[英语学习]建筑专业英语.doc
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1、建筑类专业英语班级:建筑0752 姓名:魏雪梅 学号:08号 指导教师:孟光伟 Roof GardenA vast part of the earths surface, in a town, consists of roofs. Couple this with the fact that the total area of a town which can be exposed to the sun is finite, and you will realized that it is natural, and indeed essential, to make roofs which t
2、ake advantage of the sun and the air. However, we know that the flat shape is quite unnatural for roofs from psychological, structural, and climatic point of view. It is therefore sensible to use a flat roof only where the roof will actually become a garden or an outdoor room; to make as many of the
3、se “useful” roofs as possible; but to make all other roofs, which cannot be used, the sloping, vaulted, shell-like structures specified by sheltering roof and roof vault.Here is a rule of thumb: if possible, make at least one small roof garden in every building, more if you are sure people will actu
4、ally use them. Make the remaining roofs steep roofs. The roof gardens which work are almost always at the same level as some indoor rooms. This means that at least some part of the buildings roofs will always be steep. We shall expect, then, that this pattern will generate roof gardens and steep roo
5、fs are mixed in almost every building.We now consider the flat roof, briefly, on its own terms. Flat roof gardens have always been prevalent in dry, warm climates, where they can be made into livable environments. In the dense parts of towns in Mediterranean climates, nearly every roof is habitable:
6、 they are full of green, private screens, with lovely views, places to cook out and eat and sleep. And even in temperate climates they are beautiful. They can be designed as rooms without ceiling, places that are protected from the wind, but open to the sky.However, the flat roofs that have become a
7、rchitectural fads during the last 40 years are quite another matter. Gray grave covered asphalt structures, these flat roofs are very rarely useful places; they are not gardens. And taken as a whole, they do not meet the psychological requirements. To make the flat parts of roofs truly useful, and c
8、ompatible with the need for sloping roofs, it seems necessary to build flat roof gardens off the indoor parts of the buildings. In other words, do not make them the highest parts of the roof slope; and make it possible to walk out to the roof garden from an interior room, without climbing special st
9、airs. We have found that roof gardens that have this relationship are used far more intensely than those rooftops which must be reached by climbing stairs. The explanation is obvious: it is far more comfortable to walk straight out onto a roof and feel the comfort of the building behind and to one s
10、ide of you, than it is to climb up to a place you cannot see.It is, therefore, suggested to make parts of almost every roof system usable as roof gardens. Make these parts flat; perhaps terraced for planting, with places to sit and sleep, private places. Place the roof gardens at various stories, an
11、d always make it possible to walk directly out onto the garden from some lived-in part of the building.文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第68-69页。Early Housing In ancient times, housing developed largely without any central planning or control .Many towns and cities were encircled by fortified walls for military p
12、rotection. Urban dwelling, even including the houses of the rich, tended to be closely crowded together within the walls. In the countryside the typical community was the village, often a long row of small huts or cottages in which peasant farmers lived. Landowning nobles often held country estates.
13、 In the Middle Ages some of the greater nobility lived in the large fortified castles with courtyards in which the peasants could find protection in case of attack. .As the countryside became more orderly; the wealthy built handsome unfortified houses surrounded by extensive parks. With the coming o
14、f the Industrial Revolution the cities expanded rapidly to accommodate the influx of many factory workers. Much new housing was built by speculators who saw a chance for a quick profit. In the absence of zoning or building restrictions, they often built poorly planned cheap housing that quickly dete
15、riorated into slums. In the United States vast slum areas developed in the larger cities, especially in Chicago and New York .Somewhat more substantial housing was built by industrial companies for their employees. Textile towns and mining towns were company housing communities. As a rule, row house
16、 mad up the streets of the company towns. The houses were drearily identical, ill lighted and often unsanitary. In Great Britain some steps to improve housing conditions were taken by humanitarian and charitable groups, such as the Society for Improving the Dwellings of the Laboring Classes, This wa
17、s formed in 1845. Government entered the field in 1851 with the passage in Britain of the Shaftesbury Act, legislation that set minimum standards for lower-class housing. In the United States the dangerous and unsanitary conditions of slum living gave rise to the first tenement-house regulation whic
18、h were passed in the New York City in 1867 and revised and strengthened in 1879 and again in 1901. These laws set minimum standards in such mater as light, ventilation, fire protection, and sanitation. Laws patterned on the New York City code sprang up in many other parts of the country, With the Gr
19、eat Depression of the 1930s came a shift in emphasis in housing laws from merely regulating the conditions of housing to providing government aid for the building of low-cost homes. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was established in 1934 to administer a program of government insurance of lo
20、ans for building house, was empowered to lend up 90 percent of the cost of approved projects to clearly slums and built low-income family housing. In 1947 the functions of a number of housing agencies were absorbed by the Housing and home Finance Agency (HHFA), which was replaced in 1965 by the Depa
21、rtment of Housing and Urban Development.文章出处建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划第15-16页。 The language of Architecture()Window is another word in the architects vocabulary. Much of what has been said about doors applies also to windows; both are affective elements in architectural design-strongly affective, since they e
22、voke associations with human acts. Looking at a door, however, makes you think of going through it, while looking at a window does not (unless you are a burglar or a desperate stockbroker) ; rather it suggests the act of seeing, which in many respects has a more profound emotional connotation than A
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