1、WelcometoLinguisticsANewCourseonLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglishGoalsforThisCoursen nTogetascientificviewonlanguage;Togetascientificviewonlanguage;n nTounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguisticsTounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguisticsinordertoinordertounderstandhowlanguageisconstructed,howlanguageund
2、erstandhowlanguageisconstructed,howlanguageoperates,howlanguageisusedtodothings,howlanguageoperates,howlanguageisusedtodothings,howlanguageisacquiredorlearnt,howlanguagechangesovertimeandisacquiredorlearnt,howlanguagechangesovertimeandvariesaccordingtothesituation,etc.;variesaccordingtothesituation,
3、etc.;n nTounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learningespeciallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SLAorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunicationfor(SLAorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunicationforimprovemen
4、tofEnglishproficiencyingeneralandimprovementofEnglishproficiencyingeneralandenhancementoftheawarenessofpatternsandregularitiesinenhancementoftheawarenessofpatternsandregularitiesintheEnglishlanguage;theEnglishlanguage;n nToprepareforthefutureresearchwork.Toprepareforthefutureresearchwork.Requirement
5、sforThisCoursen nClassattendance(10%)n nClassroomdiscussion(10%)n nFulfillmentofassignments(10%)n nFinalExamination(70%)Referencesn n戴炜栋，何兆熊，戴炜栋，何兆熊，20022002，新编简明英语语言学教程新编简明英语语言学教程，上海，上海外语教育出版社。外语教育出版社。(Textbook)(Textbook)n n胡壮麟，胡壮麟，20012001，语言学教程语言学教程，北京大学出版社。，北京大学出版社。n n刘润清，刘润清，19951995，西方语言学流派西方语
6、言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。，外语教学与研究出版社。n nFromkin,VFromkin,V.&R.Rodman,1998,.&R.Rodman,1998,AnIntroductiontoLanguageAnIntroductiontoLanguagethethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,sixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,RanehartRanehart&Winston,Inc.&Winston,Inc.StudyMethodsn nCombinationofMacroscopicandMicroscopicPe
7、rspectiveCombinationofMacroscopicandMicroscopicPerspective宏宏观与微观相结合观与微观相结合 n n 1)GeneralgraspoftheCONTENTS1)GeneralgraspoftheCONTENTSContentsisthedistilledsummaryandabstractofthetextContentsisthedistilledsummaryandabstractofthetextprovidingthemainideaofeachchapteraswellastheprovidingthemainideaofeac
8、hchapteraswellastherelationshipamongthechapters.relationshipamongthechapters.n n2)DetailedStudyofeachchapter2)DetailedStudyofeachchapterThedetailedstudyofeachchapterwillhelpyoutoThedetailedstudyofeachchapterwillhelpyoutounderstandthecontentsbetter.understandthecontentsbetter.ThatistosayThatistosayFi
9、rstreadthecontentstomakeathickbookthinFirstreadthecontentstomakeathickbookthinSecondreadeachchaptertomakethebookthickSecondreadeachchaptertomakethebookthickThirdthefinalreviewaccordingtothecontentstomaketheThirdthefinalreviewaccordingtothecontentstomakethebookthinagainbookthinagainn n2.Combinationof
10、UnderstandingandMemory,2.CombinationofUnderstandingandMemory,TheoryandPracticeTheoryandPracticen nTheonlywaytomemorizethebasicconceptsinTheonlywaytomemorizethebasicconceptsinlinguisticsistounderstandandanalyzetheexampleslinguisticsistounderstandandanalyzetheexamplesgiventoprovetheconcepts.giventopro
11、vetheconcepts.n nTheconvenienceoflinguisticstudyisthatyoucanTheconvenienceoflinguisticstudyisthatyoucanfindtherawmaterialsforlinguisticseverywhereinfindtherawmaterialsforlinguisticseverywhereinthelanguageuse.Trytothinkofmoreexamplesfromthelanguageuse.Trytothinkofmoreexamplesfromyourownlanguagepracti
12、cetounderstandandyourownlanguagepracticetounderstandandexplaintheoriesandconceptsconcerned.Theexplaintheoriesandconceptsconcerned.Theapplicationoftheoryintopracticecansharpenyourapplicationoftheoryintopracticecansharpenyourunderstandingabouttheoryitself.understandingabouttheoryitself.n nCombinationo
13、fComparisonandContrastComparisonandcontrastaretheindispensablewaysinthestudyoflanguage.Comparisonhelpstofindthesimilaritiesbetweendifferentconceptswhilecontrasthelpstounderstandtheirdiscrepancy.Theemploymentofbothofthemhelptoperceivetheinterrelationshipamongthelinguisticconcepts.n nCombinationofRead
14、ingandExercises阅读与练习相结合n nThepurposeofthecourse,besidesbasicknowledgeaboutlinguistics,aimsattheapplicationofthemethodsandtheories.Thus,exercisesandtestsassesstheunderstandingoftheknowledge,butnotstudyinordertositinatest.n nDoreadthetextbeforecomingtotheclass.n nDontturntotheChinesetranslationimmedia
15、telywithoutreadingtheEnglishtextsHistoryofLinguisticsn nAlthoughtheformalstudyoflanguagedatesfromatAlthoughtheformalstudyoflanguagedatesfromatleastthemiddleofthefirstmillenniumBCinIndialeastthemiddleofthefirstmillenniumBCinIndiaandancientGreece,theeraofscientificlanguageandancientGreece,theeraofscie
16、ntificlanguagestudyiscommonlydatedfromtheendofthestudyiscommonlydatedfromtheendofthe18c,whenEnglishwasdiscoveredtohavethesame18c,whenEnglishwasdiscoveredtohavethesameancestorasanumberofEuropeanandAsianancestorasanumberofEuropeanandAsianlanguages.Thisdiscoveryinitiatedatleastacenturylanguages.Thisdis
17、coveryinitiatedatleastacenturyofintenseinterestinofintenseinterestinCOMPARATIVEPHILOLOGYCOMPARATIVEPHILOLOGY,whichinvolveduncoveringlinksbetweenlanguages,whichinvolveduncoveringlinksbetweenlanguages,writingcomparativegrammarsofrelatedlanguages,writingcomparativegrammarsofrelatedlanguages,andreconstr
18、uctingtheircommon“ancestors”.andreconstructingtheircommon“ancestors”.HistoryofLinguisticsn nTheseactivitiesstimulatedasearchforthemechanismsunderlyingLANGUAGECHANGE.Inthe20thcentury,achangeofemphasisoccurred,largelythroughtheworkoftheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure,sometimesregardedas“thefatherofmo
19、dernlinguistics”.HeadvocatedseparatingDIACHRONIC(historical)fromSYNCRONIC(contemporaryorco-occurring)aspectsoflanguagestudy.HistoryofLinguisticsn nHearguedthatlanguageatanypointintimeisanHearguedthatlanguageatanypointintimeisaninterlockingstructure,inwhichallitemsareinterlockingstructure,inwhichalli
20、temsareinterdependent,aninsightwhichisnowtakenforinterdependent,aninsightwhichisnowtakenforgrantedinlinguisticsandformsthebasisof20grantedinlinguisticsandformsthebasisof20thth centurycenturystructuralismstructuralism.Inthe1930sand1940s,.Inthe1930sand1940s,descriptivelinguisticswasdevelopedlargelyint
21、hedescriptivelinguisticswasdevelopedlargelyintheUS,aslinguistssoughttodescribethefast-US,aslinguistssoughttodescribethefast-disappearingAmericanIndianlanguages,withdisappearingAmericanIndianlanguages,withEdwardSapirEdwardSapirandandLeonardBloomfieldLeonardBloomfieldbeingbeingregardedjointlyasthe“fat
22、herofAmericanregardedjointlyasthe“fatherofAmericanLinguistics”.Linguistics”.HistoryofLinguisticsn nMidwaythroughthe20thcentury,NoamChomskytriggeredanotherchangeofdirection,whenheinvestigatedworkingenerativelinguistics,aconcernfortheprinciplesinthemindsofspeakerswhichcouldgeneratelanguage(accountfort
23、heirknowledgeoflanguageinanexplicitway).（刘润清，刘润清，20022002，西方语言学流派西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。），外语教学与研究出版社。）Chapter1.Introduction1.Whatislanguage?Languagecanmean:n nwhatapersonsayswhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions);(e.g.badlanguage,expressions);n nthewayofspeakingorwritingthewayofspeakingorwriting(e
24、g.Shakespeares(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,language,LuxunsLuxunslanguage);language);n naparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwritingaparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage);languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage);n ntheabstractsystemunderlyin
25、gthetotalityofthetheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunityspeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chinese(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage);language,firstlanguage);n nthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.He(e.g.Hestudieslang
26、uage);studieslanguage);n natoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)n nasetofrules.asetofrules.(rule-governed);(rule-governed);EdwardSapirsdefinition(1921)n n“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvol
27、untarilyproducedsymbols.”R.A.Hallsdefinition(1968)n nLanguageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”NoamChomskysdefinition(1957)n n“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthan
28、dconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”Languagecanbegenerallydefinedas:asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystem.n nSystematic-rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.Languageisarbitrary.n nArbitrary-noint
29、rinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.Languageissymbolicinnature.n nSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”-Shakespeare-ShakespeareLanguageisprimarilyvocal.n nVocal-theprima
30、rymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.Languageishuman-specific.n nHumanspecific-differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/Creativi
31、tyDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmissionArbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.n nOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)areOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivatedsomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:(English:r
32、umble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:putongputong,shashashasha,dingdangdingdang)n nSomecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopye.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopyProductivity/Creativity-Peculiartohumanl
33、anguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnot,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.describe
34、acommonhappeningintheworld.n nAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheirAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganycallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.noveltyimpossible.n nThebeedan
35、cedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtoThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcescommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeearetheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroug
36、hthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letdance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresDuality(doublearticulation)n nLowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)Lowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)n nHigherleve
37、l-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)n nAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsound
38、scanbemessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofgroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.andrearrangedintoaninf
39、initenumberofsentences.(we(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeamakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.)dictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.)Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,o
40、rinfar-awayplaces.n nAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearn nThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Thereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.BeescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcesBeescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthef
41、oodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceoftheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeethefood.Inthissense,thebeedancedancehasacomponentofhasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Fordisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.For
42、thebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheyreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.
43、discoveries.CulturalTransmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,bees
44、havesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.gibbonsandbees.n nAChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyAChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,intelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytran
45、smitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.ratherthanbyinstinct.n nThestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingThestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimp
46、lydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.broughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.TheOriginofLanguagen n人们一直在探讨人类语言最初从何处以及怎样发展起来的这类问题，不过几乎没有什么事实证据来证实语言的确切起源，因为人类语言也许和人类一样古老，而书面记录的材料只可以追溯到大约四千年前。学者们对动物交际的某些形式进行类推、对儿童学习和掌握语言的过程以及对“原始”语言进行类推，企图从中探明语言的起源，许多人对此提出了不同的假设性的解释：TheOriginofLanguagen nThedivi
47、neorigintheory-LanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.n nTheinventiontheory-imitative,criesofnature,thegruntsofmenworkingtogether.n nTheevolutionarytheory-theresultofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.TheOriginofLanguagen n1.Thebow-wowtheory1.Thebow-wowtheory（汪汪理论）汪汪理论）n n Peopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimal
48、callsinthePeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironment.wildenvironment.n n2.Thepooh-poohtheory2.Thepooh-poohtheory（噗噗理论）噗噗理论）n n OurprimitiveancestorsutteredinstinctivesoundsofOurprimitiveancestorsutteredinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.pain,angerandjoy.n n3.The3.Theyoyo-he-hotheor
49、y-he-hotheory（哟哟嗬嗬-哟理论）哟理论）n nAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedrhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintorhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.chantsandthenintolanguage.TheOriginofLanguagen n1 1）缪缪勒勒（M.M.Muller,Muller
50、1823-19001823-1900）提提出出“本本本本能能能能论论论论”（ding-dongding-dongtheorytheoryorornativisticnativistic theorytheory），认认为为声声音音和和意意义义之之间间有有神神秘秘的的关关联联：人人类类语语言言是是从从原原始始人人用用声声音音来来表表示示所所遇遇到到的的事事件件这这一一过过程程中中发发展展起来的。起来的。n n2 2）叶叶斯斯柏柏森森（1660-19431660-1943）认认为为，语语言言是是从从原原始始储储藏藏式式不不清清楚楚的的赞赞歌歌中中发发展展起起来来的的（sing-songsing-
