1、论文题目跨文化语境下的冲突性话语研究-以电影刮獭、推手为语料AStudyofConf1.ictTa1.kinIntercu1.tura1.Context-BasedontheFi1.msofGuaShaTreatmentandPushingHandsACKNOW1.EDGEMENTSUponthecomp1.etionofthisthesis.Iwou1.d1.iketoexpressmyappreciationandthankstoa1.1.thepeop1.ewhohavesupportedmeduringtheProCCkofwritingwithoutwhomthisthesiswou
2、1.dnothavebeenpossib1.e.Eirsiandtbrenost.Iwou1.d1.iketoextendmydeepestgratitudetomysupervisor.ProfessorGaoYongchen,IbrherconstantCnCoUragCmen1.andguidanceinmystudyaswe1.1.asmypersona1.growthinthepastthreeyears.Hments,inspirationa1.ideas,andpainstakingrevisionshavehe1.pedmemakethecurrentversionofInyt
3、hesismuchbetterthanitwou1.dOIherWiSehavebeen.Heracademicenthusiasmandscho1.ar1.yattainmenthavehadagreatinf1.uenceonmeinthepastthreeyearsandwi1.1.inf1.uencemeinthefuture.Second,Iwou1.d1.ovetoexpressmygreat(hankstosomeotherteachersintheSchoo1.ofForeign1.anguages.SoochowUniversity,whoseteachinganden1.i
4、ghtenmentprovetobecrucia1.(othecomp1.etionofthisthesis.Mythanksa1.sogo1.onyc1.assmatesandfriends,whosharedtheirconstructivesuggestionsandencouragedmeduring(hewho1.eprocessofmythesiswriting.1.astbutno1.1.east,Iamdeep1.ygratefu1.1.onybe1.ovedfami1.y.Thcir1.oveandsupporthavemademystudyanexceptiona1.1.y
5、enjoyab1.eandnmorab1.cjourney.ABSTRACTConf1.ictta1.kisatypeofintc11ctioninwhichhosti1.eactsarcexchangedbetweentwoorn)rcparties.Imunication.Thete11nOfconi1.ictta1.kisoftenusedinthebroadsensetorefertomany1.inguisticbehaviorssuchasarguing,disputing,quarre1.ing,opposing,andsquabb1.ing.Researchersathomea
6、ndabroadhaveworkedonconf1.ictta1.kwithvariousapproaches,inc1.udingconversationana1.ysisapproach,interactiona1.Socio1.inguisticapproach,andpragmaticapproach.Thepresentstudymakesanattempttoana1.yzeconI1.idta1.kfromanintcrcu1.tura1.pragmaticperspective.Thisthesisfocusesontheconf1.ictta1.kintheintercu1.
7、tura1.contextinwhichChineseandAmericancu1.turesareincoexistence.Me1.hOdO1.OgiCaI1.yspeaking,thepresentstudybe1.ongstoaqua1.itativeandcontrastivestudybasedonthedataco1.1.ectedfromthefi1.msGuaShaTreatmentandPushingHunds.Thetheoretica1.foundationsareVerschuerenS1.inguisticadaptationtheory.HofsicdcSva1.
8、uedimensions,andHa1.1.shigh-contextand1.ow-contextcu1.tures.Theana1.ysisoftheconf1.ictta1.kisaddressedtoanswertworesearchquestions:(1)Howdothecontextua1.factorsaffectpeop1.es1.inguisticchoicesinintercu1.tura1.conf1.ictta1.ks?(2)Whatarethecu1.tura1.constraintsonpeop1.esadaptationfai1.uretothosecontex
9、tua1.facton?BasedonVerSChUere1.rs1.inguisticadaptationtheorj,.conf1.ictta1.kinintercu1.tura1.contextiscausedbytheuitererortheinterpretersfai1.ureinmakingadaptationtothecontextua1.factorsinthephysica1.,socia1.andnenta1.wor1.ds.Thedifferentcu1.tura1.patternsinChineseandArneriCancu1.turessuchaspowerdis
10、tance,individua1.ism-co1.1.ectivism,high-contextand1.ow-contextcu1.turesarethemainconstraintsonpeop1.esadaptationfai1.uretothecontextua1.factors.KeyWords:conf1.ictta1.k;intercu1.tura1.context;1.inguisticadaptation:cu1.tura1.patterns摘要冲突性话语是指发生在双方或者多方之间的一种敌对性的交际行为。它是一种普遍而又兔杂的语言现象，在日常人际交流中频频发生。冲突性话语是一
11、个广义的概念,涵盖诸多言语行为，如争执、反驳、争吵、反对、争论等.国内外的研究者们从不同的视角对冲突性话语做了些研究，其中主要的研究领域包括会话分析，交际社会语言学及语用学。本文试图从跨文化语用的角度对冲突性话语进行分析。本文的研究建点是中美文化并存的跨文化语境中的冲突性话语。就研究方法而有，本研究属于定性、对比研究，运用Vcrschueren的语言顺应理论Hofstedc的文化维度理论以及Ha1.1.的高低语境理论分析电影C刮筋和G推手中的冲突性话语。本文主要探讨以下两个问题：(1)语境因素如何影响若跨文化冲突性话语中人们的语言选择？(2)哪些文化约束导致人们未能顺应那些语境因素？根据Ver
12、SChUeren的语言顺应论，本研究分析得出跨文化语境中的冲突性话语产生的原因是交际双方忽视了对物理世界、社会世界、心理世界中语境因素的顺应。而中美文化模式的差异，如权力距离，个人主义与集体主义价值观，高语境与低语境文化则成为交际双方未能顺应相关语境因素的主要制约力地。关使词，冲突性话语：跨文化语境：语言顺应：文化模式CONTENTSACKNOW1.EDGEMENTSiABSTRACTii摘.iiiCHAPTERONEINTRODUCTIONI1.1 MotivationfortheStwyI1.2 PurposeoftheStudy21.3 Methodo1.ogyandData31.4 O
13、rganizationOFtheThesis4CHPTERTWO1.ITERATUREREVIEW52.1 IntroductiontotheTWOFi1.ms52.1.1 ABriefIntroductiontoGuaShaTreatment52.1.2 ABriefintroductiontoPushingHands62.2 AnOverviewofConf1.ictTa1.k82.2.1 DefinitionofConf1.ictTa1.k82.2.2 Re1.evantStudiesonConf1.ictTa1.k92.3 Theoretica1.Foundations142.3.1
14、1.inguisticAdaptationTheory142.3.2 Cu1.tura1.Patterns17CHAPTER 3 REEADAPTATIONFAI1.UREINCONF1.ICTTA1.K213.1 TheProcbssofConfictTa1.k213.1.1 ThreePropertiesofConfictTa1.k213.1.2 Contextua1.Corre1.atesofAdaptabi1.ity223.1.3 TheMode1.ofConf1.ictTa1.kasFai1.ureOfzXdaptabi1.ity233.2 Fai1.ureinAdaptingtoP
15、hysica1.Wor1.d243.2.1 Time243.2.2 Space253.3 Fai1.ureinAdaptingtoSocia1.Wor1.d273.3.1 PowerandSo1.idarity273.3.2 CommunicativeNorms303.3.3 Kinship323.4 Fai1.ureinAdaptingtoMenta1.Wor1.d333.4.1 CognitiveE1.ements343.4.2 EmotiveE1.ements35CHAPTER 4 URCU1.TURA1.CONSTRAINTSONADAPTATIONFAI1.URE374.1 TheC
16、u1.tura1.PatternsRE1.IECTEDINTHEConf1.ictTa1.k374.2 PDIand1.inguisticChoices394.3 IDVand1.inguisticChoices44.4 HC/1.CCommunicationand1.inguisticChoices44CHAPTERHVECONC1.USION465.1 Conc1.udingRemarks465.2 1.1.MrrAT1.ONSANDSUGGESTIONSFORFURTHERSTUDY47REFERENCES481.istofTab1.esandFiguresTab1.e2.1Cu1.tu
17、resArrangedA1.ongtheHigh-Contcxtand1.ow-ContextDimension21Figure2.1TheStructureofAPragmaticTheory17Figure 3.1 Contextua1.Corre1.atesofAdaptabi1.ity23Figure 3.2 TheMode1.ofConf1.ictTa1.kasFai1.ureofAdaptabi1.ity25Tab1.e4.1IndexandRankof(beSixVa1.ueDimensionsforChinaandtheUnitedStates40Tab1.e4.3KeyDif
18、ferencesBetweenCo1.1.ectivista1.Individua1.istGenera1.NonnandFami1.y43ChapterOneINTRODUCTION1.1 MotivationfortheStudyThehistorOfinIerCUI1.Umunicationasahumanaciivityisa1.mostas1.ongashumanhistoryitse1.f.Theconf1.ictandconf1.ationofprimitivenomadictribes,thetradea1.ongtheSi1.kRoad.MonkJianzhenSmissio
19、ntoJapan,MarcoPo1.ostrave1.inChina,ZhcngHessevenvoyagestotheWesternSeas,andtheimmigrationintheCmunication.Asthete11nsuggests,intcrc1.tu11municationreferstothecommunicationbetweenpeop1.efromdifferentcu1.tura1.backgrounds.Inthemostgenera1.sense,itoccurswhenamemberofonecu1.tureproducesamessageforconsum
20、ptionbyamemberofanothercu1.ture.Moreprecise1.y,itiscommunicationbetweenpeop1.ewhosecu1.tura1.perceptionsandsymbo1.systemsarcdistinctenoughtoa1.terthecommunicationevent”(Satnorvar,Porter&Stefani,2000：48).Asaphenomenon,municationstarted1.ongtimeago:butasafie1.dofstudy,itpeop1.earedividedbydifferentrac
21、es,re1.igions,be1.iefs,1.anguages,etc.Andeveninmanysituationswhenpeop1.eareSPeakingthesame1.anguage,theycannotexchangeideassmooth1.y.Eachcu1.turehasitsownru1.esconcerningtheuseof1.anguageastowhatbe1.ongstoappropriatesocia1.behavior,andreactstotherea1.itiesof1.ifeinmanydifferentways.Owingtothe1.ackof
22、intercu1.tura1.awareness,non-nativcspeakerstendtoapp1.ytheru1.esoftheirmother1.anguagetothetarget1.anguage,andconsequent1.ymanymessagesdeviatefromthespeakersorigina1.intention.Suchkindofinterferenceincommunicationisgenera1.izedaspragmaticfai1.urebyJennyT1.ioinas(1983).Ratherthanbeingcausedso1.e1.yby
23、grammatica1.mistakes,itstemsfromdifferentnormsandpragmaticprincip1.esthatgovern1.inguisticbehaviors.Moreoftenthannot.pragmaticfai1.urestriggerconf1.ictta1.k,whichisanatura1.andcommon1.anguagephenomenonindai1.yComm1.1.niCa1.ion,especia1.1.yintheintcrcu1.tura1.context.Conf1.ictta1.kistheroottocausecon
24、f1.ictevents.Iftheconf1.ictta1.kbetweenpeop1.ewithsenceofforeigncu1.tureandtransmittingitsown.11eprospectOfbuik1.ingaharmonioussociety,whichChinanowadvocates,munication.Thepresentauthorhopesthatthestudyonconf1.ictta1.kwi1.1.he1.pUScomprehendconf1.ictta1.kdeep1.y,avoidorterminateitconscious1.y,munica
25、tivecompetence.Inaddition,itwi1.1.hopefu1.1.ycontributetoabetterunderstandingandappreciationofthe1.anguage,society,andhistoryofEasternandWesterncu1.tures.1.2 PurposeoftheStudyFromheacademicview,con11icita1.kshou1.dberegardedasadynamicprocessof1.inguisticchoiceinsteadofaconsequenceincommunication.T1.
26、ierefore,forthepurposeofavoidingconf1.ictta1.k,itisnotenoughtoofferstrategiestomitigateit.Itscausesshou1.dberevea1.edatthedeepcu1.tura1.1.eve1.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoana1.yzeconf1.ictta1.kfromanintercu1.tura1.pragmaticperspective.Byco1.1.ectingandc1.assifyingthedia1.oguesse1.ectedfromthetwofi1.ms,
27、munication.ThenitfocusesonihccausesoftheCOnf1.iC1.ta1.ksbothatthepragmaticandcu1.tura1.1.eve1.s,aimingatfindingoutwhatfactorsaffectour1.anguagechoicesandthereforetriggerconf1.ictta1.k.Theobjectivescanbesu11nnarizcdintotworesearchquestions:(1) Howdothecontextua1.factorsaffectpeop1.e,s1.inguisticchoic
28、esinintercu1.tura1.conf1.ictta1.ks?(2) Whatarethecu1.tura1.constraintsonpeop1.esadaptationfai1.uretothosecontextua1.factors?1.3 Methodo1.ogyandDataIntermsofresearchmethodo1.ogy,themajorityofpresentstudyadoptsbothqua1.itativeandcontrastiveana1.ysiswithinthetheoretica1.framework.Thequa1.itativeaspect1
29、iesintheinterpretationofconf1.ictta1.kasadynamicprocessof1.anguageadaptation.Amunicationentai1.sthecontrastivemethod,whichcanbetteri1.1.ustratethecu1.tura1.differencesthatcauseconf1.ictta1.k.Thetheoretica1.foundationsareVerschuerens1.inguisticadaptationtheory.Hofstedensva1.uedimensionsandHa1.fshigh
30、contcxtandIOW-ContCXtcu1.tures.Thedataforthisstudyaretakenfromtwofi1.ms.GuaShaTreatment(2001)andPushingHands(1992).Theyarechosenasresearchmateria1.forthefo1.1.owingreasons:First,a1.thoughfi1.mdia1.oguesarenotpurenatura1.conversation,theyarecomposedfromrea1.1.ifeandsupposedtoapproximatenatura1.conve
31、rsation.Besides,ihcnatu111.1.yoccurringinteractionistoodifficu1.ttocaptureasconf1.ictsoftenarisespontaneous1.y.Sofi1.mdia1.oguescanbetreatedasamode1.ofnatura1.conversation.Second,asaformofmassmedia,fi1.mPnKIUCISmunication.C1.assicfi1.mworkistheenrichmentoftypica1.charactersandevens,theref1.ectionofs
32、ociety,andtheessenceof1.ife.GuaShaTreatmentandPushingHandsarctwoc1.assicfi1.msthatcenteronChincsc-Amcricancu1.tura1.differences,andtheyhaveownedgreatpopu1.arityintheinternationa1.fi1.mindustry.Fina1.1.y,thetwofi1.msaresimi1.arinthemebutdistinctonfoca1.points.Theybothe1.aboratetheChineseimmigrantsdi1
33、emmaintheU.S.,thetensionbetweenEastandWest,theyoungandtheo1.d.Frequent1.y,thevehic1.eforexaminingthattensionisthefami1.y.A1.thoughtheybothtake“fami1.yasthevehic1.etoexaminethetension.GuaShaTreatmentmain1.yfocusesonconf1.ictswithoutsiders,whi1.ePushingHandsemphasizesconf1.ictwithinfami1.ymembers.1.4
34、 OrganizationoftheThesisThethesisconsistsofthefo1.1.owingfivechapters:ChapterOnefunctionsasagenera1.introductiontothepresentstudy,i1.1.ustratingthemotivationforthestudy,settingtheresearchquestionsandpurposes,exp1.ainingthemethodo1.ogyanddataco1.1.ection,aswe1.1.as(hestructureofthisthesis.ChapterTwoi
35、stheIitcnUurcreviewpart.First,itpresentsabriefintroductionofthetwofi1.ms,thedatasourceofthisstudy.I-henitprovidesanOVerVieWofconf1.ictta1.k,coveringtheissueofconceptua1.ization,thepreviousapproachesofresearchonconf1.ictta1.k,andtheperspectiveofthisthesis.Fina1.1.yitexpoundsthetheoriesinvo1.vedandapp
36、1.iedfortheana1.ysisofconf1.ictta1.k.ChapterThreeandChapterFourarethecorepartsofthestudy.ChapterThreeisdesignedtoanswerthefirstresearchquestionbyana1.ysingthefactorsthataffectthe1.anguageuse.Ifcommunicatorsfai1.tomakeadaptationtothephysica1.wor1.d,socia1.wor1.d,menta1.wor1.dandIheirSUbOrdinaIefactor
37、s,conI1.icita1.kwi1.1.occur.ChapterFourisdesignedtoanswerthesecondresearchquestionbyexp1.oringthecu1.tura1.constraintson1.anguageusers1.inguisticchoices.ChapterFivedrawsaconc1.usion.Itsummarizesthewho1.estudy,pointsoutthe1.imitationsofthisstudy,andofferssomesuggestionsforfuturestudy.ChapterTwo1.ITER
38、ATUREREVIEWThischapterbrief1.yreviewsthe1.iteratureofthestudy.Thefirstsectionpresentsabriefintroductionofthetwofi1.ms.Thenanover,iewofconf1.ictta1.kisexp1.oredonitsdet1.niionandre1.evantstudies.2.1 IntroductiontotheTwoFi1.msGuaShaTreatmentandPuahingHandsaretwoc1.assicfi1.msthatsharethethemeonChinese
39、Americancu1.1.u111.conf1.ict,andtheyareb()1.hdirectedfromtheChineseperspectiveandsituatedinAmericansociety.hetwofi1.msarethesourceofdatainthisresearch,soitishc1.pft1.tohaveagenera1.understandingof(heircreatingbackgroundsandthestories.2.1.1 ABriefIntroductiontoGuaShaTreatmentSometimesca1.1.edcoining
40、spooningorscraping.fc4GuaShaisdefinedasinstrument-assistedunidirectiona1.press-strokingofa1.ubricatedareaofthebodysurface(hatintentiona1.1.ycreatestransitoryIhcrapcu1.icPCtCChiacrepresentingCXtraVaSaIiOnofb1.xx1.inthesubcutis.Itinvo1.vespa1.pationandcutaneousstimu1.ationwheretheskinispressured,inst
41、rokes,byaround-cxige1.instrument;thatresu1.tsin1.hcappearanceofsma1.1.redpetechiaeca1.1.edSha”，whichwi1.1.fadein2to3days(Nie1.sen.2012).ThoughGuaShahasbeenusedforcenturiesasahea1.ingtechniqueinAsia,inAsianimmigrantcommunitiesbyacupuncturistsandpractitionersoftraditiona1.EastAsianmedicine,inboththec1.inica1.settingandhomes.Iit1.1.cisknownintheWest.Manywester
