1、ENISO21043-1June2025Criminalistique-Partie1:Vocabulaire(ISO21043-1:2025)Forensik-Teil1:BegriffeundDefinitionen(ISO21043-1:2025)EuropeanstandardNormeeuropeenneEuropaischenormICS07.140;01.040.07SupersedesENISO21043-1:2018EnglishVersionForensicsciences-Part1:Vocabulary(ISO21043-1:2025)ThisEuropeanStand
2、ardwasapprovedbyCENon27August2024.CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEuropeanStandardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Up-to-datelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerningsuchnationalstandardsmaybeobtainedonapplicati
3、ontotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentreortoanyCENmember.ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).AversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytranslationundertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentrehasthesamestatusastheofficialversions.
4、CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Sp
5、ain,Sweden,Switzerland,TiirkiyeandUnitedKingdom.富EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATIONCOMITEEUROPEENDENORMALISATIONEuropaischeskomiteefurnormungCEN-CENELECManagementCentre:RuedelaScience23,B-1040Brussels2025CENAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedRef.No.ENISO21043-1:2025EworldwideforCE
6、NnationalMembers.ContentsPageEuropeanforeword3EuropeanforewordThisdocument(ENISO21043-1:2025)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC272ForensicsciencesincollaborationwithTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC419ForensicScienceProcessesnthesecretariatofwhichisheldbyNEN.ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusof
7、anationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextorbyendorsement,atthelatestbyDecember2025,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestbyDecember2025.Attentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisdocumentmaybethesubjectofpatentrights.CENshallnotbeheldresponsibleforide
8、ntifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.ThisdocumentsupersedesENISO21043-1:2018.Anyfeedbackandquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusersnationalstandardsbody/nationalcommittee.AcompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundontheCENwebsite.AccordingtotheCEN-CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorga
9、nizationsofthefollowingcountriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Roma
10、nia,Serbia,Slovakia,SlovenialSpain,Sweden,Switzerland,TiirkiyeandtheUnitedKingdom.EndorsementnoticeThetextofISO21043-1:2025hasbeenapprovedbyCENasENISO21043-1:2025withoutanymodification.ISOInternationalStandardISO21043-1Secondedition2025-06ForensicsciencesPart1:VocabularyChminaIistique一Partie1:Vocabu
11、laireReferencenumberISO21043-l:2025(en)COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENTISO2025Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,orrequiredinthecontextofitsimplementation,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedotherwiseinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,orpostingontheinter
12、netoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.PermissioncanberequestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbeloworISO,smemberbodyinthecountryoftherequester.ISOcopyrightofficeCP401Ch.deBlandonnet8CH-1214Vernier,GenevaPhone:+41227490111Email:copyrightiso.orgWebsite:www.iso.orgPublishedinSwitzerlandContentsPageFor
13、ewordivIntroductionv1 Scope12 Normativereferences13 Termsanddefinitions1AnnexA(informative)Forensicprocess9Bibliography10ForewordISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarri
14、edoutthroughISOtechnicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,inliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElec
15、trotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.TheproceduresusedtodevelopthisdocumentandthoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenancearedescribedintheISO/IECDirectives,Part1.Inparticular,thedifferentapprovalcriterianeededforthedifferenttypesofISOdocumentshouldbenoted.Thisdocumentwa
16、sdraftedinaccordancewiththeeditorialrulesoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seeWWW.iso.org/directives).ISOdrawsattentiontothepossibilitythattheimplementationofthisdocumentmayinvolvetheuseof（八）patent(三).ISOtakesnopositionconcerningtheevidence,validityorapplicabilityofanyclaimedpatentrightsinrespectthereof.
17、Asofthedateofpublicationofthisdocument,ISOhadnotreceivednoticeof（八）patent(三)whichmayberequiredtoimplementthisdocument.HoweverlImplementersarecautionedthatthismaynotrepresentthelatestinformation,whichmaybeobtainedfromthepatentdatabaseavailableatWWW.iso.org/patents.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforident
18、ifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anytradenameusedinthisdocumentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotconstituteanendorsement.Foranexplanationofthevoluntarynatureofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsandexpressionsrelatedtoconformityassessment,aswellasinformationaboutISOsadherencetotheW
19、orldTradeOrganization(WTO)principlesintheTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT工seeWWW.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmLThisdocumentwaspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC272,Forensicsciences,incollaborationwiththeEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN)TechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC419,Forensicscienceprocesses,inaccordancew
20、iththeAgreementontechnicalcooperationbetweenISOandCEN(ViennaAgreement).AlistofallpartsintheISO21043seriescanbefoundontheISOwebsite.Anyfeedbackorquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusersnationalstandardsbody.Acompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundatwww.iso.orH/members.htmLIntroductionThisdocu
21、mentstandardizestheuseandmeaningoftermsassociatedwiththeforensicsciences.Thetermsdefinedinthisdocumentaredrawnfromstandardtermsusedintheforensicscienceprocesses,ascontainedintheISO21043series.Discipline-specificstandardsincludetheirownspecifictermsanddefinitions.Thisdocumentispartofaseriesoffivethat
22、includesthedifferentcomponentsoftheforensicprocessfromscenetocourtroom(asillustratedinFigureA.l).OtherpartsoftheISO21043seriesare: ISO21043-2; ISO21043-3; ISO21043-4; ISO21043-5.Thisdocumentisorganizedalphabeticallyandfollowsnatural(English)wordorderwhereverpossible.ForensicsciencesPart1:Vocabulary1
23、ScopeThisdocumentdefinestermsusedforthedifferentcomponentsoftheforensicprocessfromscenetocourtroom(asillustratedinFigureA.ll.2 NormativereferencesTherearenonormativereferencesinthisdocument.3 TermsanddefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.ISOandIECmaintaintermin
24、ologydatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses: ISOOnlinebrowsingplatform:availableathttps:WWW.iso.org/obp IECElectropedia:availableathttps:/www.electropedia.org/3.1administrativereviewevaluationofrecordsf3.49)toverifyconsistencywiththeforensicserviceprovidersf3.26administrativepolicie
25、sandwitheditorialcorrectness3.2analysispartoftheexaminationf3.18)consistingofdetecting,measuringorcomparingthepropertiesofitems(3.33),inordertoobtainobservations(3.36)Note1toentry:Analysiscanbeeitherinstrumental,humanperception-based,oracombinationofthetwo.3.3analyticalstrategychoiceofmethod(三)(3.35
26、)andthesequenceofanalysis(3.2)Note1toentry:Ananalyticalstrategyisbasedinpartonrelevantcasequestionsandbackgroundinformation.3.4areaofexpertisedisciplineinwhichanexaminer(3.20)iscompetent3.5casefileforensicserviceproviders(3.26records(39)detailingtheforensicprocessf3.25includingreports(3.55)relatedto
27、acase3.6categoricalopinionopinion(3.37)that,intheexaminer/s(3.20)judgement,oneproposition(3.43)orexplanation(3.21)istrueanditwouldbeimpossibletoobtaintheobservations(3.36)ifanyofthealternativepropositionsorexplanationsconsideredweretrueEXAMPLE 1 Intheexaminer,sjudgement,theshoedidnotmakethequestione
28、dshoemark.EXAMPLE 2 Intheexaminer,sjudgement,thecartridgecaseisofSmithandWessonbrand.3.7chainofcustodychronologicalrecord(3.49)ofthetransfer,handlingandstorageofanitem(3.33)fromitspointofcollectiontoitsfinalreturnordisposalNote1toentry:Chainofcustodyissometimesreferredtoascontinuity.3.8classificatio
29、nassigninganitem(3.33)tooneofanumberofdistinctpredefinedgroupsbasedonsharedpropertiesNote1toentry:Ifclassesaredefineddirectlybyobservations(3.36)thatdonotrequireinterpretation(3.30),classificationcanbeperformedindependentoftheexaminer(3.20).3.9cognitivebiasunconsciousdeviationfromrationalityinhumanj
30、udgementcausedbyinfluenceson,andlimitationsof,humaninformationprocessing3.10consumablesingleuseorlimitedusematerialwhichisusedintheforensicprocess(3.25)3.11contaminationintroduction,atanypointintheforensicprocess(3.25),ofunwantedsubstances,unwanteddataorunwantedinformationthatcanimpactobservations(3
31、36)oropinions(3.37)Note1toentry:Contaminationincludesundesirabletransferofasubstancewithinanitem(3.33)orbetweenitems.3.12controlsamplematerialwithknownproperties,analyzedinordertoassessthereliabilityofobservations(3.36)3.13customerauthority,organizationorpersonrequestingtheforensic(3.24)services3.1
32、4documentinformationandthemediumonwhichitisstoredEXAMPLESpecification,procedureC3.41),policy,methodf3.35).instruction,form,drawing,record(3.49),report(3.55),standard,flowchart.Note1toentry:Themediumcanbepaper,magnetic,electronicoropticalcomputerdisc,photograph,orcombinationthereof.Note2toentry:Aseto
33、fdocuments,forexamplespecificationsandrecords,isfrequentlycalled“documentation.SOURCE:ISO9000:2015,385,modifiedwhichitiscontainedhasbeenchangedtowhichitisstoredinthedefinition,theEXAMPLEhasbeenreplacedandNote3toentryhasbeenremoved.3.15documentcontrolsystemusedtoensuretraceabilityandtoestablish,ident
34、ify,approve,issue,maintain,distribute,use,amend,revise,store,protect,secure,retrieve,retainanddisposeofdocuments(3.14)3.16enhancementprocesstoreveal,intensify,magnifyorclarifyapropertyofanitem(3.33)3.17evaluativeinterpretationznterprettzon(3.30)guidedbyasetofrelevantpropostzons(3.43)andaimedatgenera
35、tingzcezoodrartos(3.34)Note1toentry:Evaluativeinterpretationcanbeusedinajudicialsettingorinaninvestigation.3.18examinationpartoftheforensicprocess(3.25)consistingoftherecovery(3.51)andanalysis(3.2)ofitems(3.33),andtheinterpretation(3.30)ofobservations(3.36)obtainedfromtheanalysisofitemsNote1toentry:
36、SeeAnneXAforaflowchartoftheforensicprocess.3.19examinationstrategychoiceofmethod(三)andsequenceofmethods(3.35)fortheexamination(3.18)Note1toentry:Anexaminationstrategyisbasedinpartonrelevantcasequestionsandbackgroundinformation.Note2toentry:Anexaminationstrategycanbeappliedtotheexamination(3.18)ofasc
37、ene(3.58),theexaminationofitems(3.33)orsequentialmulti-disciplineexaminationofitems.3.20examinerindividualwhoconductsanypartoftheforensic(3.24)examination(3.18)3.21explanationpossiblecauseforobservations(3.36),generatedinaninvestigativeinterpretation(3.32)3.22facilityphysicalenvironmentusedtoprotect
38、theitem(3.33)integrity,toconducttestingortosupportanyotheraspectoftheforensicprocess(3.25)EXAMPLEBuilding,designatedarea,tent,(mobile)office,(mobile)laboratory,vehicle.3.23firstresponderfirstlawenforcementpersonnelwhoarriveatascene(3.58andwhoareresponsibleforimmediateaction3.24forensicrelatedtometho
39、ds(3.35),techniquesandprocessesusedforrecovery(3.51),analysis(3.2),interpretation(3.30)andreportingofobservations(3.36)andopinions(3.37),whichcanbeusedforlawenforcementinvestigationsorforlegalproceedings3.25forensicprocesssetofinterrelatedorinteractingforensic(3.24)activitiesNote1toentry:Theforensic
40、processcanincludeitem(3.33)handlingandcontrol,examination(3.18)andreporting.Note2toentry:SeeAnneXAforaflowchartoftheforensicprocess.3.26forensicserviceproviderorganizationthatperformsallorpartoftheforensicprocess(3.25)Note1toentry:Aforensicserviceprovidercanbealargeorsmallorganization,includinganorg
41、anizationconsistingofasingleexaminer(3.20).3.27identificationassignmenttothemostspecificclassattainableEXAMPLEIdentifyingaredsubstanceashumanblood,awhitepowderascocaineorafibreascotton.Note1toentry:Thetermidentificationisoftenusedwhenreferringtotheclassification(3.8)ofasubstancebasedonitscomposition
42、structureorfunction.Note2toentry:Identificationisnotdefinedasansweringaquestionofsource(3.46).3.28impartialityobjectivity,neutralityandfairnessalongwiththereductionoftheriskofbiasNote1toentry:Itisimportantforimpartialitythatpossibleconflictsofinterestaredeclared,resolvedordonotexist.3.29interlabora
43、torycomparisonevaluationofpartoralloftheforensicprocess(3.25)whenappliedtothesameorsimilaritems(3.33)andconductedunderthesameorsimilarconditionsbytwoormoreforensicserviceproviders(3.26)Note1toentry:Aproficiencytest(3.42)isatypeofinterlaboratorycomparison.3.30interpretationpartoftheexamination(3.18)t
44、hatusesprofessionaljudgement,logic,expertise,andrelevantdataandinformationand,ifapplicable,statisticalmodelstoinferthemeaningofobservations(3.36)soastoprovideopinions(3.37withrespecttoquestionsaskedNote1toentry:SeeAnneXAforaflowchartoftheforensicprocess.3.31intralaboratorycomparisonevaluationofparto
45、ralloftheforensicprocess(3.25)whenappliedtothesameorsimilaritems(3.33)andconductedunderthesameorsimilarconditionsbytwoormoreexaminers(3.20)withinthesameforensicserviceprovider(3.26)3.32investigativeinterpretationinterpretation(3.30)guidedbyobservations(3.36)madeandaimedatgeneratingexplanations(3.21)
46、orestimationsNote1toentry:Investigativeinterpretationcanbeusedinaninvestigationorinajudicialsetting.3.33itemobject,substance,materialormarkthatiscollected,derivedorsampledaspartoftheforensicprocess(3.25)3.34likelihoodratioexpressionofanexaminers(3.20)assessmentoftheratiooftheprobabilities(3.40)ofthe
47、observations(3.36)ifoneoftwocompetingpropositions(3.43)weretrueversusiftheotherpropositionweretrueNote1toentry:Thelikelihoodratiogivestheprobativevalueoftheobservationsforthecompetingpropositions.Note2toentry:OnlythetermlikelihoodratioisusedintheISO21043series.Thisisnotintendedtoexcludethecalculatio
48、nofBayesfactorsinsteadoflikelihoodratios.Note3toentry:Likelihoodratiosaredescribedintermsof“probability”.Ifthedataarecontinuouslyvalued,thenumeratoranddenominatorofthelikelihoodratiowillinvolveprobabilitydensityfunctionsratherthanprobabilities.3.35methodsystematicandstructuredapproachtoperformataskNote1toentry:Examplesoftasksincludeananalysis(3.2)oraninterpretation3.30).3.36obse
