AIAA-G-034-1998.pdf

, üb95534 0003220 57T U Special Copvright Notice o I999 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved. Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/AI AA G-034-1998 Guide Guide to Reference and Standard Ionosphere Models Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSVAIAA G-034-1998 American National Standard Guide to Reference and Standard Ionosphere Models Sponsor American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved July 15, 1999 American National Standards Institute Abstract This standard provides guidelines for selecting ionospheric models for engineering design or scientific research. The Guide describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, databases from which the models are formed, publication references, and sources of computer codes for approximately 30 ionospheric models. The models cover the altitude range from the Earths surface to approximately 10,000 kilometers. This Guide is intended to assist communication (C3i) and space sys- tem designers and developers, geophysicists, space physicists, and climatologists in understanding available models and comparing sources of data and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different ionospheric models. Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIAA G-034-1998 American Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require- ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards devel- Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Sub- stantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufac- turing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circum- stances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this stan- dard. National oper. Standard CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to affirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of ap- proval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Guide to reference and standard ionosphere models/sponsor, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. P. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. lonosphere-Mathematical models. “ANS V A IAA G-034- 1 998“ ISBN 1 -56347-347-X I. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . QC881.2.16G85 1999 551.51 '45'051 18-dc21 99-23533 CIP Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191-4344 Copyright O 1999 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America II Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIAA G-034-1998 Contents Foreword . v Summary of Reference and Standard Ionospheres vi¡ GLOBAL IONOSPHERE MODELS USU Time-Dependent Model of the Global Ionosphere, NCAR Thermosphere-lonosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model, Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Model (CTIM), T. J. Fuller-Rowell 5 Coupled Thermosphere-lonosphere-Plasmasphere Model (CTIP), T. J. Fuller-Rowell . 7 AFRL Global Theoretical Ionospheric Model (GTIM), D. N. Anderson 8 Parameterized Ionospheric Model (PIM), D. N. Anderson, R. E. Daniel1 . 1 O International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 1996, D. Bilitza 12 Empirical Model of the Ionosphere, W. Kohnlein 15 The Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma Model, P. Richards 19 R.W. Schunk and J.J. Sojka 1 1993, R. G. Roble .3 The Sheffield University Plasmashphere-lonsophere Model (SUPIM), G.J. Bailey . 17 LOWER IONOSPHERE D Region: Algebraic Model, W. Swider Numerical Model of D-Region Ion Chemistry, 1995, E. Turunen Solar EUV and Chemistry Model, W. Swi J. Jasperse 28 AFRL Transport Model for the Electron-Proton-Hydrogen Atom Aurora, J. Jasperse 30 21 23 E Region: AFRL Bolzmann-Fokker-Planck Model for 26 KEY RELATED PROPERTIES Electric Fields: Two-Cell Ionospheric Convection Model, R.A. Heelis . 33 Heppner-Maynard Electric Field Models, J.P. Heppner and N.C. Maynard . 35 Millstone Hill Empirical Electric Field Model, 1986, J.C. Foster 37 Neutral Winds: HWM Empirical Wind Model, A. Hedin 41 Temperature: Global Empirical Models of Te, L.H. Brace . 43 Empirical Model of the Ionospheric Electron and Ion Temperatures, W. Kohnlein . .45 Photochemical Equilibrium Model for Ionospheric Conductivity, C.E. Rasmussen . 47 Empirical Model of Conductivities, D. Brautigam . 48 Particles and Currents: Auroral Electron and Ion Fluxes, D. Brautigam 50 APL High-Latitude Convection Model, M. Ruohoniemi . 39 . III Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIAA G-034-1998 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS Scintillation-C31/Navigation Outage: WBMOD Ionospheric Scintillation Model (NWRA), 1995, Clutter and Trough-HFNHF Loss: Model of the Trough in the High-Latitude F Layer, J.A. Whalen . 55 TEC-Navigation Errors: GPS Eight-Coefficient TEC Model, R.E. Daniell 56 The CPI TEC Model. R.E. Daniell 57 E.J. Fremouw and S. Basu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 iv Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSVAIAA G-034-1998 Foreword clude additional models from the international com mu ni ty . This Guide to Reference and Standard lono- sphere Models has been sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronau- tics (AIAA) as part of its Standards Program. The AIAA Standards Procedures provide that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely The proliferation of ionospheric models and the lack of documentation have hindered general knowledge of their availability as well as their relative strengths, weaknesses, and limitations. The intent of this guide is to compile in one ref- erence practical information about known and available ionospheric models-those that de- scribe the physical properties and practical ef- fects of the ionosphere as a function of altitude, latitude, and other key parameters. At this writ- ing, the included models are those intended for general-purpose, scientific, or aerospace appli- cations and therefore extend to heights ranging from 50 to 10,000 km. Dynamical models of the ionosphere are included in this guide, as the dy- namics are essential to many applications. The guide summarizes the principal features of the models: model content model uncertainties and limitations basis of the model database or model input parameters publication references model codes and sources . dates of development, authors, and sponsors The models are grouped according to whether they describe primarily global, regional, or spe- cial properties. There is limited information on standard devia- tions from the mean values or frequencies of occurrence of some of the variables described by these models. This limits quantitative as- sessments of uncertainties. Correlation dis- tances for electron densities, and statistics on scintillation are well defined. These and other statistics are discussed in the body of the guide. Candidates for inclusion in this guide have been solicited by means of advertisements in publica- tions including: announcements at national and international meetings of URSI, IAGA, AGU, COSPAR, AIAA, and scientific community newsletters. This collection of models is not ex- haustive. It is hoped that future editions will in- voluntary. There is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commit- ment to conform to or be guided by any stan- dards report. In formulating, revising, and ap- proving standards publications, the Committees on Standards will not consider patents, which may apply to the subject matter. Prospective users of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for in- fringement of patents or copyrights, or both. We are indebted to those authors who submitted their models for inclusion, to those who offered valuable advice, to Robert S. Skrivanek for no- table assistance, and to the reviewers/editors: Drs. Herbert C. Carlson (Chair), David N. An- derson, Santi Basu, Edward J. Fremouw, Roderic A. Heelis, and Robert W. Schunk. The AIAA Atmospheric the magnetospheric and equatorial electric field distributions; the auroral electron precipitation pattern; the down- ward electron heat flux through the upper boundary; and the protonospheric exchange flux. Typically, empirical or statistical models are used for the required atmospheric and mag- netospheric inputs, but in this case the calcu- lated ionospheric parameters pertain to the cli- matology of the region. For storm and substorm simulations, the temporal variation of the mag- netospheric and atmospheric inputs must be specified. 5. Publication References 5.1 Schunk, R.W. (1988), “A Mathematical Model of the Middle and High Latitude lono- sphere,” Pure Appl. Geophys. 127, 255-303. 5.2 Sojka, J.J. (1989), “Global Scale, Physical Models of the F Region Ionosphere, Rev. Geo- phys. 27,371-403. 6. Dates of Development: 1973 Original one-dimensional, mid-latitude, multi-ion (NO, 02, N2, O) model. 1975 High-latitude effects due to plasma con- vection and particle precipitation added for sin- gle plasma flux tubes. 1980 Updated chemical scheme and new ions (N and He) are added. 1981 Plasma convection and particle pre- cipitation patterns added so that multiple flux tubes can be followed. 1982 A more complete ion energy equation is added. 1983 Time-dependent plasma convection and particle precipitation patterns are included so that geomagnetic storms and substorms can be modeled. 1985 An equatorial ionospheric model is added so that the entire globe can be modeled. 1986 The complete electron energy equation is added. 1992 A grid system that allows for a high spatial resolution in a specified region is devel- oped. 7. Model Codes and Sources The model is in the form of a large Fortran code, but it is not user friendly and is not avail- able. However, the authors frequently run the model in collaborative studies with both experi- mentalists and other modelers. 2 Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:22:58 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIAA G-034-1998 NCAR THERMOSPHERE- IONOSPHERE-ELECTRODYNAMICS GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL, 1993 1. Model content The National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere- lonosp here- Electrody nam ics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM) is a nu- merical model of the thermosphere and iono- sphere that is coupled through self-consistent electrodynamics. The global model is on an ef- fective 5-deg latitude-longitude grid in geo- graphic coordinates and extends in altitude be- tween 95 and 500 km. The model time step is 5 min, and the model runs on the NCAR CRAY Y- MP8-64. The model calculates the global distri- butions of neutral temperature and winds and also solves for global distributions of the major neutral gas density. The ionospheric portion of the model calculates global distributions of electron density, electron and ion temperature and the number densities of 0'(2P), 0'(2D), 0'(4S), NO', Ne, N', and 02'. The model also calculates the global distribution of electric fields, currents, and ground magnetic perturba- tions at each model time step. The model requires as input a specification of the time-dependent solar EUV and UV flux be- tween l and 200 nm, the hemispheric power input of precipitating auroral particles, and the potential drop across magnetic polar caps. It also requires a specification of the amplitude and phase of the diurnal and semi-diurnal com- ponents of upward propagating tides from the middle atmosphere. With these time-dependent inputs, the model takes 20 min of NCAR CRAY Y-MP8-64 to simulate one day of coupled ther- mosphere-ionosphere dynamics. 2. Model uncertainties and limitations