第三章 英汉语言对比1(1).ppt
第三章 英汉语言对比,英汉语词汇的文化意蕴之对比,词的意义,理性意义：指词语在语言交际中所表达出来的最基本的意义，是对客观事物主要特征的反映和概括。理性意义还可以划分为概念意义与指称意义两种。 联想意义：指语言标志所唤起的想象和形象。联想意义不是词语本身所固有的而是一种附加在理性意义之上的意义。,1）指示意义相同，联想意义 不同或截然相反,例：“龙”与“dragon” 中国：真龙天子；龙的传人；龙凤呈祥 西方：撒旦：the great dragon. The woman is a dragon.,例：“蟋蟀”与“cricket” 中国： 昨夜寒蛩不住鸣，惊回千里梦，已三更。 岳飞“小重山” 但闻四壁虫声唧唧，如助余之叹息。 欧阳修的“秋声赋” 蛩唱如波咽，更深似水寒。 杜牧的“寝夜”： 西方： “I have not had all the luck I expected; but am as merry as a cricket”。 C Kingsley Two Years Ago,例：“西风”与“west wind” 中国： 咸阳古道音尘绝，音尘绝，西风残照，汉家陵阕。 李白“忆秦娥” 古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 马致远的“天净沙，秋思” 海天未必知天数，空对西风老泪滂。 艾性的“避乱逢友人”,西方： 雪莱西风颂（Ode to the West Wind）中就对west wind进行了高度的赞颂，把它作为希望和力量的象征。 Chaucer在坎特伯雷故事的引子中说：“When the sweet showers of April fall and shout / From which there springs the engendering of the flower, / When also Zephyrus with his sweet breath / Exhales an air in every grove and heath. / Upon the tender shoots, and the young sun.”,2）指示意义相同，联想意义 部分相同,例：“玫瑰”与“rose” 爱情 under the rose?,例：“猫头鹰”与“owl” 不吉利、凶兆、死亡 Macbeth: “I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise?” Lady Macbeth: “I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry”。 Shakespear 夜猫子进宅，无事不来。,as wise as an owl “A wise old owl lived in an oak. / The more he saw the less he spoke. / The less he spoke the more he heard. / Why cant we all be like that wise old bird？” Mother Gooses Fairy Tales （英国民间童谣） trespass?,3）指示意义相同，在一种语言中有丰富的联想意义，在另一种语言中却没有,例：“竹”与“bamboo” 咬定青山不放松，立根原在破岩中。 千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风。 郑板桥竹石 竹色君子德，猗猗寒更绿。 欧阳修的弄部看竹 食者竹笋，庇者竹瓦，载者竹筏，衣者竹皮， 书者竹纸，履者竹鞋。真可谓不可一日无此君者也耶！ 苏东坡,“黄水仙花”与“daffodil”,I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth,I wondered lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils ; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in the never-ending line Along the margin of a bay : Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.,The waves beside them danced ; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee : A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company : I gazed-and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought : For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude ; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.,4）各自文化中特有的词汇，即文化中的词汇缺项,例：客气 哪里，哪里 阴阳 风水 hippie punk,英汉思维方式与句法差异,思维方式差异,西方：主客对立 中国：主客一体,西方：形式逻辑思维 中国：直觉思维,西方：个人主义 中国：集体主义,句法差异,一、综合语与分析语 （Synthetic vs. Analytic）,综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary给综合语定义为：A synthetic language is “Characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”。拉丁语、德语和古英语都属于这类语言。 分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。The Random House College Dictionary给分析语定义为：An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected form”。,英语有形态变化， 汉语没有严格意义的形态变化。,1) 构词形态，即起构词作用的词缀变化包括大量的前缀和后缀。英语可以运用丰富的词缀构词造句，如：,His moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved astonished me. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. (O. Jespersen) 他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。 他行进速度之快，令人惊讶。 他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。 我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。,汉语词缀变化,前缀 超 超人，超值，超女，超支，超音速 非 非人，非原则，非正式，非军事化 无 无线电，无名氏，无疑 反 反问，反弹道导弹，反腐败 可 可亲，可爱，可调整，,汉语词缀变化,后缀 手 助手，选手，帮手，一把手 年 幼年，晚年，青少年，周年 子 金子，银子，票子，耗子，妻子 头 外头，对头，拳头，枕头，苗头,2）构形形态，即表达语法意义的词形变化。如：,我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已给我两本书。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books.,They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。 New factories are being built all over the country. 全国到处都在兴建新工厂。 During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children. 战争期间（要是）碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会死去，很多会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。,现代英语的形态变化主要是动词的变化和名词、代词、形容词及副词的变化以及上述的词缀变化。这些变化有：性（gender）、数（number）、格（case）、时（tense）、体（aspect）、语态（voice）、语气（mood）、比较级（degree of comparison）、人称（person）和词性（parts of speech）等。有了这些变化，一个词（或词组）常常可以同时表达几种语法意义，例如从词的形态可以判别它的词类、在句中的作用、与其他词的关系等。,严格来说，汉语没有形态变化。 汉语的数量助词（如“们”表示复数）、动态助词（如“着”、“了”、“过”表示动词的体）与结构助词（如“的”、“地”、“得”表示定语、状语与补语），虽类似英语的形态变化，但这些成分的使用在汉语里常常缺乏普遍性。,2. 英语词序比较灵活， 汉语词序相对固定。,形态变化与词序有密切的关系。形态变化越多的语言，词序越灵活，反之亦然。汉语是典型的分析语，词没有形态标志，位置不能随便移动，词语之间的关系主要通过安排及使用虚词来表达。,1) 英汉句子的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本上相同，一般地说，英汉的排列顺序都是：主谓宾（表）。但与汉语相比，英语词序倒装的现象比较多。,What a beautiful voice you have! （惊叹倒装） A pair of black eyes might have done some execution had they been placed in a smoother face. （假设倒装） Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared. （平衡倒装） Such are the rewards that always crown virtue. （衔接倒装） Not a finger did I lay on him.（否定倒装）,她文章写得好。 酒他喝得太多。,2)汉语的定语一般在名词的前面，而英语的定语在许多情况下可以通过形态变化或借助连接词语置于名词的前后，位置比较灵活。,一个很重要的问题： a very important question a question of great importance 以空前的速度 at an unprecedented speed at a speed unprecedented,The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means.,3. 英汉都有大量的虚词，但各有特点。,英语的虚词（form words），也称结构词（structural words）或功能词（function words），包括冠词、介词、助动词、并列连词（coordinators）和从属连词（subordinators）等。汉语的虚词（empty words）包括介词、助词（particles）和连词等。汉英虚词都是与实词（notion words或full words）相对而言的，在句中起辅助和连接等作用。,1) 英语经常使用定冠词和不定冠词,out of question out of the question a hundred and one one hundred and one She was with a child. She was with child.,2) 汉语有丰富多彩的助词。助词又分为动态助词（如：着、了、过）、结构助词（如：的、地、得）和语气助词（如：吗、呢、吧、啊、嘛、呀、哪）等。,今天不会下雨吧？ It isnt going to rain today, is it？ 你好好想想吧！ Just think it over. 明天就明天吧。 All right, lets make it tomorrow. 咱们走吧。 Lets go. 打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。 Unable to fight on or to escape, the enemy were forced to surrender.,You must be feeling rather tired. 你一定觉得有点儿累。 你一定觉得有点儿累了。 你一定觉得有点儿累了吧。,3) 英语常用介词，汉语则少用介词。,Peter drew his knife on the robber. 彼得拔刀向那个强盗砍去。 If a man couldnt walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasnt much of a politician. 要是一个人不能一上任就看出谁支持他，谁反对他，那他就不配搞政治。,4) 英语表示并列和从属关系的连接词，不仅种类和数量比汉语多，而且使用率也比汉语高。,This was the period when Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity. 就在这期间，爱因斯坦开始进行了一项研究。经过这项研究，他创立了著名的相对论。 He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence. 他说得那么好听，谁都相信他是无辜的了。,二、聚集与流散 （Compact vs. Diffusive）,英语句子有严谨的主谓结构。主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的中心，两者协调一致（S-V concord），提纲挈领，聚集各种关系网络（connective-nexus）。因此，英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后应，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”（compactness）。 汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”（diffusiveness）。,。,英语主谓结构的五种基本句型： 主语+动词：The telephone rang. 主语+动词+表语：We are students. 主语+动词+宾语：The news surprised me. 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语： I sent him a letter. 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语： He painted the door green.,汉语的主谓结构要复杂得多。主语不仅形式多样，而且可有可无：它可表示施事、受事，也可表示时间、地点；可用名词、动词，也可用形容词、数量词；句子可以没有主语，也可以省略主语，还可以变换主语并予以隐含。,试比较下列英汉句子的主语： 文章翻译完了。（受事主语） The article has been translated. 全市到处都在兴建新工厂。（地点主语） New factories are being built all over the city. 现在正下着毛毛雨。（时间主语） Its drizzling at the moment. 累得我站不起来了。（无主句） Im so exhausted that I cant stand up.,汉语的谓语也复杂多样：它可以是动词、名词或形容词；可以是一个动词，也可以是多个动词，它还可以没有动词；它可以是一个单词，也可以是多个词组。,试比较下列英汉句子的谓语。 天高云淡。（形容词作谓语） The sky is high and the clouds are pale. 他出国留学去了。（连动式谓语） He has gone abroad for further studies. 我介绍他加入协会。（兼语式谓语） I recommended him for membership of the association.,三、形合与意合 （Hypotactic vs. Paratactic）,所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。The American Heritage Dictionary给形合定义为：“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you dont come.”英语造句主要采用形合法（Hypotaxis）。 所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过习语或分句的含义表达。The American Heritage Dictionary给意合定义为：“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away.”汉语造句主要采用意合法（Parataxis）。,英语的形合法 英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性连接（overt cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。,1. 关系词和连接词。 关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如who，whom，whose，that，which，what，when，where，why，how等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and，or，but，yet，so，however，as well as，(n)either(n)or及when，while，as，since，until，sowhat，unless，lest等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。,When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。 It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall. 那是个天气晴朗、黄金可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，荒野纷飞的秋天再度来临，当日的青年已经失去青春，有的丧失了生命。,2. 介词。介词包括简单介词（如with，no，in，of，about，between，through）、合成介词（如inside，onto，upon，within，without，throughout）和成语介词（如according to，along with，apart from，because of，in front of，on behalf of，with regard to）。,The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. 这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅例济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。,3.其他连接手段，如形态变化形式，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如性、数、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等）及其保持前后一致的关系，广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系，以及使用“it”和“there”作替补词起连接作用等等。,He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day. 他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六个小时，受尽鞭打责骂。 They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名，人们会说他们贸然采取行动，使最高会议遭到搁浅，而且，可以设想，还可能挑起了一场核战争。 Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter mens bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? 炮手用科学毁坏了人体，而就在附近，外科医生用科学使其恢复健康，还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝伦？,汉语的意合法 汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯（covert coherence），注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多：没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词；介词数量少，大约只有30个，而且大多是从动词“借”来的。汉语没有词的形态变化，没有“it”和“there”这类替补词，代词也用得较少，总之，“尽量省去一切不必要的形式装置”，重意合而不重形合，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。,1. 语序,（因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest, I cant trust her. 我不能信任她，因为她不老实。 I cant trust her, because she is not honest. 人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 说是说了，没有结果。（=我虽然说了，但是没结果。） Ive made proposals, but they proved futile. 打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 人到事中迷，就怕没人提。 When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint. 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。 Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.,2. 反复、比喻、对照、对偶等。这些句式词语整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。,他不来，我不去。 If he wont come here, Ill not go there. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As you sow, so will you reap. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。 If it lightens in the east, it will be sunny; if it lightens in the west, it will be rainy; if it lightens in the south, it will be sultry; if it lightens in the north, it will be stormy.,3. 紧缩句,有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food if there is any. 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. 问遍千家成行家。 Learn from numerous advisers, and youll become a master. 上梁不正下梁歪。 If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant. When those above behave unworthily, those below will do the same.,4. 四字格,不进则退 He who does not advance falls backward. Move forward, or youll fall behind. 酒令智昏 When one is in, wit is out. 物极必反 Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable. 玩火自焚 Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.,英语注重形合，注重结构、形式，常常借助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨（preciseness）；汉语注重意合，注重功能、意义，常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比较简洁（conciseness）。 英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式。,树形结构与竹竿型结构 “楼房建筑法”与“流水记事法”,
