1、MeasurementofProducedWaterforCustodyTransferAPITECHNICALREPORT2583FIRSTEDITION,JUNE2025AmericanPetroleumIInstituteSpecialNotesAPIpublicationsnecessarilyaddressproblemsofageneralnature.Withrespecttoparticularcircumstances,local,state,andfederallawsandregulationsshouldbereviewed.APIisnotundertakingtom
2、eetthedutiesofemployers,manufacturers,orsupplierstowarnandproperlytrainandequiptheiremployees,andothersexposed,concerninghealthandsafetyrisksandprecautions,norundertakingtheirobligationsunderlocal,state,orfederallaws.Informationconcerningsafetyandhealthrisksandproperprecautionswithrespecttoparticula
3、rmaterialsandconditionsshouldbeobtainedfromtheemployer,themanufacturerorsupplierofthatmaterial,orthematerialsafetydatasheet.NothingcontainedinanyAPIpublicationistobeconstruedasgrantinganyright,byimplicationorotherwise,forthemanufacture,sale,oruseofanymethod,apparatus,orproductcoveredbyletterspatent.
4、Neithershouldanythingcontainedinthepublicationbeconstruedasinsuringanyoneagainstliabilityforinfringementofletterspatent.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,translated,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutpriorw
5、rittenpermissionfromthepublisher.ContactthePublisher,APIPublishingServices,200MassachusettsAvenue,NW,Suite1100,Washington,DC20001-5571.Copyright2025AmericanPetroleumInstituteForewordNothingcontainedinanyAPIpublicationistobeconstruedasgrantinganyright,byimplicationorotherwise,forthemanufacture,sale,o
6、ruseofanymethod,apparatus,orproductcoveredbyletterspatent.Neithershouldanythingcontainedinthepublicationbeconstruedasinsuringanyoneagainstliabilityforinfringementofletterspatent.SuggestedrevisionsareinvitedandshouldbesubmittedtotheStandardsDepartment,API5200MassachusettsAvenueNW3Suite1100,Washington
7、DC20001,standardsapi.org.ContentsPage1 Scope12 NormativeReferences13 TermsandDefinitions14 SelectionofMethodsforDynamicMeasurementQuantityDeterminationUsingAvailableEquipment14.1 MeasurementConsiderations14.2 ProducedWaterContractConditions25 GeneralMeteringSystemDesign25.1 ProcessConditions5FluidP
8、roperties5andFlowAssuranceConsiderations35.2 MeteringSystemGeneralDesignConsiderations35.3 MeteringSystemControls,Diagnostics,andOperatorInterfaceConsiderations45.4 CapabilityandUncertainty466666666612345678DesignandSelectionofMeteringSystemComponents5FlowMeterTechnologies5FlowMeterSizing7PipingandV
9、alvesforMeteringMaintenanceandIntegrity7FlowMeterCompatibilitywithElectricalSystem7StrainersandFilters7Air日iminators8InsulationorHeatTracing8ThermalReliefSystems81.10 Drains81.11 Pumps87 Start-upandCommissioning88 RecordKeeping88.1 General88.2 DataAvailability98.3 AuditandReportingRecommendations98.
10、4 Security109 ConfirmationofPerformance109.1 PerformanceRecords10AnnexA(informative)FlowMeterTechnologyAdvantagesandLimitations11Bibliography13Tables1MeasurementConsiderations22TypicalMeterTypesforProducedWaterMeasurement6ContentsPage11A.1FlowMeterTechnologyAdvantagesandLimitationsIntroductionThiste
11、chnicalreport(TR)providesuserswithinformationavailableforuseinapplyingmeteringtechnologytoachieveproducedwatermeasurementuncertaintiesofbetterthanorequalto5.0%ofreadingunlessotherwiseagreedtobycontractualpartiesorregulatoryagency.Itisnotintendedtoserveasastandardorrecommendedpracticeandinstanceswher
12、erecommendationsoccur,itisprovidedforconsideration,ratherthanestablishinganindustrypractice.Producedwaterquantity(massorvolume)doesnotnecessarilyrequiretemperatureorpressurecorrectiontostandardconditions.However3temperatureandpressurecanbemeasuredforalternatepurposes(e.g.,safety,ancillaryinformation
13、).Notethatgenerallyacceptedcorrectiontablesdonotexistfortemperatureandpressurecorrectioninproducedwater.RefertoAPIMPMSChapter20.1formoreinformation.ThisTRisnotintendedtocoverproducedwaterquality,emulsions,separator/allocationmeasurement,ortemperatureandpressurecorrections.VllMeasurementofProducedWat
14、erforCustodyTransfer1 ScopeThistechnicalreportprovidesinformationavailableforuseindynamicquantitymeasurementofproducedwater.Thistechnicalreportprovidesadditionalconsiderationsforthedesign,selection,andmaintenanceofaproducedwatermeasurementsystemforcustodytransferapplications.2 NormativeReferencesThe
15、rearenonormativereferencesforthisdocument.3 TermsandDefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.3.1producedwaterAfluidfromoilandnaturalgaswellsthatprimarilyconsistsofformationwaterandmayincludeinjectionwaterandothernaturallyoccurringandaddedcompounds,solids,andconsti
16、tuents.3.2flowassuranceTheactofensuringsuccessfulflowofthefluidstreamfromreservoirtothepointofsale.3.3calibrationAsetofoperationswhichestablish,underspecifiedconditions,therelationshipbetweenthevaluesindicatedbyameasuringdeviceandthecorrespondingknownvaluesindicatedwhenusingasuitablemeasuringstandar
17、d.3.4verificationTheprocessorprocedureofcomparinganinstrumenttoareferencestandardtoensureitsindicationorregistrationisinsatisfactorilycloseagreement,withoutmakinganadjustment.3.5flowmeterdiagnosticsHardware,software,orfirmwareinternalorexternaltoaflowmeterforthepurposeofmonitoring,analyzing,oridenti
18、fyingfunctionality,status,orperformanceoftheflowmeter.3.6grossvolumeGVTheactualvolumeoffluidsatflowingtemperatureandpressure.4 SelectionofMethodsforDynamicMeasurementQuantityDeterminationUsingAvailableEquipment4.1 MeasurementConsiderationsSelectingthebestmeasurementtechnologytobeusedforcustodytransf
19、erofproducedwaterrequirestheusertoconsiderthetechnologybestsuitedfortheapplicationandthemanufacturersrecommendationforuse.TabIe1includessomeconsiderations.Table1MeasurementConsiderationsTechnologyPre-planningOperationalMaintenanceandRepairSelectthetechnologybestsuitedfortheapplication.Consider:Capac
20、ity一Accuracy(uncertainty)Availablepressure一PoweravailabilityInstallationspaceAreaclassificationPoweravailabilityFlowcapacityLinepressureMax.Mi.TempFlowconditioningandstraightpiperunsRemote/LocalaccessMountingtomaintainfullPP一PowerconsumptionNonresettabletotalsUncertaintylimits一Remoteconnectivity一Pro
21、vingfrequency一Multivariablemeasurement一Operatingtemperatureandpressureranges一Oilinwatercontent一GasbreakoutorleakingintoproducedwaterMechanicalwearReplacementpartsDiagnosticsavailabilityAndIlaryeqUiPmentneededSoftwareandhardwaretoolsrequiredBrine/corrosionCalciumbuilduporcoating4.2 ProducedWaterContr
22、actConditionsContractscanspecifyproducedwatermeasurementmethods,includinganyreferencestomeasurementstandards.Thecontractcanalsoclarifywhowillbeartheexpenseandresponsibilityofprocurement,installation,operation,andmaintenanceoftheproducedwatermetersystems.Contractscanalsospecify:一PointofDelivery一Opera
23、tingRangesandRequirementsFluidPropertiesandRequirements一MeasurementEquipmentRequirements一SharingofDataContractscanalsospecifyorreferencedocumentsthatspecifyrequirementsforoperationandmaintenanceofmeteringequipment,includinganyapplicablerequirementsandfrequenciesassociatedwithequipmentinspection,veri
24、fication,andcalibration.Theycanalsospecifythatequipmentverifications/calibration/provingbescheduledinadvanceandthatnon-operatingpartiesbeallowedtowitnessalltheseactivities.Forprocessmonitoringandanalysis,contractscanalsorequesttheprovisionofadditionaldata,suchasdatafromindividualdevices(e.g.flowmete
25、rs,orotherinstruments).5 GeneralMeteringSystemDesignWhileproducedwaterpropertiesandconditionscanvarydependingonspecificapplications,commonproducedwaterprocessestypicallyhave:一greaterthan50%water,highsalinity,traceamountsofhydrocarbonsentrained,varyingamountsoffluidsandparticulatesassociatedwiththedr
26、illing,production,andfracturing,varyingamountsandsizesofsolids.Inadditiontotheabovepropertiesandconditions,therearemanyfactorstoconsiderwhendesigningaproducedwatermeteringsystem,includingprocessconditions,fluidproperties,andaflowmetertechnologyselection.Someconsiderationsrelatedtoprocessconditionsan
27、dfluidpropertiesarelistedbelow.Somemetertechnologytypesarediscussedin5J_,andAPIMPMSChapter5.1alsoprovidesconsiderationsforsomeflowmetertypes.5.1 ProcessConditions,FluidProperties,andFlowAssuranceConsiderations Expectedvolumes; Instantaneousflowraterange; Pressurerange; Temperaturerange; Processandfl
28、uidstability; Propensityforplugging; Propensityforpulsationorvibration; Fluidproperties,suchas: propensitytocausecorrosionorerosion,scaling,coatingorbuild-up,abrasiveness; density; viscosity; pourpoint; freezepoint;一solidscontent; presenceofgas/liquidentrainment; vaporpressure; cleanliness; lubricat
29、ingqualities.5.2MeteringSystemGeneralDesignConsiderations一Pipediameter,material,andconnectiontype;一Materialsofconstruction;一Permanentpressurelossthroughthemeteringsystem;Potentialfordamageorerrorduetoforeignmaterialsorpulsation;Secondarycontainmentrequirements;Ambientconditionsandexposure; Physicald
30、imensionsandweight;一Orientation; Powersupplyavailabilityorlimitations; Measurementunits,i.e.massorvolume; Accuracyormeterlinearityrequirementsacrossflowraterange; Singleormultiplemetersolution; Abilitytobeserviced,tested,orrepairedunderoperatingconditions;一Uni-orbi-directionalmeasurement;一Requiremen
31、tsforprovingorcalibration,includingrepeatabilityrequirements;一Maintenancerequirements;一Accessories,peripheral,ortertiaryequipmentneeded;WhethermeteringW川beusedforotherproducts.5.3MeteringSystemControls,Diagnostics,andOperatorInterfaceConsiderations一Controlsystemrequirements;Diagnosticrequirements;一C
32、ommunicationsprotocolrequirements;一lnputOutputtypeandchannelcountrequirements;Alarmingrequirements;一Recordeddataaccess,output,andsecurityrequirements;一Operatorinterfacerequirements.5.4CapabilityandUncertaintyItisuptotheusertounderstandthedifferencesbetweenthetwotypesofuncertaintyjuncertaintyoftheind
33、ividualcomponentsofthesystem,versustheuncertaintyofallcomponentscombinedasafunctioningsystem.ThemethodstobeusedfordeterminingandcombininguncertaintiesarefoundintheAmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)ManualofPetroleumMeasurementStandards(MPMS)3Chapter13一MeasurementUncertaintyortheInternationalStandardOrga
34、nization(ISO)Standard5168,MeasurementofFluidFlowEstimationofUncertaintyofaFlow-ratemeasurement.APIMPMSChapter14.13canalsobereferencedforadditionalperformance-basedmethodologies.TheNorwegianSocietyforOilandGasMeasurementandAPITechnicalReport2579alsoprovideuncertaintycalculations,forreference.6Designa
35、ndSelectionofMeteringSystemComponents6.1FlowMeterTechnologiesProducedwaterhasamultitudeofcharacteristicsthatcanvarybylocation,region,fluidproperties,chemistry,infrastructure,welltraits,andotherattributes.Asinglequalitystandardhasnotbeencreatedoragreedtothatdefinesproducedwater,scomposition.Assuch,th
36、istechnicalreportdoesnotpreventtheuseofanyflowmetertechnologyforcustodytransferquantitymeasurementofproducedwater.Sometechnologiesaremorecommonplacewithintheproducedwaterindustry,anditmightbebeneficialtoconsultwithotherswithinyourorganizationorindustry.Itisconsideredbestpracticetoinstallmetersinacco
37、rdancewithmanufacturer5Sspecificationsandbestpractices,includinganystraightrun,flowconditioningrequirements,orotherconfigurationsforsomemetertypes.Meterconsiderationscanincludemultiplevariableanddiagnosticcapabilities.Typicalflowmeasurementtechnologiesinuseincludejbutarenotlimitedtojthetechnologiesl
38、istedalphabeticallyinTabIe2.InadditiontotheflowmetertypeslistedinTable2,thereareothermeteringtechnologiessuitableforthemeasurementofproducedwater.Thefollowingcanbeconsideredwhenevaluatingdifferentmeteringtechnologies:cost(capitalandoperational),maintenance,operation,performance,processconditions,and
39、flowassurance.Table2TypicalMeterTypesforProducedWaterMeasurementMeterTypePrincipleofOperationCommentCoriolisAlsoreferredtoasCoriolismassmeterorCoriolisforceflowmeter.ACoriolismeterisadevicewhichbymeansoftheinteractionbetweenaflowingfluidandtheoscillationofatube(三),measuresmassflowrateanddensity.TheC
40、oriolismeterconsistsofasensorandatransmitter.ThesemetersutilizetheCorioliseffect,whichmeasuresthemassflowrateoffluidsbyanalyzingthedeflectionofavibratingtube,makingthemsuitableforprecisemonitoringofwatertransfersinpetroleumoperations.Thesemetersalsodirectlymeasuredensityandvolumetricflowrateatbaseco
41、nditions.DifferentialPressureAdevicethatinducesandusespressurelossacrossanobstructiontodeterminetherateofflow.DisplacementAflowmeasurementdeviceinwhichthemeasuringelementmeasuresavolumeofliquidbymechanicallyseparatingtheliquidintodiscretequantitiesoffixedvolumeandcountingthequantitiesinvolumeunits.T
42、hesemetersutilizetheprincipleoffluiddisplacementtoprovideprecisevolumetricmeasurement,makingthemsuitableformonitoringwatertransferinvariouspetroleumoperations.MagneticAdevicethatusesmagneticprinciplesofinductionandconductivitytodeterminetherateofflow.Magneticflowmeters,leveragingFaradayslawofelectro
43、magneticinduction,offerprecisevolumemeasurementofwaterflow.Propergroundingiscritical.TurbineAflowmeasuringdeviceinwhichtheactionofthefluidstreampassingthroughthedevicesturnsabladedturbineandproducesanelectricaloutputsignalhavingafrequencyproportionaltotheturbinespeed.Theseflowmetersofferprecisevolum
44、etricmeasurementbyutilizingtherotationalspeedofaturbinewithinaflowingliquid,makingthemsuitableformonitoringwatertransferinvariouspetroleumoperations.UltrasonicAdevicethatusesthetransittimeofultrasonicsignalsthroughafluidtodetermineflowrate.Thesemetersutilizeultrasonicwavestodeterminethevelocityofwat
45、erflow,providingprecisevolumetricmeasurementsandensuringtransparentandaccountabletransactionsinpetroleumoperations.Theyareon-intrusive,meaningtheydonotrequiredirectcontactwiththefluid,eliminatingtheriskofflowobstructionorcontamination.Ultrasonicflowmetersarealsoversatile,capableofmeasuringbidirectio
46、nalflowandaccommodatingvariouspipesizesandmaterials.VortexAdevicethatinducesandusesthevortexsheddingeffecttocreateelectricalpulses,whichareproportionaltorateofflow.AnneXAincludesadditionaldetailsforthemetertypeslistedinTabIe2,includingsomeadvantagesanddisadvantages.APIMPMSprovidesdetailedguidanceont
47、heselectionofvariousflowmetertechnologiesinthefollowingsections:一Chapter5.2MeasurementofLiquidHydrocarbonsbyDisplacementMeters一Chapter5.3MeasurementofLiquidHydrocarbonsbyTurbineMeters一Chapter5.6一MeasurementofLiquidHydrocarbonsbyCoriolisMetersChapter5.8MeasurementofLiquidHydrocarbonsbyUltrasonicFlowmetersChapter14.3OrificeMeteringofNaturalGasandOtherRelatedHydrocarbonFluids-Concentric,SquareedgedOrificeMetersVortexTechnicalReport2577,PerformanceofFull-boreVortexMetersforMeasurementofLiquidFlowsFromtheBritishStandardsInstitute:一Clamp-OnUltrasonic:BS8452,UseofClamp-On(externallym
