1、第九章 chapter 9The science of medicinal herbs中药学又称药性，对中药各种性质和功能的一种概括，包括四又称药性，对中药各种性质和功能的一种概括，包括四气、五味、升降浮沉、归经及毒性等内容气、五味、升降浮沉、归经及毒性等内容。The drug property of the herbs describe the therapeutic significance and energetic characteristics including the four property(cold cool hot warm)and five tastes(spicy s
2、weet sour bitter salty),functional tendency,(ascending descending floating sinking),tropism,and toxicity.一、中一、中 药药 的的 性性 能能The property of medicinal herbs第一节第一节 中药基本知识中药基本知识Section1thebasicknowledgeofmedicinalherbs（一）（一）四四 气气 four propertyn四气是指药物具有寒、热、温、凉四种不同的药性，又称四性。药四气是指药物具有寒、热、温、凉四种不同的药性，又称四性。药物的
3、寒、热、温、凉是从药物作用于机体所发生的反应概括出来的。物的寒、热、温、凉是从药物作用于机体所发生的反应概括出来的。温次于热，凉次于寒。凡能治疗温热性疾病的药物，多属凉性或寒温次于热，凉次于寒。凡能治疗温热性疾病的药物，多属凉性或寒性；凡能治疗寒凉性疾病的药物，多属热性或温性。此外，还有一性；凡能治疗寒凉性疾病的药物，多属热性或温性。此外，还有一些寒、热之性不甚明显，作用平和的药物称平性药。些寒、热之性不甚明显，作用平和的药物称平性药。nFour property:the nature of the medicinal herbs such as cold,cool,hot and warm,
4、which is from the experience of the application to the body during the administration.Warm is slighter than hot,and cool is slighter than cold.Medicinal herbs cool or cold in property is applied to the illness caused by hot or warm evil,and vice versa.Furthermore,some medicinal herbs are bland in pr
5、operty,the nature of which is not obvious.n五味是指药物具有酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五种滋味五味是指药物具有酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五种滋味,药味不同，药味不同，则作用不同。则作用不同。nFive taste is spicy,sweet,sour,bitter and salty.Different taste means different efficacy.（二）五（二）五 味味 five taste 辛辛“能能散散、能能行行”，即即具具有有发发散散、行行气气、行行血血作作用用。辛辛味味药药多用于治疗表证、气滞及血瘀等病证多用于治疗表证、气滞及血瘀等病证Sp
6、icy herbs can disperse and promote the Qi flow and blood circulation,mainly indication for exterior syndrome,Qi stagnation and blood stasis.甘甘“能能补补、能能和和、能能缓缓”，即即具具有有补补益益、调调和和、缓缓急急的的作作用用。补补益益药药、调调和和药药及及止止痛痛药药多多具具有有甘甘味味，故故甘甘味味药药多多用用于于虚虚证证、脏脏腑不和及拘挛疼痛等病证腑不和及拘挛疼痛等病证Sweet herbs can tonify,hamonize and mod
7、erate,mainly for tonification of deficiency,hamonization the property of medicinal herbs,regulation the function of viscera and analgesia.五五 味味酸酸“能能收收、能能涩涩”，即即具具有有收收敛敛、固固涩涩作作用用。酸酸味味药药大大多多用用于于治治疗疗体体虚虚多多汗汗、肺肺虚虚久久咳咳、久久泻泻滑滑脱脱、遗遗精精遗遗尿尿、崩崩漏漏带带下下等等病病证证Sour herbs can absorb and control,mainly indication for
8、 astringency such as sweating,chronic cough,chronic diarrhea,enuresis,spermorrhea,metrorrhagia and metrostaxis,and leukorrhea.苦苦“能能泄泄、能能燥燥”，即即具具有有通通泄泄、燥燥湿湿等等作作用用。如如清清热热燥燥湿湿药药大大多多具具有有苦苦味味，故故能能泄泄热热燥燥湿湿，常常用用于于实实热热火火证证及及湿湿热热等等病病证证。Bitter herbs reduce and dry,mainly for reduce heat and turbid dampness in
9、side.五五 味味咸咸“能能下下、能能软软”，即即具具有有泻泻下下通通便便、软软坚坚散散结结等等作作用用。如如泻泻下下药药、软软坚坚药药大大多多具具有有咸咸味味，故故咸咸味味药药常常用用于于治治疗疗大大便便秘秘结结、瘰瘰疠疠瘿瘤、癥瘕痞块等病证。瘿瘤、癥瘕痞块等病证。Salty herbs can soften hardness nodules and purge stools,mainly indication are constipation,subcutaneous nodules and scrofula.五五 味味n“淡淡”味味药药，本本类类药药无无明明显显味味道道；“淡淡”则则“
10、能能渗渗、能能利利”，即即能能渗渗湿湿利利小小便便；常常用用于于水水肿肿、小小便便不不利利等病证。等病证。nThe bland herbs is not obvious in the taste and can effuse as the diuresis for edema and retention of urine.n“涩涩”与与“酸酸”味味药药作作用用相相似似，大大多多具具有有收收敛敛固固涩涩作用，常用于虚汗、久泄、遗精、出血等病证作用，常用于虚汗、久泄、遗精、出血等病证。nThe herbs of acerbity is similar to the sour herbs in th
11、e indication and therapeutic efficacy.五五 味味淡淡 酸酸 涩涩升即上升提举；降即下达降逆；浮即向外发散；沉即向内收敛。升即上升提举；降即下达降逆；浮即向外发散；沉即向内收敛。The ascending goes up towards upper parts while the descending goes down towards lower parts,the floating comes outwards while the sinking goes inwards.升、降、浮、沉即是指药物对机体有向上、向下、向外、向内四种升、降、浮、沉即是指药物
12、对机体有向上、向下、向外、向内四种不同作用趋向。药物的这种性能可用于调整机体气机紊乱，使之恢不同作用趋向。药物的这种性能可用于调整机体气机紊乱，使之恢复正常的生理功能，或因势利导，驱邪外出，达到治愈疾病的目的。复正常的生理功能，或因势利导，驱邪外出，达到治愈疾病的目的。The tendency is for the therapeutic efficacy of the medicinal herbs,which have effect on the regulation of the Qi flow inside to enable it recover or expel the evil
13、to come out so as to heal the illness.（三）（三）升升降降浮浮沉沉概概 念念药物对某经（脏腑或经络）或某几经发生明显作药物对某经（脏腑或经络）或某几经发生明显作用，而对其他经作用较少，甚至无作用，这种对用，而对其他经作用较少，甚至无作用，这种对机体某部分的选择性作用称归经。机体某部分的选择性作用称归经。Medicinal herbs usually produce therapeutic efficacy in preference of the meridians and viscus in predominance,while in the other
14、 parts of the body there seems tobe fewer effects.（四）（四）归归 经经tropism 酸枣仁酸枣仁能安神治心悸失眠，归心经；能安神治心悸失眠，归心经；SuanzaorenSuanzaoren palpitation and insomnia heart merdian麻黄麻黄止咳平喘，归肺经；止咳平喘，归肺经；MahuangMahuang cough and asthma lung meridian全蝎全蝎能解痉止痛，归肝经。能解痉止痛，归肝经。QuanxieQuanxie spasm and pain liver meridian 归归 经
15、经有一些药物，可以同时归入数经，说明该药对数经病变均有治疗作有一些药物，可以同时归入数经，说明该药对数经病变均有治疗作用。用。Some medicinal herbs is polyphyletic in tropism since the therapeutic efficacy is comprehensive.如山药能补肾固精、健脾止泻、养肺益阴，归肾、脾、肺经。如山药能补肾固精、健脾止泻、养肺益阴，归肾、脾、肺经。Yam:reinforcing kidney to strengthen essence,tonifying spleen to treat diarrhea,and nou
16、rish yin of lung.归经指明药物治病的应用范围，药物的归经不同，治疗的范围也就归经指明药物治病的应用范围，药物的归经不同，治疗的范围也就不同。不同。Tropism is the range of indication and these two aspects are closely related.归归 经经概念概念 毒性是指药物对机体的损害性，毒性反应与副作用不同，它毒性是指药物对机体的损害性，毒性反应与副作用不同，它对人体的危害性较大，可危及生命。对人体的危害性较大，可危及生命。Toxicity of herbs is the poisioning efficacy to
17、the body,the impact of which is different to the adverse reaction.Toxicity cause severe harm to the body,sometimes lethal.正确认识中药毒性正确认识中药毒性是安全用药的重要保证。有毒中药大多效强功捷，是安全用药的重要保证。有毒中药大多效强功捷，临床用之得当，则可立起沉疴；若用之失当，则可引起中毒临床用之得当，则可立起沉疴；若用之失当，则可引起中毒 。To recognize the importance of the toxicity of medicinal herbs i
18、s the key of the safe medication.Toxic medicinal herbs are powerful in the therapeutic efficacy with the accurate indication while applied in the contraindication it might cause intoxication.（五）（五）中中药药毒毒性性toxincity中中 药药 毒毒 性性 的的 现现 代代 研研 究究1.中枢神经系统毒副作用中枢神经系统毒副作用 Toxicity on CNS2.心血管系统的毒副作用心血管系统的毒副作用
19、 Toxicity on cardiovascular system3.消化系统的毒副作用消化系统的毒副作用 Toxicity on digestive system4.肝肾功能的损害肝肾功能的损害 Hepatic and nephric toxicity 5.过敏过敏 Allergic reaction6.致畸致癌作用致畸致癌作用 Teratogenesis and teratogenesis配伍compatibility二、中药的应用二、中药的应用the application of medicinal herbs用药禁忌contraindication剂量用法dosage and adm
20、inistration概概念念 根根据据不不同同病病情情和和临临床床辨辨证证，有有选选择择地地将将两两种种或或两两种以上药物组合在一起应用种以上药物组合在一起应用According to the indication and syndrome differentiation,two different medicinal herbs are used together for the treating purpose.“七七情情”表表示示药药物物之之间间的的相相互互作作用用，是是长长期期临临床床用用药药实践中对单味药的应用和药物的配伍关系的总结实践中对单味药的应用和药物的配伍关系的总结Seve
21、n relations:to show the interaction of herbs,which comes from the clinical experience of the long-term application,contains the indication and the mutual relations.（一）配（一）配 伍伍compatibility 单行单行 用一味药治疗疾病谓单行用一味药治疗疾病谓单行Sigular application:Using a single medicinal herb 相须相须 两种性能、功效相同或近似的药物合用，以增强疗效的一种配伍方
22、法两种性能、功效相同或近似的药物合用，以增强疗效的一种配伍方法Mutual reinforcement:two or more ingredients with similar property and effects are used in combination to reinforce each others efficacy 相使相使 两种药合用，一种药物为主，另一种药物为辅，辅药可以提高主药功效两种药合用，一种药物为主，另一种药物为辅，辅药可以提高主药功效的配伍方法谓相使的配伍方法谓相使Mutual assistance:two medicinal herbs are used,on
23、e as the dominate factor and the other as the assistant to raise the efficacy.相畏相畏 一种药物的毒副作用，被另一种药物所抑制一种药物的毒副作用，被另一种药物所抑制,使其毒副作用减轻或消失的使其毒副作用减轻或消失的配伍方法称相畏配伍方法称相畏Mutual restraint:mutual restraining effect of different medicinal herbs to weaken or neutralize each othersharmfulness.七七 情情seven relations
24、相杀相杀 一种药物能够清除另一种药物毒副作用的配伍一种药物能够清除另一种药物毒副作用的配伍Mutual detoxication:one medicinal herb can relieve or move the toxicity and adverse reaction of the other.相相恶恶 一一种种药药物物能能破破坏坏另另一一种种药药物物的的功功效效，使使其其作作用用减减弱弱，甚甚至至消消失失的一种配伍的一种配伍Mutual inhibition:one herb and the other can act on each other,result in the origi
25、nal effcacy weakened,even lost.相反相反 两种药物配伍应用后，产生毒性反应或副作用两种药物配伍应用后，产生毒性反应或副作用Incompatibility:toxicity and adverse reaction may result when the two ingredients are combinated.七七 情情中中药药用用药药禁禁忌忌主主要要包包括括配配伍伍禁禁忌忌、妊妊娠娠用用药药禁禁忌忌及及服服药药食食忌忌三三方方面面的内容；的内容；注意用药禁忌是用药安全和药物疗效的保证注意用药禁忌是用药安全和药物疗效的保证The indication of t
26、he usage in medicinal herbs is mainly at three aspects:inproper compatibility,inproper medication in gestation,and food taboo during administration.The attention to care about this ensure the safe administration of medicinal herbs and significant efficacy.（二）用药禁忌（二）用药禁忌contraindication概概 念念指某些药物配伍使用
27、会产生或增强毒副作用，或破坏和降低原指某些药物配伍使用，会产生或增强毒副作用，或破坏和降低原药物的药效，因此临床应当避免配伍使用药物的药效，因此临床应当避免配伍使用Incompatibility during prescription will leads to the strengthing of adverse reaction and toxicity,meanwhile the therapeutic efficacy will shrink,which is ought to be prevented.配伍禁忌配伍禁忌inproper compatibilityn中药配伍禁忌的范围
28、主要包括药物七情中相反、相恶两中药配伍禁忌的范围主要包括药物七情中相反、相恶两个方面的内容。历代医家对配伍禁忌药物的认识，都不个方面的内容。历代医家对配伍禁忌药物的认识，都不一致，金元时期才把药物的配伍禁忌概括为：一致，金元时期才把药物的配伍禁忌概括为：nThe inproper compatibility includes the relations such as mutual inhibition and incompatibility.n十八反、十九畏十八反、十九畏n18 incompatible medication and 19 mutual antagonism.配配 伍伍 禁禁
29、 忌忌概概 念念指对妊娠母体或胎儿具有损害作用，干扰正常妊娠的药物。根据指对妊娠母体或胎儿具有损害作用，干扰正常妊娠的药物。根据药物作用的强弱，一般分为禁用和慎用两类药物作用的强弱，一般分为禁用和慎用两类The effects of the medicinal herbs will damage the fetus,and disturb the normal pregnancy process.The herbs are usually classified into two categories such as contraindicated and used with caution.妊
30、娠用药禁忌妊娠用药禁忌inproper medication in gestation概概 念念忌口：服药期间对某些食物的禁忌生冷、油腻、辛辣刺激食物忌口：服药期间对某些食物的禁忌生冷、油腻、辛辣刺激食物Food taboo:during medication,pay attention to the diet,forbidden the food such as raw or cold food,greasy food and spicy food.3.服药禁忌服药禁忌food taboo during administration中药的剂量，是指用药的分量中药的剂量，是指用药的分量 Dos
31、age refers to the weight of each medicinal herb in the formula or prescription 药物性质与剂量药物性质与剂量 the property of herbs and dosage 药物配伍与剂量药物配伍与剂量 the compabitlity of herbs and dosage 年年龄龄、体体质质、病病情情与与剂剂量量age,corporeity,state of illness and dosage 季节、地域与剂量季节、地域与剂量 season,geographic environment and dosage（
32、三）（三）剂量和用法剂量和用法dosage and administration煎药用具tools：砂锅、瓦罐，忌用铜、铁锅煎药用水water：水质洁净的井水、自来水煎煮火候heat：文火、武火煎煮方法procedure：浸泡、煎煮、先煎、后下、包煎、另煎、烊化（三）（三）中中 药药 的的 煎煎 服服 法法Decoction and administration煎药法服药法温服Hot for administration每日一贴，分两次服用every day twice特殊情况下的服用方法particularity一般在饭后服用，Usually after dinner补益药可在餐前服用Ton
33、ification before meal特殊情况下的服药时间 Special administration第二节第二节中中药药分分类类1 解表药解表药2 清热药清热药3 泻下药泻下药4 利水渗湿药利水渗湿药5 芳香化湿药芳香化湿药6 祛风湿药祛风湿药7 温里药温里药8 理气药理气药9 消导药消导药10 理血药理血药11 化痰止咳平喘药化痰止咳平喘药12 安神药安神药13 平肝熄风药平肝熄风药14 开窍药开窍药15 补虚药补虚药16 固涩药固涩药思考题思考题n何谓中药的四气五味？有何作用？何谓中药的四气五味？有何作用？n中药的配伍七情有哪些？中药的配伍七情有哪些？n何谓归经？何谓升降浮沉？何谓归经？何谓升降浮沉？n升浮药与沉降药有何特性？升浮药与沉降药有何特性？
