英语国家概况美国篇课堂PPT.ppt

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1、n nLocation mainland:in the central part of North America Alaska:border northwestern Canada 1959,49th state Hawaii:in the central Pacific Ocean 1959,50th state1 1n nSurroundings(mainland)on the north Canada on the south-the Gulf of Mexico on the east-the Atlantic Ocean on the west-the Pacific Ocean2

2、 2n nAdministrative Regionn n50 states mainland-48 states detached territory-Alaska offshore islands-Hawaii n nWashington D.C.a federal district of Columbia3 3n nThree distinct areas (1)(1)the eastern part (2)(2)the western part (3)(3)the Great Plains five Great Lakes Mississippi River4 45 5 The Gre

3、at Lakes(freshwater)Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Erie Lake Ontario Lake Michigan Niagara Falls between Lake Erie&Lake Ontario on U.S.-Can.navigation linkage of many industrial areas6 6 The Mississippi River (the father of waters)longest in North America originate from the Lake Itasca(in MN)to the G

4、ulf of Mexico 3780km long 3 million skm of drainage area 7 7n nSix regions New England,Mid-Atlantic,South,Midwest,Southwest,West (1)(1)New England (2)(2)South Region (3)(3)Western Region (4)(4)California (5)(5)Alaska (6)(6)Hawaii8 8(1)(1)New England 6 states:CT,ME,MA,NH,RI,VT 6 states:CT,ME,MA,NH,RI

5、VT Europeans first settlements Europeans first settlements geographical features geographical features historic sites historic sites top-ranking universities&colleges top-ranking universities&colleges Harvard,Yale,MIT etc.Harvard,Yale,MIT etc.9 9The Ivy LeagueBrown U.RIColumbia U.NY city NYCornell

6、U.NYDartmouth CollegeNH Harvard U.MAU.of PennsylvaniaPAPrinceton U.NJYale U.CT1010(2)(2)The South Region 13 statesn nplentiful rainfall&a mild climaten ncrops grown frost-free 6 monthsn nindustry developingn npopulation growing1111(3)(3)The Western Region 11 statesn nbeautiful forests&streamsn nenvi

7、ronment protection1212(4)(4)California n nnatural featuresn nnotable citiesn nGDP&agricultural yield predominantn nhigh-tech centers eg:Silicon Valley1313(5)(5)Alaska Alaska n nstretching southward from stretching southward from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific the Arctic Ocean to the Pacificn na wor

8、ld of glaciers,waterfalls,lakesa world of glaciers,waterfalls,lakesn ntemperature lowtemperature lown nnative population:Eskimos mostly,native population:Eskimos mostly,&Indians,Aleuts&Indians,Aleutsn nnatural resources:natural resources:agricultural agricultural industrial industrial1414(6)(6)Hawai

9、in na chain of beads in central Pacificn n8 major islandsn n2575 km long southeast to northwestn ntemperature mildn nchief productsn nlargest source of income:tourist business15152.Climate n nmild subtropical zones:most statesn ntropical：southern FL,HIn n50cm rainfall line (through middle,from north

10、 to south)(through middle,from north to south)to the east comparatively more rainto the east comparatively more rain to the west much less rain to the west much less rain exception of the coastal areas along the Pacificexception of the coastal areas along the Pacific161617173.Major Cities n nWashing

11、ton:Washington:capital capital n nNew York:New York:the largest city the largest city n nLos Angeles:Los Angeles:the second largest citythe second largest cityn nChicago:Chicago:the third largest city the third largest city n nSan Francisco:San Francisco:the center of the center of 1818Washingtonn n

12、the Washington District of Columbia the Washington District of Columbia named after Christopher Columbus&named after Christopher Columbus&George Washington George Washingtonn ngoverned directly by federal gov.governed directly by federal gov.n nheadquarters of whole federal systemheadquarters of who

13、le federal systemn na leading cultural centera leading cultural center the Washington Monument,the Lincoln Memorial,the Washington Monument,the Lincoln Memorial,the Jefferson Memorial,the Kennedy Center,the Jefferson Memorial,the Kennedy Center,the Library of Congress the Library of Congressn nlight

14、service industries(little heavy ind.)light&service industries(little heavy ind.)1919New Yorkn nthe largest city of the USthe largest city of the USn n3 islands3 islands(at the mouth of Hudson river):(at the mouth of Hudson river):Manhattan Island Manhattan Island Long Island Long Island Staten Isla

15、ndStaten Islandn n5 boroughs:5 boroughs:ManhattanManhattan BrooklynBrooklyn BronxBronxStaten Island Staten Island QueensQueens2020n nthe Statue of Liberty:American symbolthe Statue of Liberty:American symbol (at the gate of New York Harbor)(at the gate of New York Harbor)n nThe headquarters of the U

16、NThe headquarters of the UNn nManhattan:a financial&entertainment centerManhattan:a financial&entertainment center the core of NY City the core of NY City Broadway Broadway Times Square Times Square Wall Street Wall Street Fifth Avenue Fifth Avenue Central Park Central Park Greenwich VillageGreenwic

17、h VillageChinatown Chinatown the Empire State Buildingthe Empire State Buildingmany churches,colleges,skyscrapers&theatresmany churches,colleges,skyscrapers&theatres2121Los Angelesn nthe second largest citythe second largest cityn n4 times larger in area than San Francisco4 times larger in area than

18、 San Franciscon nImportant electronic centerImportant electronic centern natomic research centeratomic research centern nindustrytires,automobiles&aircraftsindustrytires,automobiles&aircraftsn nHollywoodthe heart of worlds motion Hollywoodthe heart of worlds motion picture industrypicture industryn

19、nDisneylandDisneyland2222Chicago n nthe Windy Citythe Windy Cityn nmain connection between the eastern coast main connection between the eastern coast cities and the Westcities and the Westn nthe third largest citythe third largest cityn nthe largest industry citythe largest industry city heavy&ligh

20、t industries highly developed heavy&light industries highly developedn na center of industry,transportation,a center of industry,transportation,commerce&finance in the Midwest Regioncommerce&finance in the Midwest Regionn na cultural center,the worlds best collections a cultural center,the worlds be

21、st collections of modern architectureof modern architecture2323San Franciscon nA center of oil-refining,chemicals,A center of oil-refining,chemicals,commerce,finance&the shipping industrycommerce,finance&the shipping industryn nThe transcontinental railroad connecting The transcontinental railroad c

22、onnecting itself with the industrial&agricultural itself with the industrial&agricultural centers of the Midwest&the Eastcenters of the Midwest&the Eastn nThe Golden Gate BridgeThe Golden Gate Bridgen nChinatown the largest Chinese Chinatown the largest Chinese settlement in USsettlement in US2424II

23、People1.Population the third most populous nation behind China&India 300300 million(Oct.17,2006)(Oct.17,2006)200200 million(July 1,1968)(July 1,1968)100 100 million(July 1,1915)(July 1,1915)303,593,258(March 9,2008)(March 9,2008)400 400 million(as early as 2043)(as early as 2043)2525n nDISTRIBUTION

24、 of the population:NortheasternNortheastern the most densely populated region the most densely populated region 1/2 population on 1/4 land 1/2 population on 1/4 land Great Plains Great Plains comparatively small population comparatively small population South South almost 57.5 million almost 57.5 mi

25、llion West West densely populated except LA&SF densely populated except LA&SF now 1/5 but expected to grow faster now 1/5 but expected to grow faster 26262.Nation of Immigrants a nation of immigrants 4 cent.55 million immigrated no country in history has congregated&amalgamated so many ethnics immig

26、rants admitted by US more than all other industrialized countries combined2727From foreign countryTo foreign country 国外移来移居国外v.immigrateemigraten.immigrant emigrantn.immigrationemigrationn.immigratoremigratora.immigratoryemigratory n.migrantv.migratea.migratoryn.migration 2828a nation of nations Wav

27、es of immigration to US:first people from Asia as early as 20,000 years ago across the Bering Strait to Alaska Indians/Native Americans 15th century10 million the Westward Movement:destruction today2.4million(poor&jobless)1/3 living on reservation 2/3 in cities2929 white people 85%of the population

28、descendants of European immigrants SYMBOL:Pilgrim Fathers Puritans from England in 1620,Mayflower black people 12%of the population 1620-1820 8million brought from Africa as slaves on Southern farms now live in South,Northeast,Midwest3030 first sharp increase 1830s1840s,northern Europeans(Irish)beca

29、use of the Great Famine Another tremendous tide of immigration 1880s,largely from southern&eastern Europe3131 changing from agricultural society to industrialized country immigrants competitive power lower wages because of poverty the Immigration Act of 1924 restriction of European immigrants other

30、groups concentrate in:Mexicans in Texas&California Puerto Ricans in New York Cubans in Florida recent immigrants from Central American 3232 Asian immigration Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments(1965)in 1980s half of immigrantsAsians settled in California,Hawaii,New York,and Texas Chinese Amer

31、icans:industrious,intelligent&doing fine 3333n na melting pot many nationalities constitute the relatively new nation various racialðnic group combined into one culturen na salad they mix harmoniously but keep their distinct culture&custom34343.Racial Assimilation cultural characters:English-spea

32、king western European Protestant middle-class values:freedom equality desire to a higher standard3535 A successful melting pot the process of assimilationn nDominant majority solidifiedn nImmigrants tend to be viewed as a threat to basic American values&way of liven nDuring late 19th&20th centuries

33、poverty-stricken immigrants harder to be assimilated with established Americans&clustered in close-knit communities Chinatown3636n nAmericanization.New immigrants learn American way in English instruction&citizenship classes.n nNaturalization.New immigrants accept the values of the dominant American

34、s&in turn accepted by majority of Americans n nThe immigrants now have a much stronger feeling about being an American3737Chapter 9History I.America in the Colonial era3838n nThe descendants of the Mongoloid about The descendants of the Mongoloid about 20,000 years ago20,000 years agon nNative Ameri

35、cans living in North America for Native Americans living in North America for many hundreds of years before Europeans many hundreds of years before Europeans reached the continent.For a long time white reached the continent.For a long time white people called them Indians.Today many people called th

36、em Indians.Today many people do not like this name since it is people do not like this name since it is based on a mistake:it was given to the based on a mistake:it was given to the people living in the America by Christopher people living in the America by Christopher Columbus who,when he arrived t

37、here,Columbus who,when he arrived there,thought he had landed in India.Instead,thought he had landed in India.Instead,people prefer to use the term Native people prefer to use the term Native Americans.Americans.3939 Amerigo Vespucci(1445-1512),Italiannavigator.In Latin,Amerigo is trans-lated into A

38、mericus.Vespucci arrivedsoutheast coast of South America forexploration in 1499,realizing the signifi-cance of Columbuss discovery of theNew World in 1492.In 1507,the name“Amerigo”emerged initially on a map,a German map marked his discovery ofthe“South Continent”.4040 The Pilgrims were the 102 peopl

39、e who sailed to America from England on the ship Mayflower in 1620.The group,later called the Pilgrim Fathers,included 35 Puritans whose aim was to create a safe religious community in the New World.The Pilgrims probably landed at Plymouth Rock,MA and settled.They established the first successful co

40、lony,Plymouth colony.4141n nalong with the Seven Years War(the French and Indian War in Europe)(1756-63),the war between England and France was undergoing in North America for ruling the arean nin 1763 England controlled Canada&North America(east of Mississippi)4242 II.The War of IndependenceBackgro

41、unds:The contradictions sharpened between England and its colonies n nEngland imposed new taxes to defray the war cost&expected people to lodge British soldiersn nColonists resented the taxes&resisted the quartering of soldiers “no taxation without representation”4343n nthe first shots at Lexingtonn

42、 nthe Second Continental Congressn nthe Declaration of Independencen nprincipal political principlen nprocess of the War4444III.The Civil WarBackground of the Warn nSouth states:farming black African slaves bought,sold&treated cruellyn nNorth states:factories growing need for laboring forcen nJohn B

43、rown,the famous white abolitionist,lead an armed uprising in 1859 against slavery but failedn nThe publishing of Uncle Toms Cabin4545n葛底斯堡葛底斯堡 美国宾夕法尼亚州南部的一个自治村镇。位于阿勒格尼山东麓。人口7，200。水果产地中心和加工地。美国南北战争中葛底斯堡战役（1863年7月1-3日）的战场，林肯总统曾在此发表具有历史意义的演说，提出“民有、民治、民享”口号。国家军事公园中保留有许 多 战 场 和 国 家 公 墓。4646LINCOLNS GETTY

44、SBURG ADDRESSLINCOLNS GETTYSBURG ADDRESSby Abraham Lincolnby Abraham Lincoln Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,conceived in Liberty,and dedicated to this continent a new nation,conceiv

45、ed in Liberty,and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,ca

46、n long nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,can long endure.We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We have endure.We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for come to dedicate a portion of that fiel

47、d as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.But,in a larger sense,we can no

48、t dedicate-we cannot But,in a larger sense,we can not dedicate-we cannot consecrate-we cannot hallow-this ground.The brave men,living consecrate-we cannot hallow-this ground.The brave men,living and dead,who struggled here,have consecrated it,for above our and dead,who struggled here,have consecrate

49、d it,for above our poor power to add or detract.The world will little note,nor long poor power to add or detract.The world will little note,nor long remember what we say here,but it can never forget what they did remember what we say here,but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us the l

50、iving,rather,to be dedicated here to the here.It is for us the living,rather,to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great