最新高中英语语法句子的种类详解优秀名师资料.doc
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1、句子一、概述句子(sentence)是由词或词组按照一定语法规则组成的,相对完整而独立的语言单位,是一定的语法结构、语音结构和词汇意义的统一体。句子开头的第一个字母要大写,句末有句号、问号或感叹号。Writing the headlines is more difficult in English than in Chinese.用英文写标题比用中文写标题要难些。It will certainly be very funny! 这肯定是非常有趣!Do you mind if I come along too and see how you get on? 要是我也来看看你怎么样,你不会介意吧?
2、二、句子的种类1、按用途分(1)陈述句用以陈述事实或观点的句子叫陈述句(declarative sentence)。We must also make sure that signs are clear and easy to read.我们还应当确保各种指示标牌鲜明易懂。I cant order these clothes, unless you can wait some time , or change this note. 如果你不能等些时候或者破开这张票子,我就不能订做这批衣服。(2)疑问句用以提问题的句子叫疑问句(interrogative sentence)。What needs
3、 to be done to make life easier for people with disabilities? 需要做些什么才能使残疾人的生活过得好些呢?Have times been hard for you? 这些年近况不太好吧?(3)祈使句用以表示请求命令、请求、劝告、建议的句子叫等祈使句(imperative sentence)。祈使句的结构与陈述句一样,主语常常省略。祈使句一般没有时态的变化,也不与情态动词连用。Wait till you see what well make for you to your own measure. 您等着瞧我们给您定做出来的衣服是什么样
4、子的。(4)感叹句用以表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情的句子叫感叹句(exclamatory sentence)。What a bad sight it was! 多么凄惨的一幅景象啊!How hard he is working now!他现在工作得多么的努力呀!2、按结构分(1)简单句由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分所组成的句子叫简单句(simple sentence)。At first, the language stayed the same as the language used in Britain. 起初,这种语言同在英国使用的语言仍然相同。(2)并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句组成
5、的句子叫并列句(compound sentence)。Your friend is coming to stay in your house for one week while you and your family are on holiday. 你的朋友要来你家住一个星期而你和你的家人却要度假。This afternoon I was just about to go swimming when luckily your guide saw me and shouted at me. 今天下午我正要下水去游泳,这时幸亏我们的向导看到了我,对我喊叫。(3)复合句由主句和其它从句组成的句子叫
6、复合句(complex sentence)。We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is, we must work hard at it until we succeed. 我们必须相信我们每一个人都能把某件事情办好,而且当我们发现这件事情是什么的时候我们必须努力干下去,直到成功为止。(4)并列复合句含有复合句的并列句叫并列复合句(compound complex sentence)。This is becaus
7、e this professor has a disease which prevents him from speaking, so when he speaks he has to use a computer and a voice box.这是因为这位教授得了一种病,使他不能讲话了,因此他讲话时,只得借助计算机和音箱。三、句子的成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分(members of the sentence)。总的说来,句子皆由两大部分组成,一是主语部分(subject group),一是谓语部分(predicate group)。Smokers cost the government
8、 a lot of money. 吸烟者花费政府大量的钱。上句中的smokers是主语部分,cost the government a lot of money是谓语部分。但具体明确的句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、独立成分。At all these centers it is hoped that one day they will have enough animals to set them free and let them live in the wild again. 在这些研究中心,人们希望有一天他们会有足够多的动物可以放出去让它们重新回到野外生活。注意
9、:词类与句子成分的不同与关系:词类指单词的分类,句子成分则指词类、短语、从句等在句子中的功能。词类中也只有具有实义的词类如名词、代词、动词、数词、形容词、副词等才可用作句子的成分。其它无实义的虚词如冠词、连词和介词则不可用作句子成分。1、主语主语(subject)是一个句子的主题。(1)主语的位置陈述句中,一般在一句之首。They managed to rescue all the people in the flood. 他们设法把处于洪水之中的人营救出来。疑问句、倒装句中,一般在助动词、情态动词和动词之后。Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天空
10、。Why do they move and burn more of the forest? 为什么他们要搬迁而且烧掉更多的森林呢?Not only will help be given to people who are disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不仅要帮助残疾人求职,而且要对那些需要治病的人给予治疗。祈使句中,往往省略。Take this money and buy yourself some more books.拿这些钱去给自己买些书
11、。(省略了you)There be结构中,在be之后。Around the area of Aswan there are a lot of important old temples , which date from about 1250 BC.在阿斯旺地区的周围还有许多重要的古庙,它们是公元前1250年左右建起来的。(2)主语的种类施动主语与受动主语施动主语(agentive subject)表示句子的主语是谓语动词动作的执行者。受动主语(recipient subject)表示主语是动作的承受者。However, on his arrival in Paris he was recog
12、nized as a noble and thrown into prison. 然而,一到巴黎就立即被人认出是贵族,因而被投入监狱。(受动主语)They broadcast a programme of his music last month on the radio. 上个月他们在收音机里播放了他的音乐节目。(施动主语)表感觉的动词如taste、smell、feel等其主语可以是动作的执行者,也可以是动作的承受者。They could smell tobacco smoke. 他们闻到了烟草气味。(执行者)A hibernating animal can not feel any pai
13、n. 冬眠的动物感觉不到任何疼痛。(执行者)The body feels very cold. 身体摸上去感觉冰凉。(承受者)When smokers who are used to nicotine go without it for an hour or two, they begin to feel bad.那些对尼古丁上了瘾的烟民一两个小时缺少居古丁就会感觉到难受。(执行者)有些动词主动形态表被动意义。The play reads better than it acts. 这个剧本读起来要比上演好得多。His new novel is selling well. 他的新小说销路很好。工
14、具主语(instrument subject)主动句的主语是表示执行动作的工具;也可能是造成某种事态的意外因素。The gun killed the bird. 用枪射杀了这只鸟。The fire also destroyed cars which belonged to people who worked in the building. 大火还烧毁了属于大楼工作人员的汽车。地点主语和时间主语。指明地点或时间的主语叫做地点主语(locative subject)或时间主语(temporal subject)。Hopefully tomorrow will turn out fine. 有希望
15、明天会变晴。Our school bus seats thirty. 校车能坐下三十人。事件主语事件主语(eventive subject)表示某一事件的时间或地点。这类句子通常用连系动词be并以表示时间或地点的结构作补语。Dinner is at six oclock. 晚饭在六点钟。(3)主语表示法名词用作主语。Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee. 两个小时喝杯咖啡,时间够长的。Pierre and I did have a very good time at the ball. 我和皮埃尔在舞会上的确玩得很痛快。代词用作主语Any
16、one who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police. 如果有人看见这只狮子,就请他给动物园和警察局打电话。数词用作主语When they finish their talk, the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were standing. 当谈话结束时,两个人离他们原来站的地方可能有相当一段距离。名词化的形容词用作主语。The young respect the old; the old love the young.尊老受幼。副词
17、用作主语。Here is some advice for dealing with common injuries. 这儿有几条关于处理普通创伤的意见。不定式用作主语It took weeks to clear all the roads and to mend all the broken electricity lines and telephone lines. 清除全部路障和修复所有被刮断的电线和电话线花去了几周时间。How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today.如何处理废物是当今世界上的一大难题。To h
18、old the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country.举行奥林匹克运动会对一个国家来说是一种丰厚奖赏。动名词用作主语Waving ones hand is to say Goodbye, nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.挥手表示再见,点头表示同意而摇头表示不同意。从句作主语It is possible that one of them kept a kind of bank where the workers could keep the
19、ir money safe. 其中有一个人可能开了一种钱庄,工人们可以把钱安全地存放在那里。it作形式主语It is wrong of the other children to make fun of you. 别的孩子取笑你这是错误的。It is said that 125,000 people died in Russia as a result of illness caused by this accident.据说在俄罗斯有125,000人由于这次事故所引起的疾病而死亡。2、谓语谓语(predicate)在句子中说明主语的动作,主语具有的特征或所处的状态。一般放在主语之后。谓语是由
20、简单动词或动词短语(助动词+主要动词)构成。(1)由简单动词构成的谓语They started to use English, but they also brought in some words from their own languages. 他们开始使用英语,但他们也把自己的语言中的一些词带进英语中来了。Please set the box on its end.请把这箱子竖着放。(2)由动词短语构成的谓语Im writing to ask you for advice. 我写信来征求你的意见。Dr. Manette realized that the sister must hav
21、e been very badly treated.莫奈特医生意识到这位姐姐准是惨遭虐待。英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,以表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have、get、 take、give等。Can I have a look at your copy of China Daily? 我能不能看看你的中国日报?The boss gave a loud laugh .老板放声大笑起来。Take care of your brother while I am away. 当我不在的时候,你要照顾好你弟弟。3、表语表语(predicative)说明主语的身份、特征、类别
22、、状态等情况,也可以说是一种主语补足语,它位于连系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。可用作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。(1)表语的位置通常位于连系动词之后,但下列情况下,置于连系动词之前。为了强调表语。In the north is Scotland, with its capital Edinburgh. 北面是苏格兰,首都是爱丁堡。由How/What引出的感叹句中What a curious hotel it was! 这家旅馆真是离奇。某些让步状语从句中Child as the boy was, he knew what was the
23、 right thing to do. 尽管他是个孩子,他知道做什么事是正确的。“the+比较级,the+比较级结构中”。The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 英语你听得越多,就越容易听懂。(2)表语表示法名词用作表语。It is a long wait in the dark. 在黑暗中他们等了很长一段时间。The book must be Johns. 这本书准是约翰的。代词作表语。A satellite is one of the most expensive pieces of scientific equipme
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