EN ISO 16827 2025..docx

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1、ENISO16827June2025EUROPEANSTANDARDNORMEEUROPEENNEEuropaischenormICS19.100SupersedesENISO16827:2014EnglishVersionNon-destructivetesting-Ultrasonictesting-CharacterizationandsizingofdiscontinuitiesISO16827:2025Essaisnondestructifs-Controleparultrasons-Caracterisationetdimensionnementdesdiscontinuites(

2、ISO16827:2025)ZerstorungsfreiePriifung-Ultraschallprufung-BeschreibungundGroEenbestimmungvonInhomogenitaten(ISO16827:2025)ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon7June2025.CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEuropeanStandardthestatusof

3、anationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Up-to-datelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerningsuchnationalstandardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentreortoanyCENmember.ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytranslat

4、ionundertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentrehasthesamestatusastheofficialversions.CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland

5、Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TiirkiyeandUnitedKingdom.EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATIONCOMITEEUROPEENDENORMALISATIONEuropaischeskomiteefurnormungCEN-CENELECManagementCe

6、ntre:RuedelaScience23,B-1040BrusselsRef.No.ENISO16827:2025E2025CENAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedworldwideforCENnationalMembers.EuropeanforewordThisdocument(ENISO16827:2025)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC135NondestructivetestingincollaborationwithTechnicalCommitteeCEN

7、/TC13811Non-destructivetesting11thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyAFNOR.ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextorbyendorsement,atthelatestbyDecember2025,andcon11ictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestbyDecember2025.Attentionisdrawntothe

8、possibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisdocumentmaybethesubjectofpatentrights.CENshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.ThisdocumentsupersedesENISO16827:2014.Anyfeedbackandquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusers/nationalstandardsbody/nationalcommittee.Acompletelistin

9、gofthesebodiescanbefoundontheCENwebsite.AccordingtotheCEN-CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowingcountriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ire

10、land,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TiirkiyeandtheUnitedKingdom.EndorsementnoticeThetextofISO16827:2025hasbeenapprovedbyCENasENISO16827:2025withoutanymodification.PageConten

11、tsForewordivIntroductionv1 Scope12 Normativereferences13 Termsanddefinitions14 Principlesofcharacterizationofdiscontinuities14.1 General14.2 Requirementsforsurfacecondition25 Pulse-echotechniques25.1 Locationofdiscontinuity25.2 Orientationofdiscontinuity35.3 Assessmentofmultipleindications35.4 Shape

12、ofdiscontinuity45.4.1 Simpleclassification45.4.2 Detailedclassification45.5 Maximumechoheightofindication55.6 Sizeofdiscontinuity512345677777777General.5Maximumechoheighttechniques5Probemovementsizingtechniques6Selectionofsizingtechniques7Sizingtechniqueswithfocusingprobes8Useofmathematicalalgorithm

13、sforsizing8Specialsizingtechniques86.2 Locationofdiscontinuity96.3 Evaluationofmultiplediscontinuities96.4 Reductionofsignalamplitude106.5 Sizeofdiscontinuity10Annex A (normative)Analysisofmultipleindications12Annex B (normative)Techniquesfortheclassificationofdiscontinuityshape14Annex C (normative)

14、Sizingtechniqueusingthemaximumechoheight23Annex D (normative)Sizingtechniquesusingprobemovement25Annex E (informative)Iterativesizingtechnique37Annex F (informative)Mathematicalalgorithmsfortheestimationoftheactualsizeofadiscontinuity41Annex G (informative)Examplesofspecialsizingtechniques47Bibliogr

15、aphy50ForewordISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedh

16、astherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,inliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.Theproceduresusedtodevelopthisdocumentandt

17、hoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenancearedescribedintheISO/IECDirectives,Part1.Inparticular,thedifferentapprovalcriterianeededforthedifferenttypesofISOdocumentshouldbenoted.ThisdocumentwasdraftedinaccordancewiththeeditorialrulesoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seeWWW.iso.org/directives).ISOdrawsattentiont

18、othepossibilitythattheimplementationofthisdocumentmayinvolvetheuseof（八）patent(三).ISOtakesnopositionconcerningtheevidence,validityorapplicabilityofanyclaimedpatentrightsinrespectthereof.Asofthedateofpublicationofthisdocument,ISOhadnotreceivednoticeof（八）patent(三)whichmayberequiredtoimplementthisdocume

19、nt.However,implementersarecautionedthatthismaynotrepresentthelatestinformation,whichmaybeobtainedfromthepatentdatabaseavailableatWWW.iso.org/patents.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anytradenameusedinthisdocumentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotco

20、nstituteanendorsement.Foranexplanationofthevoluntarynatureofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsandexpressionsrelatedtoconformityassessment,aswellasinformationaboutISOsadherencetotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTo)principlesintheTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT),seewww.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmLThisdocument

21、waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC135,Non-destructivetesting,SubcommitteeSC3,Ultrasonictesting,incollaborationwiththeEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN)TechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC138,Non-destructivetesting,inaccordancewiththeAgreementontechnicalcooperationbetweenISOandCEN(ViennaAgreement).Thiss

22、econdeditioncancelsandreplacesthefirstedition(ISO16827:2012),whichhasbeentechnicallyrevised.Themainchangesareasfollows:figureshavebeenupdated;一referenceshavebeenupdated;informationaddedinthescopethatthetechniquecanalsobeusedwithphasedarray.Anyfeedbackorquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheuse

23、rsnationalstandardsbody.AcompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundatWWW.iso.orq/members.htmLIntroductionThefollowingdocumentsonultrasonictestingarelinked:ISO16810,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingGeneralprinciplesISO168ILNon-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingSensitivityandrangesettingISO16823,No

24、n-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingThroughtransmissiontechniqueISOl6826,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingTestingfordiscontinuitiesperpendiculartothesurfaceISO16827,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingCharacterizationandsizingOfdiscontinuitiesISO16828,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestin

25、gTime-of-flightdiffractiontechniqueasQmethodfordetectionandsizingOfdiscontinuitiesNon-destructivetestingUltrasonictesting一Characterizationandsizingofdiscontinuities1 ScopeThisdocumentspecifiesthegeneralprinciplesandtechniquesforthecharacterizationandsizingofpreviouslydetecteddiscontinuitiesinorderto

26、ensuretheirevaluationagainstapplicableacceptancecriteria.Thisdocumentisapplicable,ingeneralterms,todiscontinuitiesinthosematerialsandapplicationscoveredbyISO16810.Phasedarraytechniquescanalsobeappliedbutadditionalstepsorverificationscanbeneeded.2 NormativereferencesThefollowingdocumentsarereferredto

27、inthetextinsuchawaythatsomeoralloftheircontentconstitutesrequirementsofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)applies.ISO5577,Non-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingVocabularyISO16810,Non-destruct

28、ivetestingUltrasonictestingGeneralprinciplesISO168ILNon-destructivetestingUltrasonictestingSensitivityandrangesetting3 TermsanddefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninISO5577apply.ISOandIECmaintainterminologydatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses:ISOOnli

29、nebrowsingplatform:availableathttps:WWW.iso.org/obp一IECElectropedia:availableathttps:WWW.electropedia.org/4 Principlesofcharacterizationofdiscontinuities4.1 GeneralCharacterizationofadiscontinuityinvolvesthedeterminationofthosefeatureswhicharenecessaryforitsevaluationwithrespecttospecifiedacceptance

30、criteria.Characterizationofadiscontinuitycaninclude:a) determinationofbasicultrasonicparameters(echoheight,timeofflight);b) determinationofitsbasicshapeandorientation;c) sizing,whichmaytaketheformofeither:1) thedeterminationofoneormoredimensions(orarea/volume),withinthelimitationsofthemethods;or2) t

31、hedeterminationofsomespecifiedparameter,e.g.echoheight,wherethisistakenasrepresentativeofthephysicalsizeofthediscontinuity;d) location,e.g.theproximitytothesurfaceortootherdiscontinuities;e) determinationofanyotherparametersorcharacteristicsthatmaybenecessaryforcompleteevaluation;f) assessmentofprob

32、ablenature,e.g.crackorinclusion,whereadequateknowledgeofthetestobjectanditsmanufacturinghistorymakesthisfeasible.g) TherequirementsofISO16810applyunlessstatedotherwise.WherethetestinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofISO16810yieldssufficientdataonthediscontinuityforitsevaluationagainsttheapplicableaccepta

33、ncecriteria,nofurthercharacterizationisnecessary.h) Thetechniquesusedforcharacterizationshallbespecifiedinconjunctionwiththeapplicableacceptancecriteria.4.2 Requirementsforsurfaceconditiona) Thesurfacefinishandprofileshallbesuchthatitpermitssizingofdiscontinuitieswiththedesiredaccuracy.Ingeneral,the

34、smootherandatterthesurfacethemoreaccuratetheresultswillbe.Formostpracticalpurposesasurfacefinishof7?=6,3mformachinedsurfacesand12,5mforshot-blastedsurfacesarerecommended.NOTEDeterminationofthesurfaceroughnessisoutofthescopeofthisdocument.b) Thegapbetweentheprobeandthesurfaceshallnotexceed0,5mm.c) Th

35、eabovesurfacerequirementsshallnormallybelimitedtothoseareasfromwhichsizingistobecarriedoutas,ingeneral,theyareunnecessaryfordiscontinuitydetection.d) Themethodofsurfacepreparationshallnotproduceasurfacethatgivesrisetoahighlevelofnoise.5 Pulse-echotechniques5.1 GeneralTheprincipalultrasoniccharacteri

36、stics/parametersofadiscontinuitythataremostcommonlyusedforevaluationbythepulse-echotechniquesaredescribedin512to57inclusive.Thecharacteristics/parameterstobedeterminedshallbedefinedintheapplicablestandardoranyrelevantcontractualdocument,andshallmeettherequirementsonthecharacterizationofdiscontinuiti

37、esgiveninISO16810.5.2 LocationofdiscontinuityThelocationofadiscontinuityisdefinedasitspositionwithinatestobjectwithrespecttoanagreedsystemofreferenceco-ordinates.a) Itshallbedeterminedinrelationtooneormoredatumpointsandwithreferencetotheindexpointandbeamangleoftheprobe,andmeasurementoftheprobepositi

38、onandsoundpathlengthatwhichthemaximumechoheightisobserved.b) Dependingonthegeometryofthetestobjectandthetypeofdiscontinuity,itmaybenecessarytoconfirmthelocationofthediscontinuityfromanotherdirection,orwithanotherbeamangle,toensurethattheechoisnotcausede.g.byawavemodeconversionatageometricalfeatureof

39、thetestobject.5.3 OrientationofdiscontinuityTheorientationofadiscontinuityisdefinedasthedirectionorplanealongwhichthediscontinuityhasitsmajoraxis(axes)withrespecttoadatumreferenceonthetestobject.a) Theorientationcanbedeterminedbyageometricalreconstructionanalogoustothatdescribedforlocation,withthedi

40、fferencethatmorebeamanglesand/orscanningdirectionsaregenerallynecessarythanforasimplelocation.b) Theorientationmayalsobedeterminedfromobservationofthescanningdirectionatwhichthemaximumechoheightisobtained.c) Inseveralapplications,theprecisedeterminationofthediscontinuityorientationinspaceisnotrequir

41、ed,onlythedeterminationoftheprojectionofthediscontinuityontooneormorespecifiedplanesand/orsectionswithinthetestobject.5.4 AssessmentofmultipleindicationsThemethodfordistinguishingbetweensingleandmultiplediscontinuitiesmaybebasedoneitherqualitativeassessmentorquantitativecriteria.a) Thequalitativedet

42、erminationconsistsofascertaining,throughtheobservationofthevariationsoftheultrasonicindications,whetherornotsuchindicationscorrespondtooneormoreseparatediscontinuities.FigUre1showstypicalexamplesofsignalsfromgroupeddiscontinuitiesinaforgingorcasting.b) Whereacceptancecriteriaareexpressedintermsofmax

43、imumallowabledimensions,preliminaryquantitativedeterminationsshallbemadeinordertodeterminewhetherseparatediscontinuitiesaretobeevaluatedindividuallyorcollectivelyaccordingtopre-establishedrulesgoverningtheevaluationofthegroup.c) Suchrulesmaybebasedontheconcentrationofindividualdiscontinuitieswithint

44、hegroup,expressedintermsofthetotaloftheirlengths,areasorvolumesinrelationtotheoveralllength,areaorvolumeofthegroup.Alternatively,therulesmayspecifytheminimumdistancebetweenindividualdiscontinuities,oftenasaratioofthedimensionsoftheadjacentdiscontinuities.d) Whereamoreaccuratecharacterizationofagroup

45、ofindicationsisrequired,anattemptshallbemadetodeterminewhethertheechoesarisefromaseriesofcloselyspacedbutseparatediscontinuities,orfromasinglecontinuousdiscontinuityhavinganumberofseparatere11ectingfacets,usingthetechniquesinaccordancewithAnneXA.a)Resolvablegroupeddiscontinuitiesb)Unresolvablegroupe

46、ddiscontinuitiesKeyssoundpathYsignalamplitudeFigure1ExamplesofA-scansignalsfromgroupeddiscontinuities5.5 Shapeofdiscontinuity5.5.1 SimpleclassificationThereisalimitednumberofbasicre11ectorshapesthatcanbeidentifiedbyultrasonictesting.Inmanycases,evaluationagainsttheapplicableacceptancecriteriaonlyreq

47、uiresarelativelysimpleclassificationinaccordancewithB.l.a) Accordingtothis,thediscontinuityshallbeclassifiedaseither:1) point,i.e.havingnosignificantextentinanydirection;2) elongated,i.e.havingasignificantextentinonedirectiononly;3) complex,i.e.havingasignificantextentinmorethanonedirection.b) Whenr

48、equired,theclassificationcomplexmaybesub-dividedinto:1) planar,i.e.havingasignificantextentin2directionsonly,and2) volumetric,i.e.,havingasignificantextentin3directions.c) Dependingupontherequirementsoftheacceptancestandard,either:1) separateacceptancecriteriamayapplytoeachoftheaboveclassifications;or2) thediscontinuity,independentlyofitspoint,elongatedorcomplexconfiguration,isprojectedontooneormorepre-establishedsections,andeachprojectionisconservatively