翻译C.ppt

翻译C,汉译英,第一章 绪论,“洪荒造塔语言殊，从此人间要象胥”。 Babel Tower Old Testament of Holy Bible Genesis 11,To translate is therefore to let go of your (English) writing in a way, to hold it at arms length, open it to scrutiny, allow it to float in the ether (universe) for a while, and to let others, pivot you toward relative truth. (blog) esp. for C-E translation,Translation Criteria/Standards,天竺国俗，甚重文藻，其宫商体韵，以入弦为善。凡觐国王，必有赞德。见佛之仪，以歌叹为尊。经中偈颂，皆其式也。但改梵为秦，失其藻味，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃另呕秽也。 （转引自陈福康中国译学理论史稿） 严复： 信、达、雅 刘重德：信、达、切 鲁迅： 求其易解，保存原作丰姿 傅雷： 神似 similarity in spirit 钱钟书：化境 sublimation Tytler: 3原则 p5,Tytlers 3 principles,A translation should give a complete transcript of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the case of the original composition.,Basic Requirements For Translator,The 1st and most obvious requirement of any translator is that he have a satisfactory knowledge of the source language. It is not enough that he be able to get the “general drift “ of the meaning, or that he be adept in consulting dictionaries. Rather, he must understand not only the obvious content of the message, but also the subtleties of meaning , the significant emotive values of words, and the stylistic features which determine the “flavor and feel” of the message. Even the more important than knowledge of the resources of the source language is a complete control of the receptor language. See ppt2 Certainly the most numerous and serious errors made by translators arise primarily from their lack of thorough knowledge of the TL.,It is one thing, however, to know a language in general and another to have a special knowledge of a particular subject. In other words, in addition to a knowledge of the two or more languages involved in the translation process, the translator must have a thorough acquaintance with the subject matter concerned. The translator should also have something of the same cultural background as that of the author he is translating. If such is not the case, “the translator should be willing and readily able to make up for this deficiency.” At the same time, a translator must be content to be like his author, for it is not his business to try to excel him.,In translating the Bible, most outstanding translators have also insisted a further requirement, namely, a devout recognition of dependence upon divine grace. The translator should not only make use of the best scientific philology and exegesis, but also invoke and rely upon divine grace for the fulfillment of his task.,The same is true of translation theory. It is not necessary for everyone to know translation theory, nor is it even necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything about translation theory. It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the American church at the end of the twentieth century to know something about translation theory, for two reasons.,First, it will affect the way we interpret the Bible for our people. If we are completely unaware of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our brothers and sisters in our interpretation. Second, there are so many English translations available, that no contemporary pastor will be able to escape the inevitable questions about which translations are superior.,第二章 词汇分析和得体选词 Lexical relationship between Chinese and English,One-to-one relationship One-to-none relationship Pseudo one-to-one relationship One-to-many or many-to-one or many-to-many relationship,1、这花儿真美。 2、这件衣服太花了。 3、孩子的花儿刚 出过。 4、我的眼早花了。 5、他年轻时是个花花公子。 1. flower 2. multicoloured 3. smallpox 4. nebulous 5. playboy,Translation Criteria/Standards,天竺国俗，甚重文藻，其宫商体韵，以入弦为善。凡觐国王，必有赞德。见佛之仪，以歌叹为尊。经中偈颂，皆其式也。但改梵为秦，失其藻味，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃另呕秽也。 （转引自陈福康中国译学理论史稿） 严复： 信、达、雅 刘重德：信、达、切 鲁迅： 求其易解，保存原作丰姿 傅雷： 神似 similarity in spirit 钱钟书：化境 sublimation Tytler: 3原则 p5,shift of perspective 不二价 one price 听电话 answer the phone 太平门 emergency exit 北屋 a room with a southern exposure 座钟 a standing clock 好票 a good seat “冷板凳”队员 bench warmer,第三章 句子分析与得体表达 Full sentence, minor sentence, fragments,“西洋人做文章把语言化零为整，中国人做文章几乎可以说是化整为零。” -王力 洞庭湖“衔远山，吞长江，浩浩荡荡，横无际涯”。 Carrying distant mountains in the mouth and swallowing Yangtze River, the vast and mighty Donting Lake stretches endlessly. 整合IT市场资源，追求专业化、市场化、规模化、规范化。 We have integrated IT market resources, striving to be specialized and market-oriented with scale and standardization.,经济发达，交通便利以后，频频南调北运，外加塑料大棚养殖什么的，水果上市不分了季节。 As the transportation system had developed and economy had improved in China, fruit could be transported to every corner of the country and, with greenhouses, at any season.,词性和语态之间的转换 Shift between parts of speech and voices,v.- n. 他喜欢在晚饭后静静地抽支烟。 He likes a quiet smoke after supper. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products. 林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁了。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the opium trade must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.,你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。 You must be a very bad learner, or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. Exceptional cases: n.-v. 他的讲演给听众的印象很深。 His speech impressed the audience deeply. 他在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。 She figured prominently in the last act.,V.-adj. (表示知觉、情感等心理状态） 1、获悉日本遭受大地震，我们极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that Japan has been struck by the devastating earthquake. 2.、他们怀疑他是否负担得起。 They are doubtful whether he can afford it. Advv 匆匆地下结论 jump to a conclusion 偷偷地看一眼 steal a glance 急忙赶来相助 rush to help 他笑着同意了。He smiled his consent.,Shift between voices (汉语重思维形态的主体性，主体“尽在不言中”。汉语主动-英语被动） 饭在锅里，我在屋里。 The meal has been prepared and Im waiting for you in the bedroom. 如果开支确属必要，钱总是可以筹到的。 If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found/fund can be raised somehow.,v.-prep. 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。 What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight. 有人给他撑腰。 He has someone behind him. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。 He is a man above vulgar interests.,第四章 语篇分析与得体表达,I、语篇类型分析（Analysis of text types） According to Newmark, the text can be classified into expressive (“表情类”), informative (“信息类” ), and vocative (“呼唤鼓动类”)，that is: expressive：nonfiction, speech, biography, prose, and private letters informative：teaching material, scientific report, news, academic paper, thesis, meeting minutes or agenda, etc. vocative：public notices, products instructions, advertisement, political propaganda, persuasive writings, etc.,Moreover, the type of the text can also be classified into: literary and non literary, that is： literary：novel, biography, prose, poem, anecdote, joke, etc. non literary (practical): governments document, diplomatic document, legal document, scientific and technological material, business letters, public notice, product instruction, advertisement, name card and tourist catalogs, etc.,II、语篇功能分析（Analysis of text functions）,Only in few cases a text can be judged with a single function, in many cases, a text is always endowed with several functions whereas taking one or two of them as the main functions. The significance of analysis of text functions during the course of translation lies: because the text functions and context are closely correlated, hence to determine the text functions can contribute actively to the due analysis of the original works; at the same time, the translator can also evaluate the original factors in the TL context to ensure that the equivalent function can work on the TL.,In conclusion, a translator should recognize and finalize the types of the text because it may decide his understanding and expression during the course of translation. And the analysis of the text can help to differentiate various texts with its own focuses, e.g. text focusing on the contents(scientific); on the form and content equally (literary text); on the effect and eye-catching (practical), and hence to translate the text appropriately, effectively and efficiently.,III.语篇分析与翻译 (Text analysis and translation),In accordance with the views of translating the text functions, translator should not take the equivalence to the original or simply the original function as the criterion or basis to judge the quality of the version. Instead, the expected function of the version in the target language should be the standard. The function of the version can be similar or consistent to that of the original, or can be completely different. Hence the method and strategy should be decided by the translator on the basis of the analysis and comparison of the function of the original and the expected function of the version.,The analysis of the original is equally important to translation of the literary works or the nonfiction and a translator should pay due attention to the important factors such as the discourse factors from the viewpoints of the version during the process of analyzing and translating the original.,IV.各种语篇类型翻译点评 （Comments on translation of various types of text）,1、散文（prose） original：但是，朔方的雪花纷飞之后，却永远如粉，如沙，他们决不粘连，撒在屋上，地上，枯草上，就是这样。屋上的雪是早就有消化了的，因为屋里居人的火的温热。别的，在晴天之下，旋风忽来，便蓬勃地奋飞，在日光中灿灿地生光，如包藏火焰的大雾，旋转而且升腾，弥漫太空，使太空旋转而且升腾地闪烁。（“雪”，摘自鲁迅野草） version： But the snowflakes that fall in the north remain to the last like powder or sand never hold together, whether scattered on roofs, the ground or the withered grass. The warmth from the stoves inside has melted some of the snow on the roofs. As for the rest, when a whirlwind springs up under a clear sky, it flies up wildly, glittering in the sunlight like thick mist around a flame, revolving and rising till fills the sky, and the whole sky glitters as it whirls and rises.,2、诗歌（poetry） original： 静夜思 李白 床前明月光，疑是地上霜。 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 version： In The Quiet Night By Li Bai So bright a gleam on the foot of my bed Could there have been a frost already? Lifting myself to look, I found that it was Moonlight. Sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home.,3、特写（feature articles） original：为了庆祝香港的历史性回归，7月1日将在维多利亚港举行有史以来最大规模的烟花表演。观众可以免费观看长达1小时的烟花表演。同时，维多利亚湾两侧的公园里也将华灯齐放，展示一幅极为美丽的景象。灯展将历时100天。 version： To celebrate Hong Kongs historic return to China, the greatest fireworks display ever seen will take place above Victoria Harbor on July 1. The show is scheduled to last for one hour and admission is free. On both sides of the harbor, parks will light up with colorful lanterns and the illuminated decorations will remain for 100 days.,4、政论文（political essay） original：同时必须清醒看到，在一些地方和部门的领导工作中，忽视思想教育，忽视精神文明，“一手比较硬，一手比较软“的问题还没有解决。在社会精神方面还存在不少问题，有的还相当严重。一些领域道德失范，拜金主义、享乐主义、个人主义滋长；封建迷信活动和黄赌毒等丑恶现象沉渣泛起；假冒伪劣、欺诈活动成为社会公害；文化事业受到消极因素的严重冲击，危害青少年身心健康的东西屡禁不止；腐败现象在一些地方蔓延，党风、政风受到很大损害。 version： At the same time, we must see with a sober mind that in the work of leadership in some localities and departments, the problem of neglecting ideological education and ethical and cultural progress, and “attaching importance to some things while neglecting others” has not been solved. Quite a number of problems still exist in the social, ethical and cultural life, some rather serious.,The standard of moral conduct has been lowered in some spheres, and the practice of worshipping money, seeking pleasure and individualism has grown; feudal superstitions and such social vices as pornography, gambling and drug abuse have resurfaced; production fo shoddy and fake goods and fraud have become a social scourge (cause of great harm or suffering); the cultural cause has been seriously affected by negative factors; things that damage the physical and mental health of youngsters and children have not been eliminated despite repeated prohibitions; the phenomenon of corruption has been spreading in some places, seriously damaging the work style of the Party and the government.,Culture:,第五章 文化差异、接受及文化词语的处理 1. The customs, beliefs, art, music, and all the other products of human thought made by a particular group of people at a particular time. e.g.: ancient Greek culture, a tribal culture pop culture Artistic and other activity of the mind and the works produced by this.,文化定义,1、人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。特别是精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。 2、考古学用语，指同一个历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。同样的工具、用具，同样的制造技术等，是同一种文化的特征，如： 仰韶文化、龙山文化 3、指运用语言文字的能力及一般的知识，如： 文化水平、学文化,Leo Loveday, an American sociolinguist It does not refer to theatre going or the possession of a refrigerator. It refers to something rather abstract and difficult to grasp immediately as one is part of it. It involves the implicit norms and conventions of a society, its methods of going about doing things, its historically transmitted but also adaptive and creative ethos, its symbols and its organization of experience.,Culture is a historical phenomenon 龟 蛤蟆 a toad lusting after a swans flesh Elevation vs. degeneration Culture is a geographical phenomenon green hat/cap: an Aussies experience 龙 She was guarded by a woman obviously her mother, who tried to stare Hagan down with a cold arrogance that made him want to punch her in the face. The angel child and the dragon mother, Hagan thought, returning the mothers cold stare. ( The Godfather p54),十里蛙声不断，九溪曲流不断。 You can hear frogs continuous crying in ten miles and can enjoy the babbling of the winding streams. 别以为熊猫长得都一样，娇娇是特别的漂亮。 You may think pandas look all alike, but Jiaojiao is particularly beautiful. 爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog. dog red,文化与翻译（译例1） 原文： 满地黄花堆积，憔悴损，而今有谁堪摘? 守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑！梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏点点滴滴。这次第，怎一个愁字了得！ （李清照 声声慢）,Version 1: Lo, how my lawn is rife with golden blooms Of bunched chrysanthemums- Weary their heads they bow. Who cares to pluck them now ? While I the casement keep Lone, waiting, waiting for night And, as the shades fall Upon broad leaves, spares raindrops drip. Ah, such a plight Of grief-grief unbearable, unthinkable. (John A. Turneer, 1976),Version 2: The ground is covered with yellow flowers, Faded and fallen in showers. Who will pick them up now ? Sitting alone at the window, how Could I but quicken The pace of darkness that wont thicken ? Upon the plane-trees a fine rain drizzles As twilight grizzles Oh, What can I do with a grief Beyond belief ? (Xu Yuanchong, 1981),文化翻译（译例2）,原文： 玉炉香，红蜡泪，偏照画堂秋思。眉翠薄，鬓云残，夜长衾枕寒。梧桐树，三更雨，不道离情更苦。一叶叶，一声声，空阶滴到明。 （温庭筠 更漏子）,Version 1: Incense from a jade censer And a tearful vermilion candle Evoked autumn moods within the painted chamber. Penciled eyebrows worn, Cloud-like locks in disarray; Long is the night, the covers and pillow cold. Upon the Wu-tung trees Fall a midnight rain, In different to the persistent pains of separation. Leaf upon leaf, Drop by drop, On empty steps it drips until the dawn. (William R. Schultz.1975),Version 2: The tearful candle red And fragrant censer spread Within the painted bower a gloomy autumn light. Fadd eyebrows penciled And hair dishevelled, She feels her quilt the colder and longer the night. The lonely withered trees And midnight rain and breeze Dont care about her bitter parting sorrow. Leaf on leaf without grief, Drop by drop without stop, They f