江苏专转本英语考试语法重点大全.doc

江苏省专转本英语考试语法重点大全一）倒装句谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语之前。一、全部倒装1、句首为there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等时，引出全部倒装。There stands a stone bridge across the river.There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语：Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcers voice.从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃.布劳恩。3、以 here, there, now, then等开头的句子，位于常用 be, come, go, begin, follow 等，引出倒装：There goes the bell. 铃响了。Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。4、在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。但：Away they went.5、在表达祝愿的句子里：Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people! 中美人民的友谊万岁！May you succeed! 祝你成功！6、在强调表语时Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。Such is the case. 情况就是这样。二、部分倒装1、省略 if 的虚拟条件句中Had I known what was going to happen，I would never have left her alone.如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话，我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了。Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world. 没有空气和水，世界上就不会有生命。2、在以 so（肯定）和 neither, nor（否定）的句子中He didnt fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法，也不怕未来。Ive had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法，别人也会有啊。Distrust can be contagious, but so can trust. 不信任有传染力，同样信任也具有传染力。3、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，如never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner . than , in no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case，采用部分倒装。Little does he care about money. 他很少关心钱。Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。4、句首状语由 only+副词，only+介词短语，only+状语分词时Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 直到昨天他才发现表丢了。Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益。5、在强调宾语时Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我们应该为社会主义建设做出更大的贡献。Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. 从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料。二）非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。（二）非谓语动词的句法功能1）逻辑主语为了强调是谁发出的一个动作，我们往往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语，所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特征，在这种情况下，就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式，也是常考的一个语法项目，尤其是动名词和分词的逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。 不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时（如：good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等），我们使用of; 其它的使用for。请看例句：It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣幸参加这个大会。It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。 动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的。在句首时一般要使用所有格，在句中一般使用其通格。例如：Marys grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mothers staying with them was the last straw. 玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦，她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。Xiao Lis being late for school upset the teacher. 小李的迟到让老师很恼火。Our sole worry is (you) your relying on yourself too much. 我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了。They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wangs going with them together. 他们坚持要小王和他们一块走。 分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语，其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如：Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 从太空看起来，地球像个蓝色的球体。这个悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen, Laughing and chatting, the pupils left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。同上述结构一样，Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, 独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语。这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示，放于分词之前，与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off. 这么多同志都缺席了，所以会议只得延期。We all went home, he remaining behind. 我们都回家了，只有他留在后面。Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可，我们下周去郊游。The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下课了，老师把学生打发走了。The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后，我们就都回家去了。With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 随着树的不断长高，树荫也越来越浓密了。Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。二、非谓语动词考查点1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：1. All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceled B. have been canceledC. were canceled D. having been canceled【答案】D。【解析】独立主格结构做状语表示原因。2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是语法测试中的一个题点。如：1. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay making B. your delaying makingC. your delaying to make D. you delay to make【答案】B。【解析】这是一个带有逻辑主语的动名词结构。依据前面所讲，逻辑主语应是一个带有形容词性的物主代词，其后的动词delay也应该是一个动名词。3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择: 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如： _ from the outer space, our earth looks like a water-covered ball.A. Having seen B. Seeing C. Seen D. Having been seen【答案】C。【解析】根据分词结构的逻辑主语分析，选项A、B、D都不能和主句中的主语构成逻辑的主谓一致的关系。惟有选项C是正确答案。从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：(1)状语类别的判断：不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如。(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系：根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。(3)非谓语动词的否定形式：not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如。(4) 独立成分：有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking, judging from., to tell the truth., 等。5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed【答案】A。【解析】have 之后的宾语如果是补足语的发出者时，则应使用动词原形。6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：These surveys indicate that many crimes go _ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.A. unrecorded B. to be unrecordedC. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded【答案】A。【解析】分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel, seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。 三）情态动词情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英语的各种考试中，现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷的分析，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式（2）情态动词+行为动词进行式（3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（4）某些情态动词的特殊用法一、一般情态动词1、情态动词的完成式：情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。You couldnt have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶，因为她早在你出生前就死了。I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到钥匙了，也许昨天丢到学校了吧。当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldnt加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”。例如：You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是热恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。You should have finished your composition by yesterday. 你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。 neednt have v-edneednt have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。例如：You indent have wakened me up; I dont have to go to work today. 你本没必要把我叫醒，因为我今天不上班。注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。2、情态动词的进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他书房的灯还亮着，想必他现在还在工作。She shouldnt be working like that. She is still very weak.她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.He cant be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.3、情态动词的完成进行式情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗，准是在地里一直干活来着。They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning. 今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。二、特殊情态动词除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 这个战士宁死不降。If you dont like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳，你也可以待在家里啊。这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。I would sooner you hadnt asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。三、情态动词中应特别注意的典型结构They must be in the library, arent they? 他们一定还在图书馆，对吧？They must have gone to the library, havent they? 他们一定去图书馆了，对吧？They must have been to the library yesterday, didnt they?他们昨天一定去了图书馆，是不是？Let me do it, will you? 让我来做，好么？Let me help you, may I? 请让我帮你，可以吗？Dont move, will you? 请你别动！Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点？Lets go for a walk, shall we? 咱们去散步，好么？He used to live in the countryside, didnt /usednt he? 他过去住在农村，对吧？四）时态一、概述在作谓语的动词用来表示动作（或情况、状态）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言，其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化来体现的，因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形。英语中根据说话的时间不同有时和体的不同，主要有四大类(一般时态 / 进行时态 / 完成时态 / 完成进行时态)十六种时态如下：现在一般现在时 do / does现在进行时 be (am, is, are )doing现在完成时 have / has done现在完成进行时have has been doing过去一般过去时 did过去进行时 be (was, were) doing过去完成时 had done过去完成进行时had been doing将来一般将来时 shall / will do将来进行时 shall (will) be doing将来完成时 shall (will) have done将来完成进行时shall (will) have been doing过去将来一般过去将来时 should (would) do过去将来进行时 should (would) be doing过去将来完成时 should (would) have done过去将来完成进行时should (would) have been doing下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法。二、各时态详解1、一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，另外be 和have要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态，还可用来表示普遍真理。The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 长江发源于青海。Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。2、现在进行时现在进行时是由助动词be加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作，有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样？Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn.今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。3、一般将来时一般将来时由助动词shall (will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加硕士考试。The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.老师要我做完作业才能回家。4、一般过去时一般过去时由动词过去式表示，动词be 根据人称有was和were两个词形，规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed；其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表, 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。Its a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。5、现在完成时现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如：Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history. 这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：现在完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况，与现在没有任何联系。如：Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。6、过去进行时过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics libratory. 那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。They took us to see the chemical fiber mill that they were building. 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。7、过去完成时过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过。8、一般过去将来时一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成，主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中。例如：When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be. 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework.无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。No matter how difficult the work was, he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it. 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。9、一般将来完成时一般将来完成时由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。如：After we finish this text, well have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。By the next month, Ill have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。They will have hit the years target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。10、现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由have（has）been加动词的现在分词构成，表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。例如：Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time. 自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。11、过去完成进行时过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成，表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。五）虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。在条件句中的应用，条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。一、虚拟语气在从句中的使用虚拟语气即表达不可能发生或与预期相反的情况。首先我们应熟悉它在三种时态里的使用情况，这是正确使用虚拟语气的基础。这三种时态是：现在；过去；将来。1、表示现在的虚拟式时态：现在从句动词：did / were主句动词: would + doIf I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鸟，我就会飞到你身边去。If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他们的帮忙，我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。2、表示过去的虚拟式时态：过去从句动词：had + done主句动词：would + have + doneIf we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train. 如果我们早一点动身的话，就不会误车了。If she hadnt been ill, she might have come. 如果她不是病了，可能会来的3、表示将来的虚拟式时态:将来 从句动词: should + do / were to + do主句动词: would + doIf Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions. 如果李教授明天有空的话，我们可以问他点问题。If there should be no air, there would be no living things. 如果没有空气，就不会有生物。二、错综时间的虚拟句通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。换成我是你，我就会听从他的建议。If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。如果我今天早上带了雨衣，现在就不会被淋湿了。If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things wouldnt be going so smoothly. （从句指过去，主句指现在）。如果过去几年里不努力工作，现在的情况就不会如此顺利了。If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.（从句指过去，主句指现在）。如果当时的天气更好点，现在的庄稼就会长得更好。