BS-EN-ISO-10545-3-1997.pdf

BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 10545-3:1997 Ceramic tiles Part 3: Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density The European Standard EN ISO 10545-3:1997 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.100.20 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 20 03:09:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN ISO 10545-3:1997 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 November 1997 © BSI 04-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference B/539 Draft for comment 93/102976 DC ISBN 0 580 28656 8 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee B/539, Ceramic tiles and other rigid tiling, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Building Engineers British Adhesives and Sealants Association British Ceramic Research Ltd. British Ceramic Tile Council Building Research Establishment Chartered Institute of Building Concrete Society Construction Confederation Consumer Policy Committee of BSI Contract Flooring Association Federation of Master Builders Federation of Resin Formulators and Applicators Health and Safety Executive Institute of Clerks of Works of Great Britain London Underground Ltd. Mortar Producers Association National Federation of Clay Industries National Federation of Terrazzo, Marble and Mosaic Specialists National Master Tile Fixers Association National Tile, Faience and Mosaic Fixers Society Natural Slate Quarries Association Royal Institute of British Architects Stone Federation Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 20 03:09:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN ISO 10545-3:1997 © BSI 04-2000i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover National forewordii Foreword2 1Scope3 2Principle3 3Apparatus3 4Test specimens3 5Procedure3 6Expression of results4 7Test report4 Table 1 Tile mass and accuracy of measurement3 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 20 03:09:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN ISO 10545-3:1997 ii © BSI 04-2000 National foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee B/539 and is the English language version of EN ISO 10545-3:1997 Ceramic tiles Part 3: Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density, published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). It is identical with ISO 10545-3:1995, including its Technical Corrigendum 1:1997, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It supersedes BS 6431-11:1983, which will be withdrawn when Parts 1 to 16 of BS EN ISO 10545 have all been published. This Part of BS EN ISO 10545 was originally drafted by CEN/TC 67, Ceramic tiles, as EN 99, published in 1982, and confirmed in 1991. Subsequently the European Standard was revised by ISO as a Part of ISO 10545, which has now been approved by CEN as a Part of EN ISO 10545. The technical changes from the method described in BS 6431-11 are as follows. Additional methods are included for determination of the apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density. Impregnation of the tiles with water may be achieved by boiling or under vacuum. Classification of tiles for specification purposes is to be made using the boiling method. After the vacuum impregnated tiles have been weighed in air, they are weighed again in water. This further step enables the additional properties to be calculated. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN ISO title page, pages 2 to 4 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 20 03:09:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM EN ISO 10545-3 July 1997 ICS 91.100.20Supersedes EN 99:1991 Descriptors: Ceramics, tiles, tests, water absorption tests, determination, porosity, density (mass/volume), bulk density English version Ceramic tiles Part 3: Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density (ISO 10545-3:1995, including Technical Corrigendum 1:1997) Carreaux et dalles céramiques Partie 3: Détermination de labsorption deau, de la porosité ouverte, de la densité relative apparente et de la masse volumique globale (ISO 10545-3:1995, Rectificatif Technique 1:1997 inclus) Keramische Fliesen und Platten Teil 3: Bestimmung von Wasseraufnahme, offener Porosität, scheinbarer relativer Dichte und Rohdichte (ISO 10545-3:1995, einschließlich Technische Korrektur 1:1997) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1997-05-01. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Europäisches Komitee für Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels © 1997 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 10545-3:1997 E Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 20 03:09:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 10545-3:1997 © BSI 04-2000 2 Foreword The text of the International Standard from Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ceramic tiles, of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been taken over as a European Standard by Technical Committee CEN/TC 67, Ceramic tiles, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard supersedes EN 99:1991. EN ISO 10545 consists of the following Parts, under the common title Ceramic tiles. Part 1: Sampling and basis for acceptance; Part 2: Determination of dimensions and surface quality; Part 3: Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density; Part 4: Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strength; Part 5: Determination of impact resistance by measurement of coefficient of restitution; Part 6: Determination of resistance to deep abrasion for unglazed tiles; Part 7: Determination of resistance to surface abrasion for glazed tiles; Part 8: Determination of linear thermal expansion; Part 9: Determination of resistance to thermal shock; Part 10: Determination of moisture expansion; Part 11: Determination of crazing resistance for glazed tiles; Part 12: Determination of frost resistance; Part 13: Determination of chemical resistance; Part 14: Determination of resistance to stains; Part 15: Determination of lead and cadmium given off by glazed tiles Part 16: Determination of small colour differences; Part 17: Determination of coefficient of friction. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 1998, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 1998. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard ISO 10545-3:1995, including Technical Corrigendum 1:1997, has been approved by CEN as a European Standard without technical modifications. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 20 03:09:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 10545-3:1997 © BSI 04-20003 1 Scope This part of ISO 10545 specifies methods for determining water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density of ceramic tiles. There are two methods of obtaining impregnation with water of the samples open pores: boiling and immersion under vacuum. Boiling will impregnate open pores that are easily fillable; the vacuum method fills almost all the open pores. The boiling method shall be used for classification of tiles and product specifications. The vacuum method shall be used for apparent porosity, apparent relative density and water absorption for purposes other than classification. 2 Principle Impregnation of dry tiles with water and then suspension in water. Calculation of the listed properties using the relationships between the dry, saturated and suspended masses. 3 Apparatus 3.1 Drying oven, capable of being operated at (110 ± 5) °C. Microwave, infrared or other drying systems may be used provided that it has been determined that the same results are obtained. 3.2 Heating apparatus, constructed of suitable inert material, in which boiling takes place. 3.3 Source of heat 3.4 Balance, accurate to 0,01 % of the mass of a test specimen. 3.5 Deionized or distilled water 3.6 Desiccator 3.7 Chamois leather 3.8 Wire loop, halter or basket, capable of supporting specimens under water for making suspended mass measurements. 3.9 Glass beaker, or similar container of size and shape such that the sample, when suspended from the balance (3.4) by the wire loop (3.8), is completely immersed in water, with the test specimen and the wire loop being completely free of contact with any part of the container. 3.10 Vacuum chamber and vacuum system, of sufficient capacity to accommodate the required number of test specimens and achieve and hold a vacuum of (10 ± 1) kPa for 30 min. 4 Test specimens 4.1 A sample of each type of tile under test shall consist of 10 whole tiles. 4.2 If the proper surface area of each individual tile is greater than 0,04 m2, only five whole tiles shall be used for the test. 4.3 When the mass of each individual tile is below 50 g, a sufficient number of tiles shall be taken so that each test specimen reaches a mass of 50 g to 100 g. 4.4 Tiles with sides longer than 200 mm may be cut into smaller pieces, but all such pieces shall be included in the measurement. With polygonal and other non-rectangular tiles, the lengths and widths shall be those of the enclosing rectangles. 5 Procedure Dry the tiles in the oven (3.1) adjusted to (110 ± 5) °C, until constant mass is reached, i.e. until the difference between two successive weighings at intervals of 24 h is less than 0,1 %. Cool the tiles in the desiccator (3.6) over silica gel or another suitable desiccant, but not an acid. Weigh each tile and record the results to the corresponding accuracy shown in Table 1. Table 1 Tile mass and accuracy of measurement 5.1 Impregnation with water 5.1.1 Boiling method Place the tiles vertically, with no contact between them, in the heating apparatus (3.2) so that there is a depth of 5 cm of water (3.5) above and below the tiles. Maintain the water level at 5 cm above the tiles throughout the test. Heat the water until it boils and continue to boil for 2 h. Then remove the source of heat (3.3) and allow the tiles to cool to room temperature, still completely immersed, in 4 h ± 15 min. Water at ambient temperature or refrigerating coils may be used to cool the test specimens to room temperature. Prepare the chamois leather (3.7) by wetting and wringing out by hand. Place it on a flat surface and lightly dry each side of each tile in turn. Dab any relief surfaces with the chamois leather. Values in grams Mass of tileAccuracy of measurement 50 to 1000,02 100 to 5000,05 500 to 1 0000,25 1 000 to 3 0000,50 3 0001,00 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 20 03:09:06 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 10545-3:1997 4 © BSI 04-2000 Immediately after this procedure, weigh each tile and record the results to the same accuracy as for the dry state (see Table 1). 5.1.2 Vacuum method Place the tiles vertically, with no contact between them, in the vacuum chamber (3.10). Evacuate to a pressure of (10 ± 1) kPa and maintain it for 30 min. Then while maintaining the vacuum, slowly admit sufficient water to cover the tiles by 5 cm. Release the vacuum and allow the tiles to remain submerged for 15 min. Prepare the chamois leather (3.7) by wetting and wringing out by hand. Place it on a flat surface and lightly dry each side of each tile in turn. Dab any relief surfaces with the chamois leather. Immediately after this procedure, weigh each tile and record the results to the same accuracy as for the dry state (see Table 1). 5.2 Suspended weight After impregnation under vacuum of the test specimens, determine, to the nearest 0,01 g, the mass m3 of each specimen while suspended in water. Carry out weighing by placing the specimen in a wire loop, halter, or basket (3.8) that is suspended from one arm of the balance (3.4). Before actually weighing, counterbalance the scale with the wire loop, halter, or basket in place and immerse in water to the same depth as is used when the specimens are in place. 6 Expression of results In the following calculations, the assumption is made that 1 cm3 of water weighs 1 g. This is true within about 3 ¸ for water at room temperature. 6.1 Water absorption For each tile, the water absorption, E(b,v), expressed as a percentage of the dry mass, is calculated using the equation where The designation Eb shall be used for the water absorption determined using m2b, and Ev when using m2v. Eb represents water penetration into the easily fillable pores, while Ev represents water penetration into almost all of the open pores. 6.2 Apparent porosity 6.2.1 The external volume, V, expressed in cub