arg、Asp etc（13 ） ketogenic amino acid such as: leu lys (2) glycogenic & ketogenic amino acids such as : Ilu,Phe,Trp,Tye,103,TCA cycle is the hinge of metabolism of lipids , carbohydrates, proteins,104,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,105,3) oxidation & provide energy,3. decarboxylation,106,Amino acids,- CO2,-keto acids,amines,Non E.A.A,Conversion to lipids, carbohydrates,TCA cycle,- NH3,107,Enzymes & coenzyme,some important amines,108,-amino butyric acid (GABA）,formation,109,enzyme function metabolic fate,110,b. 5-hydroxy tryptamine or ( serotonin）,formation,111,function,c. taurine,formation,112,function,d. histamine,formation,113,e. polyamines,formation,114,115,D. metabolism of individual amino acids,1. one carbon units,116,Concept kinds,117,118,the carrier of one carbon unites -THF,119,120,the sources & conversion,NH2-CHCOOH +FH4 NH2-CH（CH2）2+N5-CH3-FH4,转甲基酶,（CH2）2,S,CH3,SH,COOH,121,122,123,function,one carbon units & medicine,124,metabolism of sulfur- containing amono acids,types,125,Met,cysteine,Cys,cystine,126,Met and Transfer of methyl group,S-adenosylmethionine (SAM),127,Structure of SAM,128,Function of SAM,methionine cycle,B12 & methionine cycle,129,B12,130,3. metabolism of cystein & cystine,structure & characteristics,131,Formation of GSH,132,Catabolism of Cys,Cys,-NH2,pyruvate,NH3,H2S,H2S,SO42-,2ATP,Excrete in uria,PAPS（active sulfate）,133,The structure & function of PAPS ( 3-phosphoadenosine- 5phosphosulfate,134,135,4. metabolism of side chain amino acids,Type: Val,Ile,Leu,Catabolic process (extrahepatic tissue ),136,Val、Ile、Leu,-ketoacids,-ketoglutarate,Glu,NH3,Gln,Ala,pyruvate,liver,urea,glyconeogenesis,Blood,137,5. metabolism of aromatic amino acids,Type: Phe,Tyr,Trp,Catabolic process (hepatic tissue),138,Catabolic process of Phe,139,140,Albinism, Phenylketonuria, (PKU) Alkaptonuria BCAA/AAA 3:1,