语法特点(course).ppt

自动化专业英语 Specialized English for Automation,宋丽梅,内容回顾,1. 词汇重点 potential电势 ； Integrated circuit, 集成电路； On the order of 属于同类的，约为； amplifier 放大器,2.（ ）a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohms law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. In this case B. In case C. In that case D. In the case of,小测验,3. It may be that the inductor voltage （ ）the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. than B. other than C. and D. rather than,小测验,4. One problem with electronic devices corresponding （ ）the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI , depend （ ）internal properties of the two-port system . from / to B. to / from C. to / upon D. to / in,小测验,本节重点内容：,宋丽梅,专业英语的语法特点: 非谓语形式的表达方法,专业英语,（English for Special Science and Technology）,1. 专业英语与普通英语,(1). 专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。,1.1 专业英语语法特点,Plant ( pl:nt n.植物, 工厂, 设备, 设施 ), bus, error, performance, horsepower(h:spau n.马力) microchip(微芯片), semiconductor,例1：If a mouse is installed in a computer, then the available memory space for user will reduce. 错误译法：如果让老鼠在计算机里面筑窝，那么使用者的记忆空间就会减少。 专业译法：如果计算机安装了鼠标，则用户可利用内存空间就会减少。 例2：Connect the black pigtail(猪尾, 接续用铜线 ) with the dog- house（高频高压电源屏蔽罩，（发射天线的）调谐箱，（火箭）仪表舱 ）. 错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。 专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在高频高压电源屏罩上。,1. 专业英语与普通英语,(2) 外文科技文章在结构上也具有很多自身的特点，如长句多，被动语态多，大量的名词化结构等，这都给对原文的理解和翻译带来了基础英语中很难解决的困难。,The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。,1. 专业英语与普通英语,(3) 专业英语对听说读写译的侧重点不同，其主要的要求在于“读”和“译”，也就是通过大量的阅读对外文资料进行正确的理解和翻译（interpretation(in·ter·pre·ta·tionn. 解释, 翻译, 演出)& translation），在读和译的基础上，对听、说、写进行必要的训练。,1. 专业英语与普通英语,是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。,专业英语的学习需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等等。,隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理，表达准确、精练和正式。,2. 科技英语与专业英语,Work must be done in setting a body in motion. Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere.,使一个物体运动时，必须做功(词义引申)。,沸点的定义就是气压等于大气压时的温度。(v n),The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical through a generator,发电机可以把机械能再转换成电能,1.2 学习专业英语的重要性,(1) 科研信息获取,(2) 研究成果展示,(3) 国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中90以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对子电气工程、电子工程和信息类等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。,专业英语阅读能力,申报国家奖项 申请专利 发表学术论文：,85以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,2.1 Grammar Features,客观性（Objective）、准确性（accuracy）和精练性(conciseness(kn'saisnisn. 简洁, 简明)。,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,(2) 广泛使用非谓语形式 (不定式、动名词和分词),(3) 省略句使用频繁,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,(客观性),We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating (insulate 'nsletv. 使绝缘; 隔离) medium ('mdmn. 媒体; 媒介; 方法). We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser( kn'densn. 缩写者; 电容器; 冷凝器的操作者; 冷凝器), and its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance. It is measured in farads( 'færdn. 法拉). Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called capacitor or condenser. Its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance. It is measured in farads,试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语,电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；,中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。,1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.,电可以用数量和质量来度量。,2) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.,电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的,3) The meters（ 'mi:tn.公尺, 米n.计量器, 计时器vt.(用仪表)测量 n.节拍, 韵律）are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.,这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程 ，以便读出期望的数值。,2.1 Grammar Features,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。, 动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句,The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.,The signal should be filtered before being amplified.,放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features,3) We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.,Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.,在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验,2) An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.,Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.,物体放置在太阳下会变热。,用动名词短语做主语,4) Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.,改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法,5) Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons('lektrnn. 电子)through an object.,传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features, 分词,过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态,The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter( in'v:t n. 变换器, 倒换器, 逆变器, 换流器, 电流换向器).,The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。,2.1 Grammar Features,2) The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities (polarity p'lærtn. 有两极, 极性, 磁性引力), can work as an amplifier ( 'æmplfan. 扬声器; 放大器; 扩音器; 详述者).,The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.,工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。, 分词,练习,A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely( 'mrladv. 只是, 不过, 仅仅) a combination of three single-phase circuits.,A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。,2.1 Grammar Features, 不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,(1) The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.,单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。,(2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.,The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,保险的作用就是保护电路。, 不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,2.1 Grammar Features,2.1 Grammar Features,(3) 省略句使用频繁,省略成分：状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语；定语从句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。,1) If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。,(精炼),2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。,3) The device includes an instrument transformation （trænsfmeinn.转型, 转化, 改造）and a relay（rilei vt.转播, 转达, 中继, 接力, 接替 n.继电器, 接力赛, 替班）system which has two circuits in it.,The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it.,这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。,2.1 Grammar Features,As already discussed 前已讨论 As explained before 前已解释 As described above 如上所示 If possible (necessary)如果可能（必要）,其他常用的省略形式：,If so 倘若如此 As previously mentioned 前已提到 When needed (necessary, feasible)必要时 Where feasible ( 'fi:zbl adj.可行的, 可能的)在实际可行的场合 Where possible 在可能的情况下,2.1 Grammar Features,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that,It happened that ,It must be admitted that,祈使句: 无主语，精炼。,Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。,Consider (Assume) feedback control. 假如。,（准确、精炼）,2.1 Grammar Features,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,1) It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes( 'knsttjutv. 制定; 组成; 建立)an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。,（准确、精炼）,为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句,2.1 Grammar Features,2) The reluctance (r'lktnsn. 不情愿; 磁阻; 勉强) motor operates synchronously ( 'sikrnsliadv. 同时地, 同步地)at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator ('steitn.定子)is wound (wind wnd ,wandn. 风, 气味, 气息v. 上发条, 蜿蜒, 缠绕, wound wund).,磁阻电动机以某一速率同步动转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。,3) The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.,交磁发电机的试验将在本节中叙述，它主要涉及每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。,2.1 Grammar Features,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。,1) All radiant ( 'reidjnt adj. 发光的, 明亮的, 辐射的) energies have wavelike ('weivlaik adj. 波状的) characteristics, which are analogous ('nælgs adj.类似的, analog 'ænl:g adj.模拟的, 类比的n.(=analogue)类似(模拟量)to those of waves moving through water.,All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.,2) The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs,The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs,所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。,到场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器,（精炼）,2.2 Rhetoric Features,注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征,涉及的内容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性,(1) 广泛使用一般现在时,(2)较多地使用图、表和公式,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。,(3) 逻辑语法使用多,修辞特点,进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑语法，即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇,although, because, however (but), if, once, only, suppose, as a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。,