英语修辞学Rhetoric.ppt
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1、英语修辞学(Rhetoric)English Figures of Speech英语修辞的一般规律与特点英语修辞的一般规律与特点GeneralprinciplesandfeaturesofEnglishrhetoric 1.关关系系词词丰丰富富,介介词词、连连词词、关关系系代代词词和和关关系系副副词词等等的的充充分分利利用用,使使英英语语成成为为一一种种更更为为形形式式的的语语言言,即即以以形形合合为为主主的的语语言言。而而汉汉语语是是以以意意合合为为主主的的语语言言。Thatisourpolicyandthatisourdeclaration.这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。这就是我们的
2、国策。这就是我们的宣言。Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?冬天来了,春天还会远吗?冬天来了,春天还会远吗?Thisisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。2.英英语语名名词词用用得得多多,汉汉语语动动词词用用得得多多。因因此此,从从总总体体修修辞辞效效果果上上看看,英英语呈静态,汉语呈动态。语呈静态,汉语呈动态。Ifellmadlyinlovewithher,andshewithme.我疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了我。我疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了我。Awom
3、anwithfairopportunities,andwithoutanabsolutehumpmaymarrywhomshelikes.一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害,机会好的话,想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害,机会好的话,想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recentyears,becauseofitsapplicabilitytomanyfieldsofscienceanditsadaptabilitytopracticaluses.激激光光可可以以应应用用于于许许多多科科学学领领域域
4、又又适适合合于于各各种种实实际际用用途途,因因此此成成了了近近年年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。来轰动一时的科学成就之一。3.英英语语有有“物物称称倾倾向向”,即即主主语语往往往往是是表表示示无无生生命命物物体体的的名名词词或或表表示示事事物物的的名名词词词词组组。汉汉语语则则有有明明显显的的“人人称称倾倾向向”,即即句句子子的的主主语语往往往往是是人人或有生命的东西。或有生命的东西。MyheartwentouttotheoldwarriorasspectatorspushedbyhimtoshakeDarrowshand.观众从他身边挤过去争相与达罗握手时,观众从他身边挤过去争相与达罗握手时,
5、我我很同情这位久经沙场的老将。很同情这位久经沙场的老将。Bitternessfedonthemanwhohadmadetheworldlaugh.这位曾使全世界的人发出笑声的这位曾使全世界的人发出笑声的人人自己却饱受辛酸。自己却饱受辛酸。Thesightofhisnativeplacecalledbackhischildhood.见到自己的故乡,见到自己的故乡,他他想起了童年的情景。想起了童年的情景。Theoldmansdeathwascalmandpeaceful.(那位)那位)老人老人死得很安详。死得很安详。4.英英语语被被动动句句用用得得多多,汉汉语语主主动动句句用用得得多多。这这更更说
6、说明明了了英英语语的的“物称倾向物称倾向”。An illustration is furnished by an editorial in theWashingtonPost(January17,1962).华华盛盛顿顿邮邮报报(1962年年1月月17日日)的的一一篇篇社社论论提提供供了了一一个个例子。例子。Ithasbeenknownforalongtimethatthereisafirstrelationshipbetweentheheartandliver.长期以来,大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。长期以来,大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。ThechallengefromtheT
7、hirdWorldhasalwaysbeenforeseenbyourshippingcompanies.我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。5.英语英语多用长句和复合句多用长句和复合句。With the gaining of our political freedom you will remember that there came a conflict between the point of view of Alexander Hamilton,sincerely believing in the superiority of gover
8、nment by a small group of public-spirited and usually wealthy citizens,and,on the other hand,the point of view of Thomas Jefferson,and advocate of government by representatives chosen by all the people,and advocate of the universal right of free thought and free personal living and free religion and
9、 free expression of opinion and,above all,the right of free universal suffrage.想必你们还记得,在我们获得政治自由之后,亚历山大汉密尔顿和托马斯杰弗逊两人在观点上发生了分歧。汉密尔顿对于由一小群热心公益且往往有钱的公民掌管的政府的优越性坚信不疑。杰弗逊则主张政府必须由全民选出的代表掌管。他还主张公民普遍享有思想自由、居住自由、宗教自由和言论自由的权利,特别是享有普选权利。6.英英语语大大量量使使用用抽抽象象名名词词,这这类类名名词词涵涵义义概概括括,指指称称笼笼统统,覆覆盖盖面面广广,往往往往有有一一种种“虚虚”、“
10、泛泛”、“暗暗”、“曲曲”、“隐隐”的的魅魅力力,因因而而便便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。The signs of the times point to the necessity of themodificationofthesystemofadministration.管理体制需要改革,这已越来越清楚了。管理体制需要改革,这已越来越清楚了。Noyearpassesnowwithoutevidenceofthetruthofthe statement that the work of government isbecomingincreasinglydi
11、fficult.行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了,每年都证明确实如此。行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了,每年都证明确实如此。What is Rhetoric?Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?To understand the authors intention better.To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves.To appreciate the beauty,explicit or not,of the language.To learn how
12、to achieve an effective communication.Division of RhetoricCommunicative Rhetoric 交际修辞交际修辞 (Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞)-To add to peoples knowledge;accurate,plain;Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞美学修辞 (Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞)-To get people affected,or moved;vivid,brilliant,colorful.一、语义修辞一、语义修辞1明喻(明喻(simile)俗称直喻,是
13、依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。相似关系而构成的修辞格。1.Thesnowwaslikeawhiteblanketdrawnoverthefield.2.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.认真观察以上各例,我们会发现它们的特点,由(as).as,like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledgingword),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显,所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞。1.Simile(明喻)拉丁语
14、 similis(like)1.three parts:subject(主体)reference(喻体)indicator of resemblance(比喻词)My love is like a red red rose.2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)五朔节欧洲传统民间节日。用以祭祀树神、谷物神、五朔节欧洲传统民间节日。用以祭祀树神、谷物神、庆祝农业收获及春天的来临。历史悠久,最早起源庆祝农业收获及春天的来临。历史悠久,最早起源于古代东方,后传至欧洲。每年于古代东方,后传至欧洲。每年5月月1日
15、举行。五朔日举行。五朔节前夕,在英国、法国、瑞典的一些地区,人们通节前夕,在英国、法国、瑞典的一些地区,人们通常会在家门前插上一根青树枝或栽一棵幼树,并用常会在家门前插上一根青树枝或栽一棵幼树,并用花冠、花束装饰起来。少女们手持树枝花环,挨家花冠、花束装饰起来。少女们手持树枝花环,挨家挨户去唱五朔节赞歌,祝福主人。在一些农村,每挨户去唱五朔节赞歌,祝福主人。在一些农村,每年年5月月1日凌晨,青年们便奏着音乐、唱着赞歌,结日凌晨,青年们便奏着音乐、唱着赞歌,结伴去树林砍树枝,待太阳出来后返回,将树枝插在伴去树林砍树枝,待太阳出来后返回,将树枝插在门窗上。门窗上。Whatissimile?E.g.
16、The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field.Thestructure:The signified,the simile marker,and the signifier本体,比喻词,喻体The three uses of similes:Descriptive描述型明喻;Illuminative启示型明喻;Illustrative说明型明喻;Descriptive 描述型Her lips were red,her locks 头发were yellow as gold.Pop looked so unhappy,almost lik
17、e a child whos lost his piece of candy.The big black flies hit us like bombs.Illustrative说明型E.g.Whatistennis?Tennis is like a pingpong game scaled up to a sizable court.Itsfunction is to explain abstract or complicated ideas or things unfamiliar to you in simple,concrete ideas,or things familiar to
18、you.Illuminative启发型E.g.What happened to a dream deferred 延期的(postponed)?Like a raisin(葡萄干)in the sun?Or fester(化脓)like a sore?Does it stink like a rotten meat?Itsfunction is to give deeper insight into persons or things.Compare the following sentences:Jim looks like his brother Billy.My car runs as
19、fast as the train.A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face.Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.-(Thefirsttwosentencesarenotcasesofsimile.)Simileisacomparisonbetweentwounlike thingsacrossdomains(跨领域跨领域).Like and as型Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress;those w
20、ho are without want to get in,and those within want go get out.婚姻象是一个被包围的 堡垒;外面的想要进去,里面的人想要出来。Love goes towards love,as schoolboys from their books;But love from love,towards school with heavy looks.(Shakespeare)赴情人的约会,象学童抛开书一样,和情人分别,象学童板着脸上学堂。虚拟句型和what 型The first time I read an excellent book,it is
21、 to me as if I had gained a new friend.我头一回读到一本好书,对我来说好象交到一位新朋友。Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.(Bovee)明智的表扬对于孩子的作用,就象阳光对于花朵的作用。Than and And 型We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.我们不创造幸福便无权享受幸福,正如不创造财富也
22、就无权享受财富一样。Love and cough can not hid.恋爱如同咳嗽,难逃他人耳目。A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.说出的话犹如抛出的石头,是收不回来的E.g.The world is a stage.The theory is totally based on solid foundation.A romance was budding.The economy is overheating.She exploded.I notice tears welling up in her eyes.Embarrassed a
23、t our noisy children,we sheepishly tried to sneak into the dining room,hoping not to be noticed by others.The temperature fell to a murderous-40.Twostepsinvolved:What do these n.,v.,adv.,adj imply?Structure:The signified is the signifier.本体 是 喻体。The theory is a building.The romance was a plant.The e
24、conomy is machinery.She was a container.My tears is a well.We are sheep.The temperature is a murderer.、This elephant is like a snake as This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。、He looked as if he had just He looked as if he had just stepped
25、out of my book of fairytales stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。、It has long leaves that sway in It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to
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