1、INTERNATIONA1.STANDARDISO1432editionFifth202103Rubber,vu1.canizedorthermop1.astic一Determinationof1.ow-temperaturestiffening(Gehmantest)Caoutchoucvu1.caniseouIhermop1.astiqueDeterminationdeIarigiditeabassetemperature(EssaiGehman)ISORqf4r?2?2O21tE!)O1.SO2021COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENTISO2021岫rkdea/山thU
2、cdOthcnviscjftc三orrtmcehDVBiwixuioiti08phnn11UatiocBhrhotocp)Mng,ptbcatonpostingontheinternetoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.PermissioncanherequestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbe1.oworISniK盟RAucekdHpfff1.QbbGgbodyIcommitteehasbeenestab1.ishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Interna
3、tiona1.organizations,governmenta1.andnon-governmenta1.,in1.iaisonwithISO,a1.sotakepartinthework.ISOco1.1.aboratesc1.ose1.ywiththee1.ectrotechnica1.standardization.Internationa1.E1.ectrotechnica1.Commission(IEC)ona1.1.mattersofTheproceduresusedtodeve1.opthisdocumentandthoseintendedforitsfurthermainte
4、nanceare。智SFR幽of1.SOIEC(M1.槐notrttH邻MMfergCCOrdanCeMtheeditoria1.ru1.esoftheISO/IECDirectives.Part2(seewww.iso.org/direc1.ives).时歌ionrightsd般掂棚15脚蝴橱卿SnSi嘏趣出即的植般眈doc1.三崎翩舟硼hsubjectofanypatentrightsidentifiedduringthedeve1.opmerUW4iouwMM41.beintheIntroductionand/orontheISO1.istofpatentdec1.arationsrec
5、eived(seewww.iso.org/pa1.ents).Anytradeusedinthisconstitutenameendorsement,documentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotForanexp1.anationofthevo1.untarynatureofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsand哪蝴蜘明瓶ationc。的福P奥央融Mthe可般IIi潴称小牖ticn南版淮IS1.华哂瞬聊硼isoforeword.htn1.4报机密部即豳8物。gSTeChniCa
6、1.Qjmmittee1S0/TC45,Rubberandrubberproducts.Thisfiftheditioncance1.sandrep1.acesthefourthedition(ISO1432:2013),whichhasbeentechnica1.1.yrevised.Themainchangescomparedtothepreriouseditionareasfo1.1.ows:in4aise,normativereferenceshavebeenupdated;aprecisionstatementhasbeenaddedasAnnexB.ISO2021-A1.1.rig
7、htsreservedRubber,vu1.canizedorthermop1.asticDeterminationof1.ow-temperaturestiffening(Gehmantest)WARNING1Personsusingthisdocumentshou1.dbefami1.iarwithnorma1.1.aboratorypractice.Thisdocumentdoesnotpurporttoaddressa1.1.ofthesafetyprob1.ems,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibi1.ityoftheuserto
8、estab1.ishappropriatesafetyandhea1.thpracticesandtodeterminetheapp1.icabi1.ityofanyotherrestrictions.WARNING2Certainproceduresspecifiedinthisdocumentmightinvo1.vetheuseorgenerationofsubstances,orthegenerationofwaste,thatcou1.dconstitutea1.oca1.environmenta1.hazard.Referenceshou1.dbemadetoappropriate
9、documentationonsafehand1.inganddisposa1.afteruse.1 Scopetemperaturecharacteristicsofvu1.canizedorthermop1.asticrubbersoveratemperaturerangefromroom2 Normativereferencesconstitutesrequirement1.atestCditiondocumcntxeferencedreferences,(inc1.udingamendments)app1.ies.app)ies.ISOTermsandAehnitionsprocedu
10、resforpreparingandconditioningtestpiecesforphysica1.testmethodsNotermsanddefinitionsare1.istedinthisdocument.ISOOn1.inebrowsingp1.atform:avai1.ab1.eatHtpwwwi4so.Fgebp4 Princip1.estiffnessOfmeasurcdtheConncc1.ingwhentestpiece1.heseriesWithturnedca1.ibratcdspringwireandmeasuring5 Apparatusindicatingre
11、ccrdingPrOVided,permittingconvenientandofexactadjustmenttothenearestpoint.degree.Thisdocumentspecifiesastaticprocedure,knownastheGchmantest,fordeterminingthere1.ativestiffnesstoapproximate1.y-120.Thefo1.1.owingdocumentsarcreferredtointhetextinsuchawaythatsomeora1.1.oftheircontentundatedreferences,th
12、eofthisoftheFordateddocumenton1.ytheanyeditioncitedForISO18899:2013,RubberGuidetotheca1.ibrationoftestequipment323529fRubber-Genera1.ISOandIECmaintaintermino1.ogica1.databasesforuseinstandardizationatthefo1.1.ovringaddresses:IECE1.ectropedia:avai1.ab1.eathttp:/www.e1.cc1.ropedia.org/Thetorsiona1.sti
13、ffnessismeasuredasafunctionoftemperature,startingfroma1.owtemperature.Thetheang1.eistwistofbytestpiecethethetopofinwireisa180o.Torsionapparatus,consistingofatorsionhead,capab1.eofbeingturned180oinap1.anenorma1.tothetorsionwire.Thetopofthewireisfastenedtothetorsionhead.Thebottomofthewireisfastenedtot
14、hetestpiecedamp.Adevicefor*frictionreeindicationorrecordingofang1.ebymechanica1.ore1.ectrica1.ormeanssha1.1.besystemsha1.1.a1.1.owreadingorrecordingtheang1.eoftwistofzeroTheThisprincip1.eisShoWninFigure1.ISO2021-A1.1.rightsreservedtorsiona1.constantsofmademNmemperedspringwire.mNm.1.engthcases65dispu
15、te,mm,andhavingnomina1.torsionwireang1.emeasurementtestpieceracktestpieceFigure1Princip1.eofatorsionapparatusvertica1.positionrack,madetransfermateria1.medium.poortherma1.conductivity,forho1.dingsevera1.piecepieces.Therackisattachedtoastand.Itisadvantageoustomakethevertica1.portionofthestandfrommate
16、ria1.ofpoormateria1.thcr11a1.conductivity.Thebaseofthestandsha1.1.beofstain1.essstee1.orothercorrosion-resistantTwoc1.ampssha1.1.beprovidedforho1.dingeachtestpiece.Thebottomc1.ampsha1.1.beattachedtothe授碑用erack.Thetopc1.ampactsasanextensionofthetestpieceandisconnectedtothetorsionwire5.4doesHeat-trans
17、fermedium,materia1.gaseous,tested,asprescribedf1.uidISO23529.temperatureandwhichresu1.tsObtainedemp1.oyedthemdup1.icatetransferobtainedprovidedthedesignoftheapparatusissuchthatNOTEThefo1.1.owinguidshavebeenusedsatisfactori1.y：a) fortemperaturesdownto-60K1si1.1.conef1.uidsofkinematicviscosityofabout5
18、mm2satambienttemperature,whichareusua1.1.ysuitab1.eowingtotheirchemica1.inertnesstowardsrubbers,theirnonf1.ammabi1.ityandtheirnon-toxicity;b) fortemperaturesdosvnto-73%,ethano1.;c) fitemprftur(JfRICatus).mcthy1.cyc1.ohcxanccoo1.edby1.iquidnitrogen(foundtobesatisfactor)r5.Swho1.eTemperature-measuring
19、devicetheapparatusmeasuringused.temperaturetowithin0,5overtheThetemperaturesensorsha1.1.bepositionednearthetestpieces.5.6Temperaturecontro1.,capab1.eofraisingthetemperatureasper8.2and8.3andmaintainingthetemperatureoftheheat-transfermediumtoWithin1,5.7medium,Containermeansheat-transfermediumthecoo1.a
20、ntto1.iquidminimumtemperaturerequired.agaseous1.8transfermedium,hquids.importantIhatb1.owerstirrergases,movesensuresVer1.ica1.1.ycircu1.ationOfauniformtemperatureinthe1.iquid.1.9Stopwatch,orothertimingdevice,graduatedinseconds.6 Ca1.ibrationTherequirementsforca1.ibrationofthetestapparatusaregiveninA
21、nnexA.7 Testpiece7.1 PreparationoftestpieceTestpiecessha1.1.bepreparedinaccordancewithISO23529.2TMPd析解同曲除却IdKSgIM1.僧加nff1.1.h油迪依通励中箱同(描对3曲锹和*即心1)拒thickness.ISO2021-A1.1.rightsreserved7.2 Conditioningoftestpiece7.2.1Theminimumtimebetweenformingandtestingsha1.1.be16h.Fornon-producttests,themaximumtime
22、betweenformingandtestingsha1.1.be4weeksand,foreva1.uationsintendedtobecomparab1.e,thetestsshou1.dbecarriedout,asfaraspossib1.e,afterthesametimeinterva1.Forproducttests,wheneverpossib1.e,thetimebetweenformingandtestingshou1.dnotexceed3months.Inothercases,testssha1.1.bemadewithin2monthsofthedateOfrece
23、iptbythecustomeroftheproduct.7.2.2Samp1.esandtestpiecessha1.1.beprotectedfrom1.ightasmuchaspossib1.eduringtheinterva1.betweenformingandtesting.7.2.3testingPreparedminimump1.eceshsha1.1.conditionedmIemPeratUre,withsametemperaturebeingbcforethroughoutanyonetestorseriesoftestsintendedtobecomparab1.e.8
24、Procedure8.1 MountingoftestpieceC1.ampeachtestpieceusedinsuchamannerthat25mm+3mmofthetestpieceisfreebetweentheota*ka1ihhttrtiiek1.upktx1.pt1.tdrtictndstdikbpohfe1.htrhppf1.droi)gcs.underzerotorqueIftheabso1.utemodu1.usisrequired,measurethetest1.engthofthetestpiecestothenearest0,5mm,the8thStssmeasu%1
25、nent刑F用HQ概1.nefXSarcst0,01mm.Makethereferencemeasurementwiththestandardtorsionwire(2,8mNtn)at232,citherinairorinthe1.iquidbath.P1.acetherackcontainingthetestpiecesinthe1.iquidbathwithaminimumof25mmof1.iquidcoveringthetestpieces.AdjUSttheang1.emeasuringdevicetozero.Thentu11a1.1.testpiecesatthesameti
26、me,orinsequence,quick1.ybutsmooth1.y,through180andrecordthetorsionang1.eafter10s.Ifthetestpiecesare由&毡嗣&ce,doe册4(*5小邛啊0切!;。6驹5min.of1.iquidcoveringthetestpiecesandThenincreasethebathtemperaturebyoneofthetwofo1.1.owingmethods：a) stepwiseby5interva1.s,eachincreasebeingmadeafterapproximate1.y5min;b) co
27、ntinuous1.ywithaheatingrateofabout1oCmin.MUhfM1.单诙musmin1.iibtbemcntscontinebg血PWiSei口Mru油鱼他inOnaiimumngthef1.ntifthqkmfitnkisunti1.attemperatureisreachedatwhichtheangu1.artwistiswithin5。toIO0ofthetwistat23.Recordtheang1.eoftwistandthetemperatureateachmeasurement.There1.ativemodu1.usmaybep1.ottedona
28、graphduringthetest.8.3 Stiffnessmeasurementsingaseousmedia8.3.1 Genera1.Procedureswithairfcarbondioxideornitrogendifferfromthosewith1.iquidmediaon1.yinthatthecoo1.ingisdonewiththetestpiecesinthemediumandthe1.engthoftheconditioningperiodisdifferent.8.3.2 MeasurementsWiththetestpiecesinthetestchamber,
29、adjustthetemperatureofthechambertothe1.owestfe114HituroidkritbdmepureOTe11tem30i1.iUA伏如thbmhr(Wendiamntaineddiitkonstanttestpiecesintherackarctestedwithin2min.Thenincreasethechambertemperaturebyoneofthetwofo1.1.owingmethods：a)stepwiseby5interva1.s,eachincreasebeingmadeafterapproximate1.y10min;b)cont
30、inuous1.ywithaheatingrateofabout1Cmin.Makethestiffnessmeasurementsinthestepwisecaseafterconditioningthetestpiecefor10minateachtemperatureand,inthecontinuouscase,atinterva1.sof1minmaximum.Continuethetestsunti1.atemperatureisreachedatwhichtheangu1.artwistiswithin50toIO0ofthetwistat23.Recordtheang1.eof
31、twistandthetemperatureateachmeasurement.9hCitSFHiiri8rnaybep1.ottedonagraphduringthetcs1.WMB曲侧t印dyincreas眄StaHizaHonOrp1.asticizereffects,thetimeofconditioningatthedesired9NumberoftestsA1.1.eastthreetestpiecesofeachmateria1.sha1.1.betested.Itisgoodpracticetoinc1.udeacontro1.rubberJQNEMpiiessioN1.fW第
32、U1.岭eraiurecharacteristics.10.1 Torsiona1.modu1.usThe丫防吵与modu1.usofthetestpieceatanytemperatureisproportiona1.tothequantitywhereaistheang1.eoftwist,indegrees,ofthetestpiece.ISO2021-A1.1.rightsreserved10.2 Re1.ativemodu1.usThere1.ativemodu1.usatanytemperatureistherat100fthetorsiona1.modu1.usatthattem
33、peraturetothetorsiona1.modu1.usat23.Theva1.ueofthere1.ativemodu1.usforanytemperatureisreadi1.ydeterminedfromtheang1.esoftv,istatthattemperatureandat23.andtherat100ftheva1.uesofthefactor(180-a)acorrespondingtothoseang1.es.Thetemperaturesatwhichthere1.ativemodu1.usis2;5;10and100,respective1.y,areusing
34、Tab1.e1andthetwistversustemperatureva1.uesforthetestpiece.Thefirstco1.umnofTab1.e11.istseach(W龊蛔能drangeof120oto170o,sothattheva1.uecorrespondingtothetwistofthetestpieceSuccessiveco1.umnsgivethetwistang1.eswhichcorrespondtova1.ues2;5;10and100.respective1.y,forTwistang1.e,aJndegreesat23Twistang1.erain
35、degreesforre1.ativemodu1.us(RM)RM=2RM=SRM=IoRM三100122123939254533231441289959364133105654051381127145614311978507148126875781531541331349697656710101006913611tKF阖Bg描hetemperaturescorrespondingtotheseang1.esaredesignatedastfts,tandTab1.e1Twistang1.esfordesignatedva1.uesofthere1.ativemodu1.us(RM)ISO20
36、21-A1.1.rightsreservedTab1.e1(continued)Twistang1.e,aindegreesat,23Twistang1.e,aindegreesforre1.ativemqdu1.us(RM)RM=2RM三5RM=10RM三100158140106751216314911888161681S81331052210.3 Apparenttorsiona1.modu1.usofrigidityNOTETherubberindustryusesthetermequationforthere1.ationshipshereintermedformu1.a.Theter
37、mformu1.aisusedtodescribethetab1.eOfingredientsinarubbercompound.Whenitisdesiredtoca1.cu1.atetheapparenttorsiona1.modu1.usofrigidityinpasca1.satvarioustemperatures,thefree1.engthofthetestpiecesha1.1.beaccurate1.ymeasured.Theapparenttorsiona1.modu1.usofrigidity,G,inpasca1.s,isgivenby4Fmu1.a4+):16X-wh
38、ereK1.bc1.PaM30c(isthetorsiona1.constant,innewtonmetres,ofthetorsionwirefoundatca1.ibration;isthemeasuredfree1.ength,inmetres,ofthetestpiece;isthewidth,inmetres,ofthetestpiece；isthethickness,inmetres,ofthetestpiece；isthefactorbasedontheratiob/dtakenfromTab1.e2;istheang1.eoftwist,indegrees,ofthetestp
39、iece.Tab1.e2Va1.UeSaoffactorforvariousratiosofb/dbd4bd/1.00跆皿喀汕2,2512UESOH三/2.25aK313,t1Va1.uesofhavebeenroundedtotwop1.acesofdecima1.si11 PrecisionSeeAnnexB.12 TestreportThetestreportSha1.1.inc1.udethefo1.1.owinginformation:a) samp1.edetai1.s:1) ahi1.1.descriptionofthesamp1.eanditsorigin,2) themeth
40、odofpreparationofthetestpiecefromthesamp1.e,forexamp1.emou1.dedorcut；b) testmethod:1) fu1.1.referencetothetestmethodused,2) themethodusedtoincreasethetemperatureofthetestchamber；c) testdetai1.s：1) theheat-transfermediumused,2) thenumberoftestpiecesused；d) testresu1.ts：1) “ere眼辆Bg曲ures(in。随a1.Q阳P1.W由
41、H1用施wfresu1.ts),re1.ativemodu1.uswas2;5;10and100,2) whenrequired,theapparenttorsiona1.modu1.usofrigidity,inpasca1.s,atstandard1.aboratorytemperature(individua1.testresu1.tsp1.usmeanresu1.ts),3) whenrequired,theapparenttorsiona1.modu1.usattemperaturesotherthanstandard1.aboratorytemperature(individua1
42、testresu1.tsp1.usmeanresu1.ts),4) wfwn(qdkrt汕疝CeSttnrphnttmeuhicht*u1.tapparenttorsiona1.modu1.usreachedaspecifiedISO2021-A1.1.1.ightsreserved5) whenrequired,agraphofthere1.ativemodu1.usversustemperature；e)thedate(三)ofthetest.AnnexACa1.ibrationschedu1.e.1.InspectionInspectionandrecordedMas-received*ca1.ibrationreportafterrectificationsha1.1.abnorma1.itywhetherca1.ibrationParametersca1.ibrated.IfSuchapproximateand1.iab1.ewhichchange,apparatusneednotthereforecheckssha1.1.be.2Schedu1.eindividua1.1.aborato
