苹果的几个种的介绍英文版.ppt
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1、Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) a.k.a. Malus pumila P. Mill.,Image from ,Jake Fleming Department of Geography, UW Madison jeflemingwisc.edu,Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Maloideae (with pears) Genus: Malus (40 sp.) Section: Malus Series: Malus Species: domestica,Taxonomy,A note on nomenclature: In his
2、2006 book The Story of the Apple, BE Juniper refers to both the domestic apple and the wild Central Asian apple as Malus pumila. The USDA has also adopted this convention. For clarity, and as Coart et al. 2006 calls into question the hypothesis upon which this is based, I use the older names: Malus
3、sieversii for the wild Central Asian apple and Malus domestica for the orchard apple.,,Importance,Worlds most important temperate fruit crop: 63 million tons/yr. Leading producers in 2004: China 18.7 Mtons (4 Mtons in 1990), United States 6 Mtons, Russia, Germany, Japan,Food and Agriculture Organiza
4、tion of the United Nations. http:/faostat.fao.org,Malus domestica - the specifics,Woody, long-lived tree Unlike congeners, extreme heterozygosity, does not breed true. Single parental event yields massive variation in fruit color, size, taste, flower color, thorns, tree habit, so Cultivars must be v
5、egetatively propagated “instant domestication” Perfect, self-incompatible flowers. n = 17. Most congeners and cultivars 2n, some 3n, 4n.,3 Stories of Domestication,Compilospecies conventional wisdom until c. 1990. Eurasian origin, somewhere/everywhere Malus sieversii Roem. Vavilov 1930. Harris, Robi
6、nson, Juniper 2002. Central Asian origin BREAKING! Malus sylvestris Mill. Coart et al. 2006. European origin?,Compilospecies hypothesis,Hypothesis: Malus domestica arose from some combination of crabapples in Eurasia, with possible recent introgression in North America (Watkins 1995),In Maloideae, h
7、ybridization between genera not rare (e.g. Malus x Pyrus) In Malus, species boundaries fuzzy, some hybrids occur M. domestica may (or may not) readily hybridize with sympatric congeners,M. sieversii hypothesis,As the Tien Shan Mountains rose and the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts grew, ancestral Malus
8、populations were isolated Among a very diverse population making up as much as 80% of the forest, Some wild fruits are indistinguishable from cultivars Selection by bears? Human-mediated dispersal along Silk Road trade routes (but not by current residents) (Juniper and Mabberley 2006),Hypothesis: Ma
9、lus sieversii of Central Asia is the wild ancestor of domesticated apples. Other species contributed little or nothing. (Vavilov 1930),M. sieversii hypothesis,As the Tien Shan Mountains rose and the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts grew, ancestral Malus populations were isolated Among a very diverse popu
10、lation making up as much as 80% of the forest, Some wild fruits are indistinguishable from cultivars Selection by bears? Human-mediated dispersal along Silk Road trade routes (but not by current residents) (Juniper and Mabberley 2006),Hypothesis: Malus sieversii of Central Asia is the wild ancestor
11、of domesticated apples. Other species contributed little or nothing. (Vavilov 1930),M. sieversii hypothesis,As the Tien Shan Mountains rose and the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts grew, ancestral Malus populations were isolated Among a very diverse population making up as much as 80% of the forest, Some
12、 wild fruits are indistinguishable from cultivars Selection by bears? Human-mediated dispersal along Silk Road trade routes (but not by current residents) (Juniper and Mabberley 2006),Hypothesis: Malus sieversii of Central Asia is the wild ancestor of domesticated apples. Other species contributed l
13、ittle or nothing. (Vavilov 1930),M. sieversii hypothesis,As the Tien Shan Mountains rose and the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts grew, ancestral Malus populations were isolated Among a very diverse population making up as much as 80% of the forest, Some wild fruits are indistinguishable from cultivars S
14、election by bears? Human-mediated dispersal along Silk Road trade routes (but not by current residents) (Juniper and Mabberley 2006),Hypothesis: Malus sieversii of Central Asia is the wild ancestor of domesticated apples. Other species contributed little or nothing. (Vavilov 1930),Bearington Bears c
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