1、ENISO16827June2025EUROPEANSTANDARDNORMEEUROPEENNEEuropaischenormICS19.100SupersedesENISO16827:2014EnglishVersionNon-destructivetesting-Ultrasonictesting-CharacterizationandsizingofdiscontinuitiesISO16827:2025Essaisnondestructifs-Controleparultrasons-Caracterisationetdimensionnementdesdiscontinuites(
2、ISO16827:2025)ZerstorungsfreiePriifung-Ultraschallprufung-BeschreibungundGroEenbestimmungvonInhomogenitaten(ISO16827:2025)ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon7June2025.CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEuropeanStandardthestatusof
3、anationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Up-to-datelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerningsuchnationalstandardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentreortoanyCENmember.ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytranslat
4、ionundertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentrehasthesamestatusastheofficialversions.CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland
5、Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TiirkiyeandUnitedKingdom.EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATIONCOMITEEUROPEENDENORMALISATIONEuropaischeskomiteefurnormungCEN-CENELECManagementCe
6、ntre:RuedelaScience23,B-1040BrusselsRef.No.ENISO16827:2025E2025CENAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedworldwideforCENnationalMembers.EuropeanforewordThisdocument(ENISO16827:2025)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC135NondestructivetestingincollaborationwithTechnicalCommitteeCEN
7、/TC13811Non-destructivetesting11thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyAFNOR.ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextorbyendorsement,atthelatestbyDecember2025,andcon11ictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestbyDecember2025.Attentionisdrawntothe
8、possibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisdocumentmaybethesubjectofpatentrights.CENshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.ThisdocumentsupersedesENISO16827:2014.Anyfeedbackandquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusers/nationalstandardsbody/nationalcommittee.Acompletelistin
9、gofthesebodiescanbefoundontheCENwebsite.AccordingtotheCEN-CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowingcountriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ire
10、land,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TiirkiyeandtheUnitedKingdom.EndorsementnoticeThetextofISO16827:2025hasbeenapprovedbyCENasENISO16827:2025withoutanymodification.PageConten
11、tsForewordivIntroductionv1 Scope12 Normativereferences13 Termsanddefinitions14 Principlesofcharacterizationofdiscontinuities14.1 General14.2 Requirementsforsurfacecondition25 Pulse-echotechniques25.1 Locationofdiscontinuity25.2 Orientationofdiscontinuity35.3 Assessmentofmultipleindications35.4 Shape
12、ofdiscontinuity45.4.1 Simpleclassification45.4.2 Detailedclassification45.5 Maximumechoheightofindication55.6 Sizeofdiscontinuity512345677777777General.5Maximumechoheighttechniques5Probemovementsizingtechniques6Selectionofsizingtechniques7Sizingtechniqueswithfocusingprobes8Useofmathematicalalgorithm
13、sforsizing8Specialsizingtechniques86.2 Locationofdiscontinuity96.3 Evaluationofmultiplediscontinuities96.4 Reductionofsignalamplitude106.5 Sizeofdiscontinuity10Annex A (normative)Analysisofmultipleindications12Annex B (normative)Techniquesfortheclassificationofdiscontinuityshape14Annex C (normative)
14、Sizingtechniqueusingthemaximumechoheight23Annex D (normative)Sizingtechniquesusingprobemovement25Annex E (informative)Iterativesizingtechnique37Annex F (informative)Mathematicalalgorithmsfortheestimationoftheactualsizeofadiscontinuity41Annex G (informative)Examplesofspecialsizingtechniques47Bibliogr
15、aphy50ForewordISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedh
16、astherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,inliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.Theproceduresusedtodevelopthisdocumentandt
17、hoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenancearedescribedintheISO/IECDirectives,Part1.Inparticular,thedifferentapprovalcriterianeededforthedifferenttypesofISOdocumentshouldbenoted.ThisdocumentwasdraftedinaccordancewiththeeditorialrulesoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seeWWW.iso.org/directives).ISOdrawsattentiont
18、othepossibilitythattheimplementationofthisdocumentmayinvolvetheuseof（八）patent(三).ISOtakesnopositionconcerningtheevidence,validityorapplicabilityofanyclaimedpatentrightsinrespectthereof.Asofthedateofpublicationofthisdocument,ISOhadnotreceivednoticeof（八）patent(三)whichmayberequiredtoimplementthisdocume
19、nt.However,implementersarecautionedthatthismaynotrepresentthelatestinformation,whichmaybeobtainedfromthepatentdatabaseavailableatWWW.iso.org/patents.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anytradenameusedinthisdocumentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotco
20、nstituteanendorsement.Foranexplanationofthevoluntarynatureofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsandexpressionsrelatedtoconformityassessment,aswellasinformationaboutISOsadherencetotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTo)principlesintheTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT),seewww.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmLThisdocument
21、waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC135,Non-destructivetesting,SubcommitteeSC3,Ultrasonictesting,incollaborationwiththeEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN)TechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC138,Non-destructivetesting,inaccordancewiththeAgreementontechnicalcooperationbetweenISOandCEN(ViennaAgreement).Thiss
22、econdeditioncancelsandreplacesthefirstedition(ISO16827:2012),whichhasbeentechnicallyrevised.Themainchangesareasfollows:figureshavebeenupdated;一referenceshavebeenupdated;informationaddedinthescopethatthetechniquecanalsobeusedwithphasedarray.Anyfeedbackorquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheuse
23、rsnationalstandardsbody.AcompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundatWWW.iso.orq/members.htmLIntroductionThefollowingdocumentsonultrasonictestingarelinked:ISO16810,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingGeneralprinciplesISO168ILNon-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingSensitivityandrangesettingISO16823,No
24、n-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingThroughtransmissiontechniqueISOl6826,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingTestingfordiscontinuitiesperpendiculartothesurfaceISO16827,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingCharacterizationandsizingOfdiscontinuitiesISO16828,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestin
25、gTime-of-flightdiffractiontechniqueasQmethodfordetectionandsizingOfdiscontinuitiesNon-destructivetestingUltrasonictesting一Characterizationandsizingofdiscontinuities1 ScopeThisdocumentspecifiesthegeneralprinciplesandtechniquesforthecharacterizationandsizingofpreviouslydetecteddiscontinuitiesinorderto
26、ensuretheirevaluationagainstapplicableacceptancecriteria.Thisdocumentisapplicable,ingeneralterms,todiscontinuitiesinthosematerialsandapplicationscoveredbyISO16810.Phasedarraytechniquescanalsobeappliedbutadditionalstepsorverificationscanbeneeded.2 NormativereferencesThefollowingdocumentsarereferredto
27、inthetextinsuchawaythatsomeoralloftheircontentconstitutesrequirementsofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)applies.ISO5577,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingVocabularyISO16810,Non-destruct
28、ivetestingUltrasonictestingGeneralprinciplesISO168ILNon-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingSensitivityandrangesetting3 TermsanddefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninISO5577apply.ISOandIECmaintainterminologydatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses:ISOOnli
29、nebrowsingplatform:availableathttps:WWW.iso.org/obp一IECElectropedia:availableathttps:WWW.electropedia.org/4 Principlesofcharacterizationofdiscontinuities4.1 GeneralCharacterizationofadiscontinuityinvolvesthedeterminationofthosefeatureswhicharenecessaryforitsevaluationwithrespecttospecifiedacceptance
30、criteria.Characterizationofadiscontinuitycaninclude:a) determinationofbasicultrasonicparameters(echoheight,timeofflight);b) determinationofitsbasicshapeandorientation;c) sizing,whichmaytaketheformofeither:1) thedeterminationofoneormoredimensions(orarea/volume),withinthelimitationsofthemethods;or2) t
31、hedeterminationofsomespecifiedparameter,e.g.echoheight,wherethisistakenasrepresentativeofthephysicalsizeofthediscontinuity;d) location,e.g.theproximitytothesurfaceortootherdiscontinuities;e) determinationofanyotherparametersorcharacteristicsthatmaybenecessaryforcompleteevaluation;f) assessmentofprob
32、ablenature,e.g.crackorinclusion,whereadequateknowledgeofthetestobjectanditsmanufacturinghistorymakesthisfeasible.g) TherequirementsofISO16810applyunlessstatedotherwise.WherethetestinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofISO16810yieldssufficientdataonthediscontinuityforitsevaluationagainsttheapplicableaccepta
33、ncecriteria,nofurthercharacterizationisnecessary.h) Thetechniquesusedforcharacterizationshallbespecifiedinconjunctionwiththeapplicableacceptancecriteria.4.2 Requirementsforsurfaceconditiona) Thesurfacefinishandprofileshallbesuchthatitpermitssizingofdiscontinuitieswiththedesiredaccuracy.Ingeneral,the
34、smootherandatterthesurfacethemoreaccuratetheresultswillbe.Formostpracticalpurposesasurfacefinishof7?=6,3mformachinedsurfacesand12,5mforshot-blastedsurfacesarerecommended.NOTEDeterminationofthesurfaceroughnessisoutofthescopeofthisdocument.b) Thegapbetweentheprobeandthesurfaceshallnotexceed0,5mm.c) Th
35、eabovesurfacerequirementsshallnormallybelimitedtothoseareasfromwhichsizingistobecarriedoutas,ingeneral,theyareunnecessaryfordiscontinuitydetection.d) Themethodofsurfacepreparationshallnotproduceasurfacethatgivesrisetoahighlevelofnoise.5 Pulse-echotechniques5.1 GeneralTheprincipalultrasoniccharacteri
36、stics/parametersofadiscontinuitythataremostcommonlyusedforevaluationbythepulse-echotechniquesaredescribedin512to57inclusive.Thecharacteristics/parameterstobedeterminedshallbedefinedintheapplicablestandardoranyrelevantcontractualdocument,andshallmeettherequirementsonthecharacterizationofdiscontinuiti
37、esgiveninISO16810.5.2 LocationofdiscontinuityThelocationofadiscontinuityisdefinedasitspositionwithinatestobjectwithrespecttoanagreedsystemofreferenceco-ordinates.a) Itshallbedeterminedinrelationtooneormoredatumpointsandwithreferencetotheindexpointandbeamangleoftheprobe,andmeasurementoftheprobepositi
38、onandsoundpathlengthatwhichthemaximumechoheightisobserved.b) Dependingonthegeometryofthetestobjectandthetypeofdiscontinuity,itmaybenecessarytoconfirmthelocationofthediscontinuityfromanotherdirection,orwithanotherbeamangle,toensurethattheechoisnotcausede.g.byawavemodeconversionatageometricalfeatureof
39、thetestobject.5.3 OrientationofdiscontinuityTheorientationofadiscontinuityisdefinedasthedirectionorplanealongwhichthediscontinuityhasitsmajoraxis(axes)withrespecttoadatumreferenceonthetestobject.a) Theorientationcanbedeterminedbyageometricalreconstructionanalogoustothatdescribedforlocation,withthedi
40、fferencethatmorebeamanglesand/orscanningdirectionsaregenerallynecessarythanforasimplelocation.b) Theorientationmayalsobedeterminedfromobservationofthescanningdirectionatwhichthemaximumechoheightisobtained.c) Inseveralapplications,theprecisedeterminationofthediscontinuityorientationinspaceisnotrequir
41、ed,onlythedeterminationoftheprojectionofthediscontinuityontooneormorespecifiedplanesand/orsectionswithinthetestobject.5.4 AssessmentofmultipleindicationsThemethodfordistinguishingbetweensingleandmultiplediscontinuitiesmaybebasedoneitherqualitativeassessmentorquantitativecriteria.a) Thequalitativedet
42、erminationconsistsofascertaining,throughtheobservationofthevariationsoftheultrasonicindications,whetherornotsuchindicationscorrespondtooneormoreseparatediscontinuities.FigUre1showstypicalexamplesofsignalsfromgroupeddiscontinuitiesinaforgingorcasting.b) Whereacceptancecriteriaareexpressedintermsofmax
43、imumallowabledimensions,preliminaryquantitativedeterminationsshallbemadeinordertodeterminewhetherseparatediscontinuitiesaretobeevaluatedindividuallyorcollectivelyaccordingtopre-establishedrulesgoverningtheevaluationofthegroup.c) Suchrulesmaybebasedontheconcentrationofindividualdiscontinuitieswithint
44、hegroup,expressedintermsofthetotaloftheirlengths,areasorvolumesinrelationtotheoveralllength,areaorvolumeofthegroup.Alternatively,therulesmayspecifytheminimumdistancebetweenindividualdiscontinuities,oftenasaratioofthedimensionsoftheadjacentdiscontinuities.d) Whereamoreaccuratecharacterizationofagroup
45、ofindicationsisrequired,anattemptshallbemadetodeterminewhethertheechoesarisefromaseriesofcloselyspacedbutseparatediscontinuities,orfromasinglecontinuousdiscontinuityhavinganumberofseparatere11ectingfacets,usingthetechniquesinaccordancewithAnneXA.a)Resolvablegroupeddiscontinuitiesb)Unresolvablegroupe
46、ddiscontinuitiesKeyssoundpathYsignalamplitudeFigure1ExamplesofA-scansignalsfromgroupeddiscontinuities5.5 Shapeofdiscontinuity5.5.1 SimpleclassificationThereisalimitednumberofbasicre11ectorshapesthatcanbeidentifiedbyultrasonictesting.Inmanycases,evaluationagainsttheapplicableacceptancecriteriaonlyreq
47、uiresarelativelysimpleclassificationinaccordancewithB.l.a) Accordingtothis,thediscontinuityshallbeclassifiedaseither:1) point,i.e.havingnosignificantextentinanydirection;2) elongated,i.e.havingasignificantextentinonedirectiononly;3) complex,i.e.havingasignificantextentinmorethanonedirection.b) Whenr
48、equired,theclassificationcomplexmaybesub-dividedinto:1) planar,i.e.havingasignificantextentin2directionsonly,and2) volumetric,i.e.,havingasignificantextentin3directions.c) Dependingupontherequirementsoftheacceptancestandard,either:1) separateacceptancecriteriamayapplytoeachoftheaboveclassifications;or2) thediscontinuity,independentlyofitspoint,elongatedorcomplexconfiguration,isprojectedontooneormorepre-establishedsections,andeachprojectionisconservatively
