1、专业英语考试复习资料专业八级分类模拟209专业英语考试复习资料专业八级分类模拟209专业八级分类模拟209LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each g
2、ap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work. St
3、atistics . Statistics in 1 A. Irregularities in the balloting: the third-party candidate Pat Buchanan got 2 of votes than he did elsewhere. B. The defendant is guilty or not - Expert: a. A DNA sample 3 . b. The possibility of odds is one in million. - Defense lawyer: if in a city of three million pe
4、ople, there are 4 matching each others DNA. . Statistics in cases against 5 A. Universities add additional points to minority group students. They unlawfully make a/an 6 for those students. B. Annie was kept from 7 . Her lawyer used statistics to show that workers with the same qualifications who we
5、re not in 8 were promoted. C. Tobacco companies started to lose cases because of 9 -Statistics should be 10 along with other evidence. . 11 A. 12 : - Bert could no longer work. - Statisticians predict how long he would have worked and how much he would have made. B. Multiple regression analysis: - S
6、tatisticians find 13 for all the sample data when 14 are at work. . Statistics on the witness stand A. experts know how to 15 B. cross examine and challenge the validity of statistics (如需获取本MP3听力录音请搜索标题名) 1.答案:the courtroom听力原文 Statistics Today, we are going to study on statistics. Firstly, lets see
7、 the effect of statistics in the courtroom. After the November 2000 election, Americans waited while court challenges debated who won Floridas electoral votes. In Palm Beach County, third-party candidate Pat Buchanan got a higher percentage of votes than he did elsewhere. Was that because the countr
8、ys butterfly ballot caused many Albert Gore supporters to punch the wrong hole? Lawyers also argued about other claimed irregularities in the balloting. The Supreme Court finally stopped all vote recounts in early December. But if Gores statistical arguments had convinced the judges, he would have b
9、ecome president instead of George W. Bush. More than ever, plaintiffs must often prove their case with numbers. Lets see how statistics is taking center stage in some other courtroom cases. Lets see the first case whether the defendant is guilty or not. Imagine youre on the jury in a murder case. An
10、 expert testifies about DNA evidence. She says that a sample from the crime scene matches a defendants. She also gives the odds that someone else would randomly match the tested fragments. If the odds are one in a million, that makes it sound very likely that the defendant is, in fact, guilty. The d
11、efense lawyer may try to counter that by saying that in a city of three million people, at least two others would also probably match. Of course, the defendant was not arrested at random. Almost always, police have some other evidence linking a person to a crime. But the statistics supporting DNA ev
12、idence may be just the proof needed to find someone guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Now, I would like you to look at the cases against unjust discrimination. In a US Supreme Court case earlier this year, lawyers argued over whether a state universitys admissions plan unlawfully added points for st
13、udents from certain minority groups. Statistically, that made it easier for those students to get in. Statistics factors into other discrimination cases, too. Suppose Annie claims that unlawful discrimination kept her from getting a promotion. Her lawyers may use statistics to show that workers with
14、 the same qualifications were significantly more likely to get promotions if they were male or not in a minority group. If the employer cant show that Annie didnt do her job well, she could then win her case. Age, family history, exercise habits, diet, weight, and other factors affect the likelihood
15、 of developing cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses. For years, tobacco companies said that smoking was not the cause of plaintiffs getting sick. They won most cases against them. Then, judges and juries listened to statistical evidence that even when other factors were equal, smokers had much
16、 higher disease risks. Finally, some cases started to hold tobacco companies liable, or legally responsible. Of course, the plaintiffs had other evidence, too. Tobacco companies own documents showed that they knew about disease risks. Yet their ads still targeted young people. In other words, the st
17、atistics did not stand alone. When using statistics, it is important to understand that statistical evidence complements other forms of evidence. Statistical evidence should be evaluated along with other evidence and not alone. And then how can the court work out the compensation the victims should
18、gain? Statistics help add up damages actually. Statistics help decide how much people or companies must pay if they are liable. Suppose a defect in a car caused an accident. As a result, Bert could no longer work. Statistics could show how long Bert would otherwise have worked and how much he probab
19、ly would have made. When two variables correlate with each other statisticians can often predict one Value from another with regression analysis. If someone plotted all the data points on a scatter plot, the analysis would find the line with the best fit through them. But suppose that people in case
20、 claimed that nearby pollution lowered property values for a whole neighborhood. It may be unfair just to match sale prices with distance from the pollution, or to compare average prices with another town. After all, many factors affect property values: style of house, size, age, number of bathrooms
21、 and so forth. Thats where multiple regression analysis can help. It finds the best fit for all the sample data when multiple independent variables are at work. It nets out the effects of all these things that are different, so that you are comparing apples to apples. You will also know that statis
22、tics have the power on the witness stand. Good statistical experts make numbers user-friendly for the judge and jury. Many use high-tech graphics and other tools to present their conclusions. But statistics can be and have been misused, typically when people have interpreted that statistics to mean
23、more than they really do. A good statistician is careful to explain just how reliable the statistics really are. Cross-examination lets each side attack the other sides analysis flawed. Were data accurate, or may they have been biased? What was the margin of error? Did one unusual observation, or ou
24、tlier, unfairly affect the outcome? Finally, the jury weighs statistical evidence along with all the other evidence. The verdict makes a real difference in the lives of parties to a caseand to our justice system. Today, weve talked about the magic of statistics working in various fields and events,
25、like in the court, in the issues against discrimination, in calculating damages and on the testimony. I hope you would have had a good time. 解析 细节题。讲座提到统计影响我们生活的方方面面，首先可以先看看统计在法庭上的影响：Firstly, lets see the effect of statistics in the courtroom. 因此答案是the courtroom或者courtrooms。2.答案:a higher percentage解
26、析 细节题。讲座开篇提到了统计在美国大选中的影响，比如2000年美国总统选举的结果就备受质疑：In Palm Beach County, third-party candidate Pat Buchanan got a higher percentage of votes than he did elsewhere. Buchanan在Palm Beach County所得的选票比他在其他地方得的要多，有人甚至怀疑有可能是戈尔的支持者在选票上打错孔所致，因此答案是a higher percentage。3.答案:matches defendants解析 细节题。讲座中提到：An expert
27、testifies about DNA evidence. She says that a sample from the crime scene matches a defendants. (专家对于DNA的测试结果表明，犯罪现场留存的DNA和被告的相符。)4.答案:three people/two other people解析 推断题。既然100万人的DNA各不相同，那么可以推断出300万人里有三人的DNA可能是相符的。当然讲座中的信息也验证了这一点：The defense lawyer may try to counter that by saying that in a city of
28、 three million people, at least two others would also probably match. 因此答案是three people。5.答案:unjust discrimination解析 要点题。根据讲座原文“Now, I would like you to look at the cases against unjust discrimination. ”可知答案为unjust discrimination。6.答案:easier admission/access解析 归总题。讲座提到：In a US Supreme Court case ear
29、lier this year, lawyers argued over whether a state universitys admissions plan unlawfully added points for students from certain minority groups Statistically, that made it easier for those students to get in. 这一段话的总体意思是大学违规操作，擅自给少数民族学生加分，降低他们的入学难度。由此可以归纳出easier admission/access这个答案。7.答案:getting a
30、promotion/promotion解析 细节题。讲座中明确指出：Suppose annie claims that unlawful discrimination kept her from getting a promotion. 可将geeing a promotion直接拷贝入题。8.答案:a minority group解析 细节题。讲座中提到：workers with the same qualifications were significantly more likely to get promotions if they were male or not in a mino
31、rity group. 由此可见，不是少数民族的员工容易得到升迁机会。9.答案:use of statistics/using statistical evidence解析 推断题。讲座中说道：Then, judges and juries listened to statistical evidence that even when other factors were equal, smokers had much higher disease risks. Finally, some cases started to hold tobacco companies liable, or l
32、egally responsible. 从中可以推断后来法官和陪审团听取了吸烟会提升致病风险的数据报告，因此有的烟草公司就打输了官司，这里起到关键作用的是数据证据的使用，因此答案是use of statistics。10.答案:evaluated解析 细节题。讲座里明确提到数据证据需要和其他证据一起评价：Statistical evidence should be evaluated along with other evidence and not alone. 因此答案为evaluated。11.答案:Statistics in calculation解析 归总题。讲座中这一部分谈到数据分
33、析可以帮助计算损失、计算赔偿等：Statistics help add up damages actually. Statistics help decide how much people or companies must pay if they are liable. 因此这一部分可以归纳成statistics in calculation。12.答案:Regression analysis解析 要点题讲座中是这么描述的：Suppose a defect in a car caused an accident. As a result, Bert could no longer work
34、 Statistics could show how long Bert would otherwise have worked and how much he probably would have made. When two variables correlate with each other statisticians can often predict one value from another with regression analysis. 讲座者归根结底是想要引 regression analysis，并且阐述regression analysis的用处。13.答案:t
35、he best fit解析 细节题。在多元回归分析中，统计者必须找到与数据样本拟合程度最高的数学模型：Thats where multiple regression analysis can help. It finds the best fit for all the sample data when multiple independent variables are at work. 因此答案是the best fit。14.答案:multiple independent variables解析 细节题。根据讲座相关内容“It finds the best fit for all the
36、 sample data when multiple independent variables are at work. ”可以直接得出答案multiple independent variables(多个独立变量)，这里需要注意单词的拼写。15.答案:make numbers/statistics user-friendly解析 细节题。根据讲座相关内容“Good statistical experts make numbers user-friendly for the judge and jury. ”即可得出答案为make statistics user-friendly(使统计数字
37、看上去更通俗易懂)。SECTION B CONVERSATIONIn this section you will hear ONE conversation. The conversation will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will
38、 be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A, B, C and D, and mark the best answer to each question. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions. (如需获取本MP3听力录音请搜索标题名) 1.A.They are colleagues.B.They are classmates.C.They are lovers.D.They are family members.答案:
39、B听力原文 T: Hi, Hannah. I was wondering when Id bump into you. You know we only have another two weeks to complete that essay on modem technology for Dr. Owen. H: I know, Terry. But dont worry because Ive been doing some research and Ive got some great ideas. T: Such as? H: Well, its my guess that most
40、 people will write about computers, because thats what everyone thinks about when they hear the word technology. T: But thats what technology is, isnt it? H: Yes, of course it is. But its many other things besides. T: What, like mobile phones, that sort of thing? H: Yes, but what about farming techn
41、ology? Its as much a part of peoples lives as computers or mobile phones. T: What do you mean? H: Just imagine, for a moment, if farmers couldnt grow enough food to feed everyone. Then economics would mean nothing because no one would be able to work. Or even willing to go to work for that matter. T
42、 Yes, I see your point. Like those countries in Africa where people are starving. H: Yes, indeed. Therefore, I suggest we write our essay on the development and impact of farming technology. T: The development and impact of farming technology. Hmmm. That sounds impressive. Yet farming only began ab
43、out 5,000 years ago, didnt it? H: Actually, its believed that plants were first domesticated about 10,000 years ago, although a primitive type of plough and other basic tools were not invented for another 2,000 years. But their invention made it possible to grow much more food and feed a much bigger
44、 population. T: I see. And that would mean more people could spend time doing other things, such as building houses and developing other kinds of tools. HI: Exactly. What is the possible relationship between the two speakers? 解析 推断题。两个人一见面开始聊起写论文，围绕论文方向、教授的讲座事宜，可见两个人应该是同学关系。选项B正确。2.A.Dr. Owens lectu
45、re.B.How to write a research paper.C.Farming technology.D.How to collect information.答案:B听力原文 What are the two speakers mainly talking about? 解析 总结题。询问对话的主要内容。根据对话可以判断Hannah和Terry在商量如何完成Owen博士要求他们完成的研究论文。因此答案是B。选项A、C、D虽然之后的录音有涉及，但并不是他们讨论的主题。3.A.Computers.B.Mobile phones.C.Farming technology.D.A, B a
46、nd C答案:D听力原文 What does technology refer to in Hannahs view? 解析 细节题。选项A、B和C在对话中都出现过，但题目要求找出Hannah对“technology”一词的理解。对话中有这样一段话：H: Well, its my guess that most people will write about computers, because thats what everyone thinks about when they hear the word technology. T: But thats what technology is
47、 isnt it? H: Yes, of course it is. But its many other things besides. T: What, like mobile phones, that sort of thing? H: Yes, but what about farming technology? Its as much a part of peoples lives as computers or mobile phones. 表明Hannah认为科技应该包括以上提到的所有内容，因此答案为D。4.A.Because it is the easiest topic to write.B.Because it is a unique topic to write.C.Because it is the most essential technology.D.B
