重拾故宫ppt.ppt

,旅英华人Terry Tse制作的“故宫紫禁城”是我看到的优秀PPS之一(1.0 版本，2011/2/20，伦敦) ，看了后，不仅觉得图片精美，而且照片拍摄取材也颇具匠心，大处着眼，小处入手，入木三分；不仅可看到故宫的宏伟建筑，从中也可知晓不少中国宫殿的建筑艺术和一些宫廷仪轨以及帝皇们的若干生活内幕。 原PPS全为英文说明，为使更多人能了解其中的更多说明内容，我花了不少时间对PPS画面布局做了少量调整和某些艺术加工，尤其将英语说明全部译成中文，相信会相当程度上提高视觉效果和可观赏性。 我本人认为，如能在欣赏这个PPS的同时，一并仔细阅读其中的文字说明，其效果不亚于实地参观一次紫禁城，甚至收益更丰。这也许不夸大其辞、言过其实！ 我国劳动人民创造的伟大优秀建筑-故宫，百看不厌，请再次观看！ 注：第一页插入音乐是：古筝禅院钟声，第二页起原PPS音乐未动。,重拾 “故宫紫禁城” 题外话,HD WANG April 25,2011,The Forbidden City 故宮-紫禁城,First created 20 Feb 2011. Version 1.0 Jerry Tse. London. 首建於2011/2/20日。 1.0版， Jerry Tse 於 伦敦,All rights reserved. Available free for non-commercial and non-profit use only. 保留所有权利，只用于非商业和非盈利性用途,Plan 规划,The palace was divided into two parts. The Outer Court was used for state ceremonies. The Inner Court was the residence of the Emperor and his family. It was also used for running the day-to-day affairs of state. It was run by eunuchs 宫殿分两部分：外宫是用于国事活动。 内宫供皇帝和家人居住，也用于国家日常事务。由太监经营,In early Ming Dynasty, there were about 1630 halls. In early Qing there were 1800 halls. Currently the palace has 2631 halls and 90 courtyards. 明朝初年，约有1630大厅；清初有1800大厅；目前，宫内有2631大厅和90个庭院,The Ming Builders 明代建造者,Zhudi was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He decided to move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. He was a megalomaniac. Not only did he built the Forbidden City In Beijing, he also restored the Great Wall & the Grand Canal and sent his armada of ships into the Indian Ocean reaching Saudi Arabia and Africa. 朱棣是明朝第三个皇帝。他决定从南京迁都到北京。他是一个自大狂，不仅建造了北京紫禁城，也恢复了长城与大运河，并派他的船只舰队进入印度洋，直到沙特阿拉伯和非洲,Zhu Di 朱棣,A late 15C to early 16C painting depicting the Heavenly Succession Gate 承天門 and the Outer Five Dragons Bridge 外五龍橋 near todays Tiananmen. 一幅15世纪末至16世纪初的绘画描绘了今天安门附近的承天门和外五龙桥,In 1406, he started building the Forbidden City, which took 15 years to complete in 1421, employing 200,000 craftsmen and million of labourers to build. It created an architectural complex unmatched in history. It is the biggest palace the world have even seen, with some 1630 halls. 于1406年，他开始建造紫禁城，雇用20万工匠和百万劳工，历时15年，於1421完工。它创建了史上无与伦比的建筑群。是世界上未有的具有1630厅堂的最大宫殿,Unfortunately, it was burned down 3 times by major fires during the 273 years of the Ming Dynasty and had to be rebuilt again. 遗憾的是，宫殿被大火烧毁3次，於明朝273年，不得不再重建,Construction Materials 建筑材料,Bricks and Golden Bricks Bricks were used for paving and for the external walls. Floor tiles are known as Golden Bricks, made in Suzhou. These were made of clay and took two months firing in kilns. A floor tile took two years to made, and can last for centuries. They are called Golden Bricks because they are expensive to made. 砖和金砖用于铺路和外墙。地砖称为金砖， 在苏州制造。这些砖都用粘土制作，在窑内烧2个月。地砖花2年时间制成，可用几个世纪。由于制造费用昂贵，它们被称为金砖,TimberAll palace buildings used timber frame structures. The most important of timber are the pillars of Nanwu wood (Phoebe Zhennan). These logs were transported from south western China and took 4 years for the journey. Some 100,000 Nanwu pillars were used in the construction. The wood work were covered by a secret formulated paste, mixed with pigs blood, flour and earth for preservation. 木材所有宫殿全用木头做框架结构。最重要的木头是南无木（楠木）柱。这些木头从中国西南化4年行程运来。建筑中约用了10万根南无木柱。这种木件覆上混有猪血、面粉的秘密配方胶，以便保存,MarbleThe main buildings of the palaces were build on marble terraces. There is a huge inclined slab, with carved dragons, weighs 300 tons. These were transported on sheets of ice pulled by 20000 men and horses and took a month to travel the 50km journey. 汉白玉石宫殿主要建筑建在汉白玉石台地上。台阶斜板有巨大刻龙，重300吨。这些玉石由20万人马花一个月时间在冰上拖过50公里而运过来,Glazed Roof Tile By far the most common roof tiles are the yellow glazed tiles. Yellow being the colour of the emperor. A few houses are covered with green tiles for the princes. 釉面瓦到目前为止最常见的屋顶瓦片是黄色琉璃瓦。黄色是皇帝的颜色。少数房子盖青瓦，供王子使用,Qing 清,During the Qing dynasty, the palace was rebuilt many times after fires. Many buildings were also added to the palace. Below is a view of the palace on the wedding of the Qing Emperor Guangxu. 在清代，宫殿进行过多次大火后重建，宫内也增加了许多建筑物。下面是清朝光绪皇帝婚礼宫殿的视图,Qianlong 乾隆 (1711-95),The longest reigning emperor (1736-95) of Qing Dynasty. He started a 60 years major upgrade of the palaces. 清代在位最长的皇帝（17361795年）。他开始了长达60年的宫殿升级,He was a highly cultured emperor, with a diverse range of interests from collecting jade to calligraphy etc. It was his collection more than any other emperors that form the backbone of the collection of the Qugong Museum in Beijing and of the Palace Museum of Taipei. 他是有很高文化程度的皇帝，有各种不同兴趣-从收集玉石到书法等，他的收集品比任何其他皇帝都多，形式了北京和台北故宫博物院收集品的骨干,Under him, imperial China reached the zenith of her power. 他在位时，大清帝国达到了权力的顶峰,Moat 护城河,The palace is surrounded by a 52 m wide moat. 宫殿的四周是宽52米的护城河,Walls 外墙,The exterior walls is 10m high, 8.6m thick at the base. The core of the wall is filled with earth, surfaced with three layers of special bricks 外墙高10米，底部厚8.6米。隔离墙心部填土，外表面用三层特制砖覆盖,Corner Towers 角樓,There are four watch towers at the four corners of the palace walls. 皇宫城墙的四角有四个瞭望塔,Gates 大门,There are some 10,000 gates in the palace. 皇宫约有10,000扇大门,Meridian Gate 午門,This is the grandest of all the palace gates. It is nearly 38m high. This marks the beginning of the palace complex. 这是所有宫殿大门中最宏伟的，她的高度近38米，标志着宫殿建筑群的开始,Decorative Glazed Tiles 装饰性釉面琉璃砖,Apart from the distinctive yellow glazed tiles used for the roofs, tiles were also used as decorations on screens and walls. 除屋顶使用的黄色独特琉璃瓦外，砖也作为屏风和墙壁的装饰,Distinctive yellow glazed tiles make the palace stand out from the rest of the city. 独特的黄色琉璃瓦使宫殿从都市的沉静中脱颖而出,Mythical creatures on the roof ridges showing the status of the building. 屋脊上有显示建筑物地位的神灵,Roof 屋顶,Because most Chinese roofs were curved, the timber frame that supported the roof became more complicated .由于多数中式屋顶为弯曲、木构架，屋顶支撑变得更复杂,Wooden Construction 木结构,Bracketing 斗栱,Dougongs are brackets that lock beams together with pillars together. The technique dated back to two thousand years. 斗拱是把梁和柱锁到一块的支架。这项技术可追溯到两千年之前,Timber Frame 梁架 Traditional large Chinese buildings were mainly built of wood. All the weight of the building are supported by a wooden frame. Thus the wall are light and not weight bearing. 中国传统的大建筑，主要用木头建造。所有建筑物重量都由木框架支撑，因此，墙体轻，不负重,Ceilings 天花板,Coffered ceilings. 方格天花板,Caisson 藻井,Terraces 台基,The use of terraces in Chinese architecture dated back to over 3000 years. The three main buildings of the outer court were built on a three tiers of marble terraces decorated with beautiful carved balustrades 中国建筑采用台基可回溯到3000年之前。外宫的三座主要建筑就建在以美丽刻栏花杆装饰的三层大理石阳基上,Carved Slab 雕花板,The carved slab on the central staircase of the main terrace. Only the emperors were allowed to be carried over it. 主阳基中心台阶的楼梯上，其刻花板只允许皇帝可踩在它上面,Outer Court 外宫,During the Ming Dynasty, the Outer Court is used by the emperor to attend the daily affairs of the state. During the Qing Dynasty, this usage was moved to the Inner Court. However, the Outer Court was always used for the special state occasions and ceremonies. 在明代，外宫供皇帝用於国家日常事务活动。在清代，这种用途改移到内宫。然而，外宫始终是供国家特定场合和仪式之用,The three most important buildings lies on the central north-south axis. They are the Hall of Supreme Harmony (first building on the photo), the Hall of Central Harmony (the small building behind) and the Hall of Preserving Harmony . 三个最重要的建筑座落在南北中轴线上。她们是太和殿（照片上的第一个建筑物），中和殿（后面的小建筑）保和殿,SupremeHarmony 太和殿,The original Ming building was twice as large as the current hall. It is one of the largest wooden structure within China. The building is the focal point of the palace. It was used in Ming Dynasty to administration state affairs. In Qing Dynasty it was used only for ceremonial occasions. 原明朝建筑是现在太和殿的两倍大。她是中国的最大木结构建筑之一。该建筑是故宫的焦点。明代用于管理国家事务，清朝则只用于礼仪场合,Hall of Supreme Harmony Interior 太和殿,Envoys were required to kneel and kowtow to the floor nine times on approach to the emperor. 使节被要求向皇帝下跪磕头到地9次,Richly decorated with beautiful carvings, the Dragon Throne stands on a raised platform, surrounding with urns, incense burners, carved dragons, cranes and elephants. 华丽雕刻装饰的龙王宝座位于一个高台上，周围有瓮、香炉、刻龙、鹤和大象刻制品,Supreme Harmony太和殿,It is the largest timber frame building in China. The building was destroyed 7 times. The last rebuilt was in 1695-1697. 这是中国最大的木框架建筑，曾经被毁7次。最后一次重建是16951697年,Central Harmony中和殿,It is small square hall, serving as a rest room. It was a stop over room for the emperor for last minute preparations before conducting state or ceremony affairs. 这是小型广场厅，用作休息室。是皇帝进行国事或庆典活动前作最后准备的站点,Throne 宝座,A beautifully carved dragon standing on the back of the throne. There are several thrones in the palace. They are all beautifully carved. Some are in gold colour and others with natural wood colours. 一条雕刻精美的龙置于宝座的后背。皇宫中有好几个宝座。它们都有精美雕刻，有些是金色，有些是天然木材色,Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿,The hall was used for the imperial examination, as well as banquets on Lunar New Years Eve to entertain ministers, generals, as well as Mongolian and Tibetan nobles. 保和殿大厅是用于科举考试以及农历除夕宴会招待部长、将军和蒙、藏贵族,Musical Instruments 乐器,A rack of gilded musical bronze bells used during ceremonial and state occasions. The bells are similar in size and different notes are produced using bells with different thickness. 挂有镀金青铜音钟的音架，这些音钟在庆典和国家场合时使用。钟的大小相似，不同音调由不同厚度控制,Inner Court 內宫,The Gate of Heavenly Purity (above) leading into the Inner Court. The three most important buildings in the Inner Court echoes the group of the three buildings in the Outer Court. They are the Hall of Heavenly Purity (first building on the photo), the Hall of Union (the small building behind) and the Hall of Earthly Tranquillity . 进入内宫的乾清宫门（下）。内宫中的三个最重要建筑与外宫的三个建筑群互相呼应。它们是乾清宫（右图照片上的第一座建筑），交泰殿（后面的小楼）和坤宁宫,The Inner Court was the home of the Emperor and his family. In Qing Dynasty the some halls within the Inner Court were used by for administering state affairs. 内宫是皇帝及其家属的居地。在清代，内宫的有些大厅用於管理国家事务,The Gate of Heavenly Purity 乾清門,Entrance to the private world of the emperor.,Palace of Heavenly Purity 乾清宫,In early Qing Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, it is here that the emperor conducted the day-to-day affairs. In late Qing, it was used as an audience hall to receive foreign envoys and high ranked officials. 明朝和清初，皇帝在这里进行日常事务。到晚清，它被用作观众厅，接待外国使节和高级官员,Hall of Union 交泰殿,The building was used as the empress dressing room or celebrations of her birthdays. The imperial seals were also kept in here in Qing. 该建筑被用作皇后更衣室或她的生日庆典。清代玺印也保存在这里,Clepsydra (Water clock) 漏壶（水钟）,The main mechanism of the water clock consists of three copper containers filled with water. Water drips from the top container to containers below in turn. The amount of water collected at the bottom is used to tell the time. 水时钟主机由三个装满水的铜容器构成。水从顶部容器依次滴至下面容器。最下面容器收集的水量用以报时,Hall of Earthly Tranquillity 坤寧宫,The last of the Inner Court halls. 坤寧宫是最后一个内后宫,Hall of Earthly Tranquillity 坤寧宫,In Ming Dynasty, the building was used as the residence of the empress. 在明朝，坤寧宫用作皇后的居地,In Qing it was converted into several rooms and set out in Manchurian style for religious services. The building included a kitchen for preparing food for worship. It also has a bridal room and a study for the emperor. 在清朝，该建筑被分割成几个房间和布置成满洲风格，用于宗教服务。该建筑内有准备祭祀食品的厨房，也有一个婚房和一个皇帝用的书房,The Qing emperor Yongzhen moved the emperor residence here. The empress Dowager Cixi (reign 1861-1908) used the place to received state officials and ruled China. 清雍正皇帝住所搬到这里。慈禧太后（18611908年在位）在这里接见地方官员和统治中国,Hall of Mental Cultivation 養心殿,Hall of Mental Cultivation 養心殿,The main reception room where later Qing emperors attended state affairs. 晚清皇帝参加国家事务的主接待室,This is the Cixi throne room. Behind the screen of the throne was another throne, on which the Dowager Empress ruled China. 这是慈禧宝座的房间。屏幕背后是这位太后统治中国的另一个宝座,Hall of Mental Cultivation 養心殿,This was the emperors bedroom behind the reception room of the Hall of Mental Cultivation. 这是皇帝的卧室，位于养心殿接待室的背后,Hall of Mental Cultivation 養心殿,Imperial Garden 御花園,There are four gardens in the Inner Court of the palace. The Imperial Garden being the largest of them all. 皇宫内庭有四个花园。御花園数其中最大,A giant incense burner in the garden. 花园里的巨型香炉,Imperial Garden 御花園,Pavilion of Imperial Prospect overlooking the garden. 御景亭,Imperial Garden 御花園,Studio of Spiritual Cultivation. 養性齋,Imperial Gardens 御花園,This is the First Gate of Heaven 天一門 .,Court Life 宫廷生活,Emperor Qianlong watching princes playing in snow.,To maintain the palace during the Qing Dynasty, 280,000 taels of silver were needed each year or approximately 340,000 troy ounces of silver. 为维护清代宫廷，每年需化28万两白银或约34万金衡盎司银,Last emperor and empress of China 中国的末代皇帝和皇后 .,Theatre Pavillion of Pleasant Sounds 剧院-暢音閣,The largest stage of the three stories theatre in the palace. 宫殿中三层式剧院的最大舞台,Painted decorations装饰画,Painted beams and brackets 画梁和支架,Suzhou style polychrome painted decorations 苏式彩绘装饰画,苏式彩绘装饰画,画梁和支架,Bronze Animal sculptures 青铜动物雕塑,Bronze tortoise incense burner.,Gilt bronze elephant in the garden.,Gilt bronze lion.,Bronze lion at the Gate of Supreme Harmony,太和门青铜狮子,鎏金青铜狮子,花园里的鎏金青铜大象,青铜龟香炉,Doors decorations 门的装饰,Gate of Martial Spirit.,Hall of Union.,Carved panel on the doors at the Hall of Imperial Supremacy,Hall of Mental Cultivation,Qugong Museum 故宫博物院,紫禁城也是北京故宫博物院的所在地,The Forbidden City is also the home to the Palace Museum, Beijing.,Using timber as primary building material, this is the most important single characteristics of Chinese architectural approach. Transportation costs can be very high. Using timber also put a limit on the size, the height and the age of buildings. The availability of large hard wood timber is also a limitation. 用木头作主要建料是中式架构法的最主要特征。运输费用可能甚高。建筑物的规模、高度和楼龄也受木材限制。大型坚硬木材的供应也是一个限制,Chinese Traditional Palatial Architecture 中国传统宫殿建筑,Chinese Dian buildings are based on a timber frame. The walls of the buildings are not weight bearing. This allows more light and airy interior. Buildings are cool in summer but difficult to keep warm in winter. Buildings are inherent earthquake proof. 中式宫殿建筑以木构架作基础。建筑物墙壁不负重。这使室内较为明亮和通风。建筑物夏凉但冬季难以保暖，固有抗震性能也不佳',To give the timber frame strength, interlocking joints were developed to a very high level of sophistication. This can be seen in the Dougong bracketing techniques. The basic principles and architectural design did not changed much for centuries. 为让木构架牢固，互锁连接发展到很成熟程度。这可从故宫的斗拱技术可见一斑，几世纪来基本原理和建筑设计并没有太大变化,Chinese architecture uses modular architectural plan. Buildings are connected by corridors or unified by courtyards. Buildings are not integrated to form a larger building. 中式建筑采用模块化架构计划。建筑物用走廊连接或由庭院统一。建筑物不形成群体以防建筑物较大,Chinese buildings are very colourful and timber does not preserved well. The maintenance costs are very high. Finally Chinese buildings are very vulnerable to fire. The Hall of Supreme Harmony was rebuilt 7 times, in 500 years. 中式建筑非常丰富多彩，木头不好保护。维修费用很高。最后是中式建筑很易失火。在500年中太和殿重建过7次,Music Flying Dragons and Jumping Tiger 音乐-龍騰虎跃 composed by Li Minxiong 李民雄作曲 and performed by Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra. 香港中乐团演奏,The End,The End 再见！,七度蝈蝈推荐 其博客：http:/blog.sina.com.cn/u/1373747324,