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1、is one of the practical form of values. The so-called values refers to the objective things are of no value and the value of fundamental perspective. Different values, peoples behaviour, attitudes, ways are different. People-oriented focus on human value and reality, we need the broadest masses as v
2、alues. Adhere to people-oriented values, is to make the economy more development, improve democracy, cultural prosperity, and live a happier; is deeply concerned that human development and human values, development of social and human development of rational unified, insisted in the material civiliz
3、ation, political civilization and spiritual civilization in the overall advancement of Socialist civilization to a higher level. Also want to see that persons value is not only meet your needs, also is to meet the needs of others and the community. Adhere to people-oriented, to strongly advocate eve
4、ry community member, serve others, beneficial to the community of people. The so-called Outlook, attitude is on the record, including who, how to create a record of achievements, how to evaluate performance, and so on. What values, what kind of Outlook. Adhere to people-oriented Outlook, is on the p
5、remise of respecting the interests and power of people, creating a popular, warm hearts, steady heart performance, creating serve for one officer, the benefit of achievements, and overall construction of well-off society and promoting the all-round development of peoples performance. Achievement eva
6、luation in both economic accomplishments, take another look at the effectiveness of social progress; changes in both urban and rural change; both hard environment to strengthen and take another look at the soft environment improvement momentum of development at present, depending on the potential fo
7、r sustainable development. Leave people to talk about values are worthless and leave people to talk about Outlook is not what the performance. 4. people responded to the starting point of the question, and replied to questions point. Man is the sum of social relationships. We cannot leave the chichu
8、anyongdu, housing, tourism and entertainment, entertaining, and even certain political, economic, cultural and social environment, and so on. Due to human needs, all walks of life will come into being. People create for their survival, and continue enjoying the results of the construction. Colorful
9、in the transformation of the people of the world, community vitality in the creation of man. Therefore, any work we do, the starting point is human, what are people. Us speed up development, the core of which is to meet the needs of people, including survival needs, emotional needs and self-actualiz
10、ation needs. It should be noted that people are not machines, not the slave of an object, not to be controlled. People have their own personality, has its own personality, has its own dignity. Person in need of care, you need to understand, need to meet. It is said that in the agricultural society,
11、people plant; in industrial society, man is an animal; the information society, return城市道路交叉路口设计方案的研究 顾嘉燚 韦 芳 李丽君(常熟理工学院 管理学院,江苏 常熟 215500)摘要:城市道路交叉路口是保证城市通行能力的要塞,在城市中起到节点作用。调查表明,常熟市部分市政道路交叉路口存在上下班高峰期交通拥堵、路面标记不清、信号灯设计不合理等问题。本文通过重置行车道,调整绿信比、设置导流岛等方式试图缓解部分路段目前交叉路口的交通压力。关键词:交叉路口 控制 标记 改善对策文献标识码:A 常熟市作为
12、一个历史悠久的古城,小巷胡同遍布。然而随着城市经济的日渐发展,新老城区的接轨还不是很完善,交通系统也逐渐暴露出一些问题。对此,通过多种方式调研了常熟市102个交叉路口,并对其中50多个问题较为集中的路口进行了深入调查。本文将针对交叉路口存在的主要问题进行提出改进建议。一、交叉路口现状在调研过程中共发放160多份调查问卷,通过对问卷反馈的数据进行分析,得到道路交叉路口问题分析统计表(表1)。从表1中可以看出,市内道路交叉口的问题集中体现在三个方面:人为因素,约36.5%的市民交通规范意识薄弱,乱穿马路现象较为严重;信号灯及设置问题,约32.4%的信号灯存在配时设置不合理的现象,如部分路口不论高峰
13、平峰都只有黄灯示意减速慢行,而没有充分利用红绿灯进行车流量的调控设计;交叉路口设计问题,约31.1%的问卷调查表明本市部分交叉路口的设计不合理,如自行车等待区域占用了一个半机动车道大小,路面标记给机动车道增加了压力。而通过实地调研发现中这三个问题所占的比例分别为42.2%,37.3%,35.3%,和问卷调查所得结论基本一致。 此外,调研中还发现,不同时段交叉路口处车流量有较大差距(图1),高峰时期巨大车流量的冲击致使很多本来就存在问题的路口,拥堵情况更加严重。表1 道路交叉路口问题分析统计表序号代表路口名称代表数量主要问题人为因素信号灯及设置问题交叉路口设计问题1青莲路232招商南路213沙家
14、浜路14海虞南路255金沙江路186湘江东路14问卷统计问题比例/36.5%32.1%31.1%实地调研问题比例/42.2%37.3%35.3%图1 不同时间段车流量差异图二、问题及原因分析1、行车道宽度及数量无法满足车、人流量的通行按国家颁布的相关标准,城市道路每车道宽度为3.5米,交叉路口分流车道每车道为2.32.5米。根据我市各城市道路建设经验:四车道采用1516m,六车道2324m,八车道3032m。表2 车流量较少典型路口记录表路口名称单车道宽车道数(双向)交叉口车道数单向车流量h琴湖路31+11+2800-900金沙江路3.83+33+4800-900湘江东路3.81+11+270
15、0-800华山路3.51+11+1800-900阜湖路3.52+22+2700-800表3 车流量较多典型路口记录表路口名称单车道宽车道数(双向)交叉口车道数单向车流量h海虞北路3.53+33+41000-1200招商西路32+22+31000-1100青莲路 2.5 2 2 900-1000珠江路3.52+22+3900-1000对于表2和表3,常熟的车道宽度大多符合标准。但由于现在经济日渐发展,一定程度上加重了交通的负担,在一些商贸密集区的路口车道宽度及车道数少于车流量不密集道路口,导致车道宽度及车道数已无法满足要求,使某些地区在车流量较多的时候,车辆无法正常通行,出现了交通拥堵的现象。2
16、、绿信比配时不合理信号灯及设置问题中约80%存在绿灯配时设置不合理的现象。这里我们需要了解两个概念关于绿信比的配时:1 绿信比绿信比是用来反应交通灯一个周期内可用于车辆通行的时间比例的指标值,通常用表示。=Tg/(Tg+Tr)其中:Tg表示一个周期中的绿灯时间Tr表示一个周期中的红灯时间Tg+Tr表示红绿灯信号周期; 车辆密度车辆密度是反应车流量在单位时间内通行量的指标值,通常用表示。=N/(L/2)其中:N 表示单位时间前后两段路上的车辆总数表示绿灯周期内车道交叉口前、后两段路车辆的平均密度L 表示长为L 车道另外,单位时间前后两段路上的车辆总数,与车道上的流入车辆和流出车辆有关。因为不同边
17、界条件, 道路的交通状况是不一样的, 则绿信比对交通的影响也不同, 如图2所示,绿灯周期内的车辆密度在不同流入车辆下随绿信比的变化情况: 图2 绿信比道路交通影响从图2可以看出: 当= 0.1时,不论如何变化,对应的都是渐近于零,即的取值对交通流无影响(信号灯无控制效果); 当= 1时,取00.6时,会随着的增大而增大; 当= 1时,取0.61时,是比当1时的任何车辆密度都大,处于拥堵状态,的取值对交通已无明显影响。所以,随着流入车辆增大, 进入路段的车辆增多, 如果绿灯时间太短会造成车辆在路口前聚集形成拥堵,为了让车辆尽快通过路口, 需适当增加绿灯时间, 即增大绿信比。在一定的流入车辆和流出
18、车辆条件下, 绿信比存在一个取值范围, 在此范围内, 可使道路前后半段的车辆密度较小, 达到畅通状态。 根据前期调查结果显示,常熟道路口绿信比在0.20.3占12%,0.30.4占52%,0.40.5占32%,0.50.6占1%,0.60.7占4%。由此可见,绿信比在0.30.5之间所占比例极重,且常熟市的流入车辆大,车辆密度因此随之变大,极易造成拥堵的状态,而且过长的红灯等待导致了高峰期车流量较大方向的车辆无法保持正常通行,造成车辆在交叉口吃红灯位绿灯时车辆却不能及时过完,形成车辆二次排队。3、交叉路口处标识设置不合理路面标记不清晰甚至无标记,导流岛及导流线运用不合理。通过问卷调查,约有42
19、%的调查者认为交叉路口隐患的原因是道路标记不明显且没有警示标语。经过实地调查,一些不规则地段缺少路面指示标识,导致一些外来车辆对不熟悉的路况无法做出正确的判断。而在一些交通情况较为复杂的地段,过大的导流岛大幅占据交叉路口,反而阻碍了车辆的通行。 图3 某交叉路口路面标记设置如图3交叉路口处,则是自行车等待区域占用了一个半机动车道大小,这样的路面标记给机动车道增加了压力而且部分车行道的停车线位置不合理,离人行横道标线太靠后,使得绿灯通行距离过长,降低了信号灯的通行效率,而人行横道和自行车道地面标线划分不合理,甚至有些地方就没有划标线,缺少行人的二次过街设施,增长了行人绿灯通行时间,降低了信号灯的
20、通行效率,且存在交通安全隐患。三、交叉路口问题解决方案1、拓宽车道以招商南路为例,虽然整条道路都是双向四车道,仅在与其他路口的交汇处拓宽为五车道,但是道路的非机动车道以及人行道却在道路的一侧较为开阔。这样的设计能够一定程度上减轻载货三轮车路边随意停靠卸货带来的交通堵塞状况。但是,却也导致这类卸货三轮车更多的霸占了车道空间。在常熟高架建设之前,该地段需要满足大型机动车的通行要求,因此路面较宽,但车道数却较少。而随着近几年高架的建设,大型车辆都已通过高架绕行,该地段道路已只需满足普通小型机动车的通行要求,因此,可以通过重新划分车带来增加机动车道数,缩小那些较为开阔的非机动车道,将其一部分纳入机动车
21、道的使用范围,如图4。图4 车道调整前后效果对比图也可以考虑通过机非隔离带的调整来拓宽机动车道的宽度,同时重新划分车带,增加车道数,从而使道路的交叉路口处能够有更加充裕的空间来保证交通的畅通。2、调整绿信比高密度的拥堵状态90%是在流入车辆大于流出车辆时产生,在某些条件下, 适当地调整绿信比, 可达到疏导作用, 降低车辆密度, 减少车辆在路口的排队时间, 见图2,绿灯周期内的车辆密度在不同流出车辆下随绿信比的变化情况: 图5 绿信比道路交通影响 对比图2,在图5中,当0.7时,在0.50.6时,会急剧下降,0.6时,一直处于低值状态。所以,保持0.7,0.5时,车辆密度会大大降低,从而达到舒缓
22、交通压力的作用。对于车辆密度非常大的招商城来说,不管如何改变绿信比,都很难达到减缓的作用。然而像方塔东街由于红灯等待时间过长而导致的交通拥堵现象,就可以利用调整绿信比来进行调整。3、设置导流岛 招商城地区诸如招商南路、招商西路、招商北路的交叉路口处,已设有大型的导流岛,导流岛将人行道与非机动车道相结合,同时又用带状花坛对机动车右转与非机动车右转进行隔离。这样的导流设计使得交通分流明显,交通疏导得以完善。然而,在一些重要路口,如招商南路和青莲路的交叉路口,却缺少标记及导流岛。如果在这些路口进行合理的导流设计,如图6所示,将会极大的缓解这些路口的交通压力。图6中,标注表示机动车转弯引流标线,来指引
23、机动车在交叉路口处有序分流。标注表示机动车交叉路口分流标线,来引导机动车在交叉路口处与对向车辆分流。从而避免了车辆在路口因标记不明确而交通混乱或拥堵。导流岛的设置需要一定大小的面积,一般不小于7从而保护步行者的安全,必须与车辆的行驶轨迹相吻合,且需避免在交叉口内设置多个小的导流岛,使驾驶员判断失误。 图6 交叉路口导流标记设置前后效果对比图四、总结 城市道路交叉路口的设计方案多种多样,但是能够切实地运用到每个路口上的统一的方案却是几乎不存在的。每个城市道路的交叉路口都有其自身所处的环境与特点,因此,要切实考量到每个路口的不同之处,从而对其进行方案的设计,才能够使方案行之有效。不能够一味地按照一
24、些成功的设计方案照搬照套,这种设计反而会使得这个地区的交通运行受到更大的阻碍。就拿招商城地区来说,我们的预想是能够在这个地区架设下穿式立交或者隧道,但是这也只是一个想法,经过一系列的考量也发现,这种设计方案其实并不能够运用到切实的改造中去。因此,城市道路交叉路口的方案设计还有着更为广阔的发展空间,一个方案的诞生需要的不仅仅是思考,更多的是亲身的实践。这还是一个有待我们继续探寻的世界。参考文献:1颜春晖.交叉路口城市设计研究D.上海:同济大学硕士学位论文,2000.2袁振洲:道路交通管理与控制M人民交通出版社,2007年,1:8-24,5:98-112.3周蔚吾:公路平面交叉优化设计M知识产权出
25、版社,2006年.2:21-284 谭惠丽: 十字路口红绿灯的控制效应J, 广西师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2008,26(2):4 作者简介:第一作者:顾嘉燚(1993-),女(汉族),江苏常熟人,常熟理工学院经济与管理学院工程管理系学生。详细通信地址:常熟理工学院东湖校区经济与管理学院(常熟市南三环路99号);邮编:215500;联系电话:13913688169;电子邮件地址:。指导老师:韦芳(1979-),女(汉族),江苏常熟人,常熟理工学院管理学院讲师、工程师、全国一级注册建造师、造价工程师,华东理工大学硕士,主要从事工程项目管理、工程管理信息化研究。第三作者:李丽君(1993-),
26、女(汉族),江苏淮安人,常熟理工学院经济与管理学院学生。Now, we are in a new historical stage of all-round construction of a well-off society. In perform duties, and carried out work of process in the, we to put people as a guide principles, and a test standard, efforts from masses most hope do of things do up, from masses mos
27、t care of hot problem grabbed, from masses most not satisfaction of place modified up, not make nominal of formalism, not do grandstanding of cosmetic, to seeking of style, help masses share, is people benefit. (C) the investee people is not only an idea, it is a job requirement. Philosophy through
28、to the people-oriented thought in the work of the Office, must be clear work objectives. Party Office in the city this year remains: Advanced civil strife, local brand. The County (City) Party Committee offices and units directly under the Office to hold high the banner of first to excellence, peopl
29、e-oriented requirements, strengthen the construction and management of the Office towards the work a higher level. Investee 1. political participation based on conspiracy to adhere to people-oriented, will be around to promote coordinationDevelopment events, great searchings. The 16 session of the p
30、artys scientific Outlook on development, is the new Central collective leadership to the development of connotation, development essentials, further deepen the essence of development and innovation, is our partys ruling idea a leap. At present, establishing and implementing the scientific concept of
31、 development has become the partys important work. As the Office of party Committee, working party should service center, initiative to claim leadership of the decision, the current focus is to focus on promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development with more suggestions, do more r
32、esearch, summarized the typical. One is drafted to raise the level of your presentation. Your presentation is the main Office of products, is the basic carrier staff service, is important to measure service levels. The quality of your presentation, mainly depends on how much we drafted a document re
33、cognized by the leadership, how many are listening to the people in favour of the report, how many paid dividends in the practical work. Improve presentation drafting level, requirements we accurate grasp led intent, General led care of work are to as understand, General led consider of problem are
34、to in-depth thinking; requirements we highlight place features, put superior approach policy and local actual combined up, put presentation of theme thrust and masses of by thought by wants to combined up; requirements we seeks to streamlined clear, with simple of language expression deep of thought
35、, with short of length hosted rich of connotation. Second, the survey results more. Investigation of the base, the road to success is something, is our for the Party Committees policy decision a good idea, an important part of a good staff. This year, to focus around industrial XING city, and farmers increase, and and manpower development, and seeking, major problem and foster advantage industry, and adjustment agricultural structure, and carried9
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