托福TPO43阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析.pdf

为了帮助大家高效备考托福， 为大家带来托福 TPO43 阅读 Passage1 原文文本+题目+答案 解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 The Empire of Alexander the Great In 334 B.C.Alexander the Great took his Greek armies to the east and in only a few years completed his creation of an empire out of much of southwest Asia.In the new empire,barriers to trade and the movement of peoples were removed;markets were put in touch with one another.In the next generation,thousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fortunes.Alexanders actions had several important consequences for the region occupied by the empire. The first of these was the expansion of Greek civilization throughout the Middle East.Greek became the great international language.Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons(military posts)but as centers for the diffusion of Greek language,literature,and thought,particularly through libraries,as at Antioch(in modern Turkey)and the most famous of all,at Alexandria in Egypt,which would be the finest in the world for the next thousand years. Second,this internationalism spelled the end of the classical Greek city-state the unit of government in ancient Greeceand everything it stood for.Most city- states had been quite small in terms of citizenry,and this was considered to be a good thing.The focus of life was the agora,the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day,as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom,could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person.The philosopher Plato(428-348 B.C.)felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens,because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other.In decision making,the whole body of citizens together would have the necessary knowledge in order generally to reach the right decision,even though the individual might not be particularly qualified to decide.The philosopher Aristotle(384-322 B.C.),who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining,believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself. This implied that the city-state was based on the idea that citizens were not specialists but had multiple interests and talentseach a so-called jack-of-all- trades who could engage in many areas of life and politics.It implied a respect for the wholeness of life and a consequent dislike of specialization.It implied economic and military self-sufficiency.But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexanders empire came the growth of cities;it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades.One now had to specialize,and with specialization came professionalism.There were getting to be too many persons to know,an easily observable community of interests was being replaced by a multiplicity of interests.The city-state was simply too“small-time”. Third,Greek philosophy was opened up to the philosophy and religion of the East.At the peak of the Greek city-state,religion played an important part.Its godssuch as Zeus,father of the gods,and his wife Herawere thought of very much as being like human beings but with superhuman abilities.Their worship was linked to the rituals connected with ones progress through lifebirth,marriage,and deathand with invoking protection against danger,making prophecies,and promoting healing,rather than to any code of behavior.Nor was there much of a theory of afterlife. Even before Alexanders time,a life spent in the service of their city-state no longer seemed ideal to Greeks.The Athenian philosopher Socrates(470-399 B.C.)was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state,and for this he was accused of not believing in the citys gods and so corrupting the youth,and he was condemned to death.Greek philosophyor even a focus on consciencemight complement religion but was no substitute for it,and this made Greeks receptive to the religious systems of the Middle East,even if they never adopted them completely.The combination of the religious instinct of Asia with the philosophic spirit of Greece spread across the world in the era after Alexanders death,blending the culture of the Middle East with the culture of Greece. Paragraph 1 In 334 B.C.Alexander the Great took his Greek armies to the east and in only a few years completed his creation of an empire out of much of southwest Asia.In the new empire,barriers to trade and the movement of peoples were removed;markets were put in touch with one another.In the next generation,thousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fortunes.Alexanders actions had several important consequences for the region occupied by the empire. 1.According to paragraph 1,Alexander the Great did which of the following? A.Regulated the movement and resettlement in southwest Asia of thousands of Greek people B.Opened up opportunities in new markets for traders and artisans C.Created new restrictions on trade D.Encouraged Greek citizens to choose military careers over careers in trade Paragraph 2 The first of these was the expansion of Greek civilization throughout the Middle East.Greek became the great international language.Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons(military posts)but as centers for the diffusion of Greek language,literature,and thought,particularly through libraries,as at Antioch(in modern Turkey)and the most famous of all,at Alexandria in Egypt,which would be the finest in the world for the next thousand years. 2.The word“diffusion”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.adoption B.spread C.teaching D.learning 3.In paragraph 2,the author mentions the libraries at Antioch and Alexandria in order to A.provide evidence that the library was a cultural institution in the East before it spread to the West B.explain why it was important for Greek to become the great international language C.identify two of the sources of Greek cultural influence within Alexander s empire D.support the claim that the Greeks transformed Middle Eastern garrisons and military posts into cultural centers Paragraph 3 Second,this internationalism spelled the end of the classical Greek city-state the unit of government in ancient Greeceand everything it stood for.Most city- states had been quite small in terms of citizenry,and this was considered to be a good thing.The focus of life was the agora,the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day,as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom,could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person.The philosopher Plato(428-348 B.C.)felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens,because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other.In decision making,the whole body of citizens together would have the necessary knowledge in order generally to reach the right decision,even though the individual might not be particularly qualified to decide.The philosopher Aristotle(384-322 B.C.),who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining,believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself. 4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Assemblies were held in the agora to discuss some issues of the day,but more fundamental questions were decided by key individuals. B.In a culture where philosophical discussions were frequent,some individuals questioned the value of a life focused on the marketplace. C.Life centered around the agora,an open marketplace and site for public debate,where individuals could participate in decision making. D.The focus of individuals was on fundamental topics such as the purpose of government and the connection between law and freedom. 5.According to paragraph 3,Plato believed that the ideal city-state should be A.governed by a ruling body of about 5,000 city leaders with a total population of no more than 100,000 B.led by the most qualified individual C.governed by the group of citizens with the most knowledge about the issues of the day D.small enough so that everyone would know each other 6.Why does the author mention“The philosopher Aristotle”? A.To provide additional evidence that the ancient Greeks believed that political units must be small B.To demonstrate the accuracy of philosopherspredictions about the end of the classical Greek city-state C.To show how changes in the city-state system from the fifth to the third century B C.were reflected in the ideas of its philosophers D.To support the claim that small city-states were ideally suited to produce philosophical inquiry 7.The word“declining”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.at its best B.rapidly expanding C.first being formed D.weakening Paragraph 4 This implied that the city-state was based on the idea that citizens were not specialists but had multiple interests and talentseach a so-called jack-of-all- trades who could engage in many areas of life and politics.It implied a respect for the wholeness of life and a consequent dislike of specialization.It implied economic and military self-sufficiency.But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexanders empire came the growth of cities;it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades.One now had to specialize,and with specialization came professionalism.There were getting to be too many persons to know,an easily observable community of interests was being replaced by a multiplicity of interests.The city-state was simply too“small-time”. 8.According to paragraph 4,Alexanders empire was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A.decreased need for military control B.growing professionalism C.growth of cities D.specialization in trades Paragraph 5 Third,Greek philosophy was opened up to the philosophy and religion of the East.At the peak of the Greek city-state,religion played an important part.Its godssuch as Zeus,father of the gods,and his wife Herawere thought of very much as being like human beings but with superhuman abilities.Their worship was linked to the rituals connected with ones progress through lifebirth,marriage,and deathand with invoking protection against danger,making prophecies,and promoting healing,rather than to any code of behavior.Nor was there much of a theory of afterlife. 9.The word“peak”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.end B.command C.high point D.beginning 10.According to paragraph 5,religion in the Greek city-state involved A.a set of rules governing behavior B.a detailed conception of life after death C.rituals related to significant life events D.worship of gods who were not like humans Paragraph 6 Even before Alexanders time,a life spent in the service of their city-state no longer seemed ideal to Greeks.The Athenian philosopher Socrates(470-399 B.C.)was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state,and for this he was accused of not believing in the citys gods and so corrupting the youth,and he was condemned to death.Greek philosophyor even a focus on consciencemight complement religion but was no substitute for it,and this made Greeks receptive to the religious systems of the Middle East,even if they never adopted them completely The combination of the religious instinct of Asia with the philosophic spirit of Greece spread across the world in the era after Alexanders death,blending the culture of the Middle East with the culture of Greece. 11.According to paragraph 6,what was the basis for the accusation against Socrates? A.He encouraged people to be guided by their own consciences instead of by the state. B.He stated that people had a duty to fight against the corruption of their leaders. C.He reasoned that the needs of the youth were more important than the needs of the state. D.He argued that peoples behavior should be guided by the religious systems of the Middle East. 12.The word“propose”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.suggest B.deny C.consider D.question Paragraph 4 This implied that the city-state was based on the idea that citizens were not specialists but had multiple interests and talentseach a so-called jack-of-all- trades who could engage in many areas of life and politics.It implied a respect for the wholeness of life and a consequent dislike of specialization.It implied economic and military self-sufficiency.But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexanders empire came the growth of cities;it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades.One now had to specialize,and with specialization came professionalism.There were getting to be too many persons to know,an easily observable community of interests was being replaced by a multiplicity of interests.The city-state was simply too“small-time”. 13.Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Likewise,the collective decision-making process of the open marketplace was no longer practical. Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a squareto add the sentence to the passage. 14.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text Alexander the Greats creation of a vast empire had important consequences for Greece and the conquered areas of southwest Asia. Answer Choices A.Scholars from Antioch,Alexandria,and other Middle Eastern cultural centers came to Greece to study the Greek language and culture. B.Increasing urbanization and the elimination of trade barriers meant the end of the Greek city-state and the creation of a much larger political and economic body. C.The professionalism and specialization so prized by the ancient Greeks were replaced by a more generalized philosophy of education in the empire. D.The expansion of Alexander s empire led to the diffusion of Greek language,literature,and thought throughout the Middle East. E.The empire saw the birth of a new culture,merging Greek philosophical ideas with the religious spirit of Asia. F.Religion played an important part in the expansion of the empire,as Alexander introduced Zeus and the other Greek gods to Asia. 亚历山大帝国 公元前 334 年，亚历山大大帝率领希腊军队东征，仅仅几年间就在西南亚大部分地区完 成了帝国建设。在新帝国，贸易壁垒和民族运动都不复存在;各个市场之间互通有无。到了下 一代的时候，成千上万的希腊商人和工匠进入这个更广阔的世界来寻求财富。亚历山大的行 动对这个帝国所占领地区产生了几个重要影响。 第一个重要影响是，希腊文明向整个中东地区扩张。希腊语成为伟大的国际语言。建立 城镇和城市不仅是作为卫戍区(军事哨所)， 而且还是作为传播希腊语言、 文学和思想的中心， 特别是通过图书馆来传播，譬如安提俄克(位于现在的土耳其)和最著名的埃及亚历山大城， 它是接下来几千年世界上最好的传播场所。 第二个重要影响是，这种国际主义预示着传统希腊城邦古希腊政府单位以及它 所代表的一切的终结。大多数城邦从公民数量上来说，规模相当小，但这被认为是件好事。 生活的中心是集市， 这是开放市场， 人们可以在这里举行集会， 讨论时事和一些更根本的话题， 如政府存在的目的或法律与自由之间的关系， 以及个人亲自做出的决