1、Automationtechnologyistherapiddevelopmentofmodern,widelyused,oneofthemosteye-catchinghigh-teach,itispromotinganewtechnologicalrevolutionandanewindustrialrevolutioninthecoretechnology.Withoutautomationisusedtoreplaceequipmentorsystemshavecompletedsomeproductiontasks,orasubstituteachievecertainprocess
2、orasubstitutefortheregulation.Strictlyspeaking,automationmeansintheabsenceofdirectparticipation,equipmentorproductionmanagementprocessthroughautomaticdetection,informationprocessing,analysisandjudgeautomaticallyachievethedesiredoperationoraprocess.AutomaticControlSystemisacertainfunctions,taskstobe
3、completedsomecontrolsystems.Automaticcontrolsystemandthecompositionofthehumanbodyandtheprincipleofthecompositionandworkofalotofsimilarities:automaticcontrolsysteminthesensoryorganofthehumansensor,equivalenttothebrainandnervoussystemcontroldevices,butalsoequivalenttothehands,legsandmusclesoftheexecut
4、ivebody.Sensorsusedtodetectcommandinformation,publicinformation,aswellaschangesinthestatusinformationoftheobject,anditstransformationintoelectricalsignaltransmissioncontroldevice.Controldeviceiscalculatedwiththecurrentstatusofobjects(knownaschargedof,orsystemsoutput)withthehopethatthestate(knownasth
5、einputsignal)poor,andinaccordancewiththisdeviation(knownastheerrorsignal)accordingtocertainlawsofthecontrolsignal,andthenamplified,gaveoperatorsimplementingagencies.Operationchargedwithimplementingagenciestodrivetargetedcampaigns,untilitreachedthedesiredstateofthestate.Thattheoutputofthesystemorsome
6、othersystemofcontrolledvariablesandtheinputforcomparison,acontrolknownasclosed-loopcontrolorfeedbackcontrolSincethe1960stheUnitedStateslaunchedprogrammablelogiccontroller(ProgrammableLogicController,PLC)toreplacetraditionalrelaycontroldevice,thePLChavedevelopedrapidly,throughouttheworldandinawideran
7、geofapplications.Atthesametime,thePLCfunctioncontinuouslyimproved.Withcomputertechnology,signalprocessingtechnology,controltechnologynetworktechnologyandthecontinuousdevelopmentofthecontinuousimprovementofuserneeds,PLCintheprocessingofswitchingonthebasisofanincreaseofanalogprocessingandmotioncontrol
8、functions.TodayisnolongerconfinedtothePLClogiccontrol,motioncontrol,processcontrol,andotherfieldshavealsoplayedaveryimportantrole.Discretecontrolofthesystemasthepreferredproduct,PLCinthe20thcentury,the1980sand1990shavedevelopedrapidly,theworldwideannualgrowthrateofPLCmaintaina20%to30%.Withfactoryaut
9、omationandthecontinuousimprovementofthecapacityPLCmarketbasecontinuestoexpand,PLCintheindustrializedcountriesinrecentyearsthegrowthhasbeenslowing.However,inChinaandotherdevelopingcountriesPLCincreasesveryrapidly.Comprehensiveinformation,in2004theglobalPLCsalesofabout10billionUSdollarsinthefieldofaut
10、omationoccupyaveryimportantposition.PLCistouchedbytheoriginalimitationrelaycontroltheorydevelopmentofthe20thCentury,the1970sonlyswitchofthePLClogiccontrol,thefirstapplicationoftheautomobilemanufacturingindustry.Withtheimplementationofstoragelogical,sequentialcontrol,timing,countingandcomputing,sucha
11、soperatinginstructions,anddigitalinputandoutputoperations,tocontrolalltypesofmachineryandproductionprocess.Usersofthecontrolproceduresoftheproductionprocesstechnologyrequirements,andadvanceintothePLCuserprogrammemory.Runningonthestorageproceduresfortheimplementationofthecontentsonebyone,tocompleteth
12、eprocessrequirementsoftheoperation.PLCCPUwiththeproceduresstepinstructionsstoredprogramcounteraddressintherunningprocess,everystepintheimplementationofanautomaticcounter,proceduresfromtheinitialstep(Stepnumberzero),followedbytheimplementationofthefinalstep(usualIyENDdirective),andthenreturnedtothein
13、itialstepcycleoperation.PLCcompletedacycleofeveryoperationknownasthetimerequiredforascancycle.DifferentmodelsofthePLC,scanningcycletocycleinamicrosecondbetweendozensofmicroseconds.PLCprogrammingbyladderdiagram,inthelogicofthebalance,theadvantagesofrapidperformance,inorderofmicroseconds,1KSolutionLog
14、icProgramminglessthan1ms.Itisalltheinputastodealwiththevolumeswitch,16(also32)forasimulatedvolume.Anotherlarge-scaleuseofPLCCPUtocompletethesimulationoftheoperation.TheresultspresentedtothePLCcontrollerThesame1/0pointssystem,withPLCthanDCS,andthecostshouldbelower(approximately40%toaboutProvince).PLC
15、donothaveadedicatedoperatorstation,whichusedthesoftwareandhardwarearegeneric,somaintenancecostismuchlowerthantheDCS.PLCcontrollercanreceivethousandsofI/0points(uptomorethan8,0001/0).Iftheaccusedwasmainlytargetedatthechainofequipment,circuitrarelyusedPLCmoresuitable.PLCasauniversalmonitoringsoftware,
16、inthedesignofthemanagementinformationsystemstoeasier.Overthepast10years,withthePLCandlowerpricesforusersdemandcontinuestoexpand,moreandmoresmallandmedium-sizedequipmentbegantousePLCcontrol,PLCapplicationinChinaisgrowingquiterapidly.WithChina'Srapideconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructureconstantlyim
17、provethelevelofautomation,foraperiodoftimewithinthePLCinChinawillcontinuetomaintainhigh-speedgrowthmomentum.GMPLCcanbeusedinspecializedequipmentthatitisanembeddedcontroller,PLCrelativetotheaverageembeddedcontrollerandthehigherreliabilityandbetterstability.Practicalworkintheoriginalencountersomeusers
18、useembeddedcontroller,nowbeingusedgenericPLCPLCreplaceorcustomembeddedcontrollers.AutomaticControl(automaticcontrol)isthatintheabsenceofdirectparticipationinthecircumstances,theuseofadditionalequipmentordevices,machinery,equipmentorproductionprocessofaworkingstateorparametersautomaticallyinaccordanc
19、ewiththelawscheduledtorun.Controlisrelativeintermsoftheconceptofcontrol.Notreferringtotheparticipationofthepeopleunderthecontroldevicewiththeobjectorprocessautomaticallyaccordingtothelawsofoperation.Automaticcontroltechnologytothestudyofhumanbeingsfromthecomplex,dangerousandtediousworkenvironmenttol
20、iberatecontrolandgreatlyimproveefficiency.Controlisabranchofscienceandengineering.Itinvolvestheuseofdynamicfeedbackontheprincipleoftheautomaticsystem,inordertomaketheoutputvalueofclosetothevaluewewant.Fromamethodologicalperspective,it'Samathematicalsystembasedonthetheory.Today,wecalledtheAutomat
21、icControlofthemiddleofthe20thcenturyisthecontroltheory,abranch.IsthebasisoftheconclusionsNorbertWiener,theRudolfKalman.Forexample:theindoortemperatureregulationindoortemperatureregulationisasimpleeasy-to-understandexamples.Purposeistotheindoortemperaturemaintainedatafixedvalueof,despitethefenestrati
22、onandotherfactorsmakedistributedheatfromindooroutdoor(interferenced).Inordertoachievethisobjective,heatingmustbeproperimpact.Throughthevalveregulatingthetemperaturewillremainconstant.Inaddition,afeelingofthepeoplebeforetemperaturehotwatertemperaturewillbesubjecttointerferencefromtheoutsideworld.Furt
23、herexamplesoftheremainingthreeoildrumssystem.Developmentsinthefieldofprocesscontrolmorethan150yearsago,thefirstgenerationofprocesscontrolsystemisbasedonthe5-13pneumaticsignalstandards(PCSpneumaticcontrolsystem,PneumaticControlSystem).Simplelocalmodeofoperation,controltheoryhasinitiallytakenshape,yet
24、theconceptofacontrolroom.Second-generationprocesscontrolsystem(analogorACS,AnalogControlSystem)isbasedonthe0-10mor4-20mAcurrentanalogsignal,theobviousprogressinthefull25yearsfirmlyincontroloftheentireruleareas.Itcharacterizedthearrivaloftheeraofelectricalcontrol.Withmajordevelopmentincontroltheory,c
25、ontroltheory,theestablishmentofthethreelaythefoundationofthemoderncontrol;thecontrolroomsetup,controlfunctionsofseparationmodelhasbeeninuseeversince.Third-generationprocesscontrolsystem(CCS,ComputerControlSystem).70begantheapplicationofdigitalcomputers,producedahugesuperiorityintechnology,peopleinth
26、emeasurement,modellingandcontroloftheareafirsttouselogic,resultinginathird-generationprocesscontrolsystem(CCS,ComputerControlSystem).Thiswasknownasthethird-generationprocesscontrolsystemisarevolutioninthefieldofautomaticcontrol,andgivefullplaytotheirsuperiorityinthecomputer,sopeoplegenerallybelievet
27、hatthecomputercandoeverything,naturallyproducedcalledofcentralcontrolcomputersystemneedstobepointedoutisthatthesignaltransmissionsystemisstillinusemostofthe4-20mAanalogsignal,butwasfoundNotlongafterthat,withfocusandcontrolofthereliabilityoftheissue,alsofocusedonthedangerofoutofcontrol,withaslighttot
28、heentiresystemwillbeparalyzed.Therefore,itwillsoonbedevelopedintodistributedcontrolsystem(DCS).Fourth-generationprocesscontrolsystems(DCS,DistributedControlSystemDistributedControlSystem):Withtherapidsemiconductormanufacturingtechnologydevelopment,thewidespreaduseofmicroprocessors,thereliabilityofco
29、mputertechnologyinasubstantialincreaseinthecurrentwidespreaduseoftheFourthandprocesscontrolsystems(DCS,ordistributeddigitalcontrolsystem),whichisthemaincharacteristicsofthecontrolsystemisnolongermerelyacomputer,butsomecomputersandsomesmartinstrumentationandcomponentsconstituteasmartcontrolsystem.Sod
30、ecentralizedcontrolhasbecomethemaincharacteristics.Anotherimportantexceptionisthedevelopmentofsignaltransmissionbetweenthemisnotonlydependentontheanalogsignals420mA,andgraduallytoreplacethedigitalsignaltoanalogsignal.Fifth-generationprocesscontrolsystem(FCS,ControlSystemcontrolsystem):FCSisdeveloped
31、fromtheDCS,asfromthedevelopmentofDCSfromtheCCS,aqualitativeleap,totheDatatransmissionusingtheapproach.ButFCSDCSandtherealdifferencebetweentheFCShaveabroaderspacefordevelopment.Applicationcontrolisautomatedinstrumentationorautomaticcontroldeviceautomaticallyreplacepeopleontheproductionequipmentorindu
32、strialprocesscontrol,sothattheywillreachthedesiredstateorperformanceindicators.Ofthetraditionalindustrialprocessesusingautomationtechnologycaneffectivelyimprovethequalityoftheproductandtheeconomicefficiencyofenterprises.Someofthetoughestenvironmentsforthecontroloperation,automaticcontrolisparticular
33、lyimportant.Controltheoryandthedevelopmentofhumansocietyiscloselylinkedtoascience,automationisthecoreofscience.Sincethe19thcenturywithMaxwellgovernorofthesteamenginesystemoflinearordinarydifferentialequationsdescribingandstabilityanalysissincetheearly20thcenturyafterBode,Harris,Evans,Nicholsandother
34、softheoutstandingcontribution,andfinallyformedclassicfeedbackcontroltheorybased,inthe1950smature.Classicalcontroltheoryonthecharacteristicsofthetransferfunctionforthemathematicaltoolusedfrequency-domainmethods,mainlyonthesingle-input-single-outputquot;1ineartime-invariantcontrolsystemsanalysisanddes
35、ign,buttherearesomelimitationsthatthemulti-Input-Multi-outputsystem.Shouldnotuseclassicalcontroltheory,inparticularthenonlinear,time-varyingsystemsispowerless.With40inthemid-20thcenturytheemergenceofcomputerandthecontinuousexpansionofapplicationfields,andpromotetheautomaticcontroltheoryinthemorecomp
36、lexandmoreinthedirectionoftight,especiallyinKalman'scontrollabilityandtheconceptthemaximumvalueonthebasisoftheory,inthe20thcentury,the1950sand1960sthathaveappearedinstate-spaceanalysis(linearalgebra)isthebasisofmoderncontroltheory.Moderncontroltheoryisessentiallyatime-domainmethod,theveryextensi
37、veresearch,includingthreebasicelements:multivariablelinearsystemstheory,theoptimalcontroltheoryandoptimalestimationandsystemidentificationtheory.Moderncontroltheorytheoreticallysolvethesystemcontrollability,stability,aswellasmanycomplexsystemscontrolissues.However,asmodernscienceandtechnologyisdevel
38、opingrapidly,theincreasingscaleproductionsystems,theformationofcomplexlarge-scalesystems,leadingtoacontrolobject,thecontrollerandcontroltasksandobjectivesoftheincreasinglycomplex,resultingintheresultsofmoderncontroltheoryrarelybeenappliedinpractice.Classicalcontroltheory,intheapplicationofmoderncont
39、roltheoryencounteredalotofproblems,theirimpactonthepracticalapplicationofitsthreemainreasons:thesecontrolsystemdesignandanalysisarebasedonprecisemathematicalmodelonthebasisof,andpracticalsystembecauseofuncertainty,incompleteandvague,time-dependent,nonlinear,andotherfactorsgenerallydifficulttoobtainp
40、recisemathematicalmodel;studythesesystems,peoplemustmaketheassumptionthatsomeofthemoreharsh,andtheseAssumingthattheactualapplicationareofteninconsistent;Inordertoimprovecontrolperformance,theentirecontrolsystemhasbecomeextremelycomplex,whichnotonlyincreasedtheinvestmentinequipment,butalsolowersthere
41、liabilityofthesystem.Therefore,theautomaticcontrolworkershasbeenseekingnewoutlets,theyconsider:Cannotfullycontrolthemaintargetsforresearch,andforresearchtothemaincontroller?Can20inthemid-1950sandtherapiddevelopmentofartificialintelligencebythelogicofreasoning,heuristicknowledge,theexpertsystemtosolv
42、edifficulttobuildaprecisemathematicalmodelofcontrol?ControlTheoryisthethirdgenerationintelligentcontroltheoryisagainstthisbackdropthattheproposed,itisartificialintelligenceandcontrolofthecross-productofthecontemporaryscientificwaytocontrolone.Theso-calledautomation(Automation),referstomachineordevic
43、eintheabsenceofinterventioninaccordancewiththeregulationsundertheproceduresorinstructionsforautomaticoperationoroperation.Broadlyspeaking,automationalsoincludesanalogorreproductionofintelIigenceactivities.Widelyusedinindustrialautomationtechnologyagriculturalresearchmilitarytransportcommercialmedica
44、lservicesandfamily,andsoon.Theuseofautomationtechnologycannotonlyfromtheheavymanualpartofthementalwork,aswellastheriskofadverseliberationoftheworkingenvironment,butalsotheexpansionoforganfunction,whichhavegreatlyincreasedlaborproductivity,andenhancehumanunderstandingoftheworldandtheabilitytotransfor
45、mtheworld.Therefore,industrialautomationagriculturalmodernizationofnationaldefenseandscienceandtechnologyandanimportantconditionforsignificantsigns.Developmentprofilesin1946,theUnitedStatesFordmechanicalengineerDSfirsttoandusedtodescribetheenginecylinderautomatictransmissionandprocessingoftheprocess
46、seeautomationtechnologyhistory).Inthe1950s,andtheautomaticadjustmentforthedevelopmentofclassicalcontroltheorytoautomateaccesstoasingle-variableautomaticcontrolsystemconsistingmainlyofpartialautomationstage.Inthe1960s,withtheemergenceofmoderncontroltheoryandpromotetheuseofelectroniccalculators,autom
47、aticcontrolandinformationprocessingcombinetoautomateaccesstotheproductionprocesscontrolandoptimalmanagementofintegratedautomationstage.Inthe1970s,large-scaleautomatedobjectsintocomplexsystemsengineeringandnon-engineeringprojects,manyinvolvinguseofmoderncontroltheorytosolvetheproblems.Researchonthese
48、issues,andpromotethetheoryautomationmethodsandmeansofinnovation,therewaslarge-scalesystemsandsystemcontroloftheintelligentcontrolofcomplexsystems,therehasbeencomprehensiveutilizationofICTcalculatorsystemsengineeringandartificialintelligence,suchastheoutcomeoftheHighautomationsystems,suchasflexiblema
49、nufacturingsystemintelligentrobotofficeautomationexpertsystemdecisionsupportsystemcalculatorintegratedmanufacturingsystems.Automationisamoredisciplinesinvolvedinawiderangeofintegratedapplicationofscienceandtechnology.Itsresearchmainautomationandinformationprocessingtwoaspects,includingtheoreticalmethodshardwareandsoftware,fromtheapplicationpointofview,onthecontentsofprocessautomationmachinerymanufacturingautomationmanagementautomationlaboratoryautomationandhomeautomationetc.ProcessAutomationpetroleumrefiningandchemicalindustriesinthechemicalp
