IEEE-1264-1993-R2004.pdf

IEEE Std 1264-1993(R2004) IEEE Guide for Animal Deterrents for Electric Power Supply Substations Sponsor Substations Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Reaffirmed 23 September 2004 Approved March 18, 1993 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: Methods and designs to mitigate interruptions and equipment damage resulting from animal intrusions into electric power supply substations thereby improving reliability and minimizing the associated revenue loss are addressed. Keywords: barrier, flashover, mitigation, phase-to-ground fault, phase-to-phase fault The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright © 1993 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1993. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1-55937-304-0 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=O'Connor, Maurice Not for Resale, 04/28/2007 23:25:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ii IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. 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Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=O'Connor, Maurice Not for Resale, 04/28/2007 23:25:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iii Introduction (This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 1264-1993, IEEE Guide for Animal Deterrents for Electric Power Supply Substations.) This guide was prepared by members of Working Group G3, Substation Security, and is under the sponsorship of the Substation Environmental Subcommittee of the IEEE/PES Substations Committee. Participants At the time this guide was completed, the Substation Security Working Group had the following membership: Kevin M. Bevins, Chair Michael J. Bio Gaylan R. Bishop James C. Burke Robert E. Carberry Richard G. Cottrell W. Bruce Dietzman Kevin T. Eldridge Harry R. Gilden David L. Harris Frederick F. Kluge David S. Lehman Dominic R. Sabatini A. M. Sahazizian George A. Toskey David A. Tucker The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this standard for submission to the IEEE Standards Board: William Ackerman B. Y. Afshar S. J. Arnot A. C. Baker Nelson Barbeito G. J. Bartok Kevin Bevins K. L. Black Charles Blattner W. R. Block Steve Boggs P. C. Bolin Steven Brown J. C. Burke John Cannon R. E. Carberry D. Charbonnet F. Y. Chu J. R. Clayton E. F. Counsel N. Cuk Frank Denbrock W. K. Dick C. C. Diemond Bruce Dietzman T. L. Doern Lane Ferguson George Flaig D. L. Garrett J. Grzan A. Haban David Harris John Holladay M. L. Holm D. C. Johnson Zlatko Kapelina George Karady Richard Keil F. F. Kluge Don Koenig Theodore Kolenda Alan Kollar Eddie Kolodziej T. L. Krummrey Luther Kurtz Donald Laird Lawrence Laskowski Alfred Leibold Jacques Lemay C. T. Lindeberg H. P. Lips W. F. Long Rusko Matulic John McDonald Thomas McLenahan A. P. Meliopoulos Philip Nannery Edward Olavarria J. T. Orrel James Oswald Shashi Patel Raymond Perina K. Pettersson T. A. Pinkham J. Quinata Derek Rishworth B. D. Russell Jakob Sabath Donald Schafer F. C. Shainauskas B. Sojka Robert St. Clair W. K. Switzer Edgar Taylor, Jr. Charles Todd Duane Torgerson L. F. Volf R. J. Wehling W. M. Werner R. M. Youngs Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=O'Connor, Maurice Not for Resale, 04/28/2007 23:25:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iv When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on March 18, 1993, it had the following membership: Wallace S. Read, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A. Baril Clyde R. Camp Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster* David F. Franklin Ramiro Garcia Donald N. Heirman Jim Isaak Ben C. Johnson Walter J. Karplus Lorraine C. Kevra E. G. “Al” Kiener Ivor N. Knight Joseph L. Koepfinger* D. N. “Jim” Logothetis Don T. Michael* Marco W. Migliaro L. John Rankine Arthur K. Reilly Ronald H. Reimer Gary S. Robinson Leonard L. Tripp Donald W. Zipse *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal James Beall Richard B. EngelmanDavid E. Soffrin Stanley Warshaw Rachel Auslander IEEE Standards Project Editor Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=O'Connor, Maurice Not for Resale, 04/28/2007 23:25:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- v CLAUSEPAGE 1. Overview.1 1.1 Purpose. 1 1.2 Scope 1 2. References.1 3. Definitions.2 4. Animal intrusions2 4.1 Types of animals 2 4.2 Problems. 3 5. Criteria 4 5.1 Operating history 5 5.2 Application determination 5 5.3 Performance monitoring 5 6. Mitigation methods.5 6.1 Physical barriers. 6 6.2 Increased insulation 9 6.3 Deterrent methods 12 6.4 Other methods 14 7. Mitigation method effectiveness.14 7.1 Physical barriers. 14 7.2 Increased insulation 15 7.3 Deterrents. 15 7.4 Other methods 15 Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=O'Connor, Maurice Not for Resale, 04/28/2007 23:25:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright 1993 IEEE All Rights Reserved1 IEEE Guide for Animal Deterrents for Electric Power Supply Substations 1. Overview This guide is divided into seven clauses. Clause 1. provides the purpose and scope of this guide. Clause 2. lists references to other standards. Clause 3. provides definitions of terms that are used in the guide, but are listed here as a quick reference. Clause 4. discusses the various types of animals and the problems they may cause. Clause 5. recommends criteria for implementing a mitigation program. Clause 6. explains different mitigation methods. Clause 7. describes the effectiveness of the various mitigation methods. 1.1 Purpose Intrusion by animals into electric supply substations has been a problem experienced by most of the electric utility industry. The costs associated with outages caused by animals continue to escalate. Although animal problems differ in nature geographically, the damage to equipment, interruption of or loss of service to customers, and safety problems encountered by operating personnel result in the same general concerns. This guide identifies various animals, the problems they cause and mitigation methods. Further, it recommends criteria for applying mitigation methods, documents survey-reported effectiveness of various methods and recommends factors for evaluating effectiveness of methods once they are applied. 1.2 Scope This guide documents methods and designs to mitigate interruptions and equipment damage resulting from animal intrusions into electric power supply substations, thereby improving reliability and minimizing the associated revenue loss. 2. References This guide shall be used in conjunction with the following publication: IEEE Std 100-1992 The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (ANSI)1. 1IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P. O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=O'Connor, Maurice Not for Resale, 04/28/2007 23:25:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 2Copyright 1993 IEEE All Rights Reserved IEEE Std 1264-1993IEEE GUIDE FOR ANIMAL DETERRENTS 3. Definitions This clause contains key terms as they are used in this guide. For additional definitions, see IEEE Std 100-1992 2. 3.1 barrier: Any product whose sole purpose is to act as an obstruction to the path of the animal. A barrier may have electrical insulating properties, but by design and application, its use is limited to blocking an animals passage or an animals contact with energized conductors or equipment. 3.2 coating: (as defined by the Steel Structures Painting Council)3 Generic term for paints, lacquer, enamels, etc. A liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that has been converted to a solid protective, decorative, or functional adherent film after application as a thin layer. 3.3 grounded member: Any part in a substation that is normally connected to or in contact with earth. 3.4 insulating member: The part of the substation that isolates the energized conductor from a grounded member or other energized conductors. 4. Animal intrusions There are many animals including birds, mammals, reptiles, and insects that can affect the operation of electric supply substations. The effect of these animals can be evaluated by the problems they cause, type of outages that result, equipment commonly damaged, and safety/health hazards that the animals present to personnel. In October and November 1990, an IEEE questionnaire was sent to 174 public utility companies (utilities) in the United States and Canada, requesting information on their experiences relating to animal outages. Of these utilities, 114 responded. 4.1 Types of animals Listed below are those specific animals that have been identified by the survey as known or potential sources of animal-related outages. The majority of the survey responses identified squirrels, birds, raccoons, and snakes as the primary source of animal-related intrusions. Percentage of Respondents Several other animals were identified as ones with which some utilities have experienced problems. These animals are not major contributors, as none were reported by more than 5% of the utilities. They are listed below in alphabetical order. 2Information on references can be found in clause 2. 3Steel Structures Painting Council publications are available from the Steel Structures Painting Council, 4400 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Animals Utilities reporting this animal Squirrels90% Birds86% Raccoons57% Snakes46% Cats43% Mice30% Rats19% Opossums13% Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=O'Connor, Maurice Not for Resale, 04/28/2007 23:25:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright 1993 IEEE All Rights Reserved3 FOR ELECTRIC SUPPLY SUBSTATIONSIEEE Std 1264-1993 a)Bats b)Deer c)Dogs d)Foxes e)Frogs f)Gophers g)Ground hogs h)Insects i)Lizards j)Moles k)Monkeys l)Pikas m)Rabbits n)Ring-tailed cats o)Skunks p)Weasels Consideration of several factors is important when addressing intrusions at specific substation locations. Also, the particular animals and the degree to which they pose problems will vary according to geographic location. The dominant animals, such as squirrels and birds, were reported by nearly every utility. While squirrels were the worst offenders overall, birds were a greater problem in farmland areas. Raccoons were identified most often in the cooler northern and midwestern climates, while problems with snakes were more commonly reported by utilities from the southwest and southeast. Activity levels and the number of intrusions also will vary with the season of year. 4.2 Problems There are various reasons why animals enter substations. Cats enter substations for warmth, woodpeckers create holes for shelter and to store food, birds build nests on equipment and structu